Hyperspectral Estimation Model of Chlorophyll Content in Cotton Canopy Leaves under Drip Irrigation at Different Growth Stages

[Objective] This article is aimed to estimate the chlorophyll content of cotton canopy leaves in drip irrigation fields at different growth stages in northern Xinjiang and establish a model for estimating chlorophyll content in growth time series by using hyperspectral. [Method] Using Xinluzao 45 as the experimental material, the chlorophyll content and the corresponding spectral reflectance of cotton canopy leaves at different nitrogen levels and growing stages were measured, and the relationship between 12 indices and the chlorophyll content was analyzed. The estimation models of the chlorophyll content in cotton canopy leaves under drip irrigation were established. [Result] The correlation coefficient between the chlorophyll content of canopy leaves and Vogelmann red edge index was high in the four growing periods of cotton, and the correlation coefficient was 0.944, 0.907, 0.895, 0.930, respectively. And the spectral reflectivity was the highest at the flowering and boll period. The precision of the model established by the multivariate regression method is higher than that of the single exponential linear model with the determination coefficient more than 0.8 and the root mean square error smaller than that of the single exponential linear model. The model of the budding stage (y＝82.509_x1＋89.937_x2－94.438) has the best precision. [Conclusion] The chlorophyll content can be estimated by the models established at different growth stages, and the budding stage model has the best monitoring effect.     

棉花冠层高光谱指数与叶片氮积累量的定量关系

利用冠层高光谱反射率及演变的多种高光谱植被指数(VI),分析了不同施氮水平下不同棉花品种叶片氮积累量与冠层反射光谱的定量关系,建立了棉花叶片氮积累量的敏感光谱参数及预测方程。结果显示,棉花叶片氮积累量和冠层高光谱反射率均随不同施氮水平显著变化;棉花叶片氮含量的敏感光谱波段为600~700 nm的红谷波段和750~900 nm的近红外波段,叶片氮积累量与光谱指数NVD672有密切的定量关系,且不同品种可以用统一的方程来描述,从而为棉花氮素营养的监测诊断与精确施肥提供了技术支持。     

棉花施肥技术与营养机理研究进展

综述了近10年来不同棉区、不同基因型品种、不同种植模式、不同产量水平棉花的养分需求规律,对不同棉区棉花氮磷钾施肥阈值及运筹技术进行了总结;并概述了棉花氮磷钾养分高效利用的机理研究进展,提出了未来棉花施肥技术与营养机理的研究方向。     

Preliminary Screening of Low Nitrogen-Tolerant Cotton Genotypes at Seedling Stage

[Objective] The aim of this study was to screen cotton varieties (lines) able to tolerate low nitrogen conditions, thereby tapping the potential of cotton to absorb and utilize nitrogen. [Method] This study analyzed the differences and correlations between the main cotton agronomic traits under two nitrogen levels using the sand culture method and 270 cotton varieties from different generations in three major cotton regions as materials. Principal component analysis and the membership function method were used to screen for low nitrogen-tolerant cotton varieties. [Result] The seven agronomic traits of 270 varieties varied greatly with different nitrogen levels. The coefficients of variation were all above 10 except for the SPAD value in four batches, and root biomass and cotton plant biomass in the first batch under low nitrogen level. The variation coefficient of nitrogen accumulation reached 60.02. The maximum relative value of SPAD, leaf area, and root biomass was greater than 80% in the first batch. The maximum relative values of SPAD, plant height, root biomass, shoot biomass, and cotton plant biomass were greater than 80% in the third and fourth batches, indicating that there are low nitrogen-tolerant genotypes in the selected materials. [Conclusion] Preliminary screening identified 32 low nitrogen-tolerant cultivars, including CCRI 35, CCRI 69, Yumian 12, Xinluzao 12, and Xinluzao 23. Furthermore, 32 varieties sensitive to nitrogen stress, including CCRI 64, CCRI 662, Xinluzhong 15, and Xinluzao 53, were identified.     

基于棉花冠层光谱的土壤氮素监测研究

通过连续2年小区氮肥试验,在棉花不同生育期采集冠层高光谱数据并同步测定土壤氮含量,分析棉花冠层高光谱参数与土壤氮含量间的关系,建立基于植株冠层光谱的土壤氮含量估算模型。结果表明:土壤全氮含量随着施氮水平的增加而增加,且差异显著;基于棉花不同时期冠层光谱构建的14种光谱参量与土壤氮含量间的相关性有显著差异。其中,利用冠层光谱参数P_Area1100、Depth980、Area672、PPR(550,540)建立的土壤氮含量监测模型分别在蕾期、花期、铃期、吐絮期4个关键生育期对土壤氮含量的预测均达到了较高的精度,能够很好地反映棉花土壤氮素营养状况。利用植株冠层光谱参数可以很好地监测土壤氮素营养,说明利用植株冠层光谱方法监测土壤氮含量是可行的。     

棉花叶绿素密度和叶片氮积累量的高光谱监测研究

利用非成像高光谱仪,获取棉花不同品种、不同密度冠层关键生育时期的反射光谱数据,应用光谱多元统计分析技术,研究表明,棉花冠层叶绿素密度（CH.D）和叶片氮积累量（LNA）分别在反射光谱762 nm和763 nm处的相关系数达最大值（R_CH.D= 0.8845**和R_LNA= 0.7870**,n = 47）;而一阶微分光谱数据对CH.D、LNA最敏感的波段均发生在750 nm处(R_CH.D= 0.9098**和R_LNA = 0.9164**,n = 47);采用47个建模样本的一阶微分光谱750 nm处的数值与棉花冠层CH.D建立线性相关模型方程,估算47个检验样本的棉花冠层CH.D,再根据CH.D与LNA建立的线性相关方程估算检验样本的LNA,47个检验样本的实测LNA与估测LNA极显著线性相关（R = 0.8982**,n = 94）,模型方程的估算精度达86.3%,实测值与估算值的R_MSE = 1.0155,相对误差为0.1380。说明基于高光谱数据的棉花冠层叶绿素密度的遥感估测,可以间接用于棉花冠层叶片氮积累量的监测研究。     

番茄临界氮浓度模型的建立及氮素营养诊断

为构建鲜食番茄临界氮浓度稀释曲线模型,在此模型基础上建立氮素吸收模型和氮营养指数模型,对鲜食番茄氮营养状况进行诊断。试验分别于2016 年、2017 年以鲜食番茄‘苏粉14 号’为试验材料,设置了5 个施氮水平,研究鲜食番茄地上部生物量与氮浓度的动态变化。结果表明,鲜食番茄地上部生物量随氮肥施用量的增加而增加,氮质量分数随着生长发育时间而降低;鲜食番茄临界氮浓度与地上部生物量之间符合幂函数的关系,%Nc=3.7574DW-0.155,相关系数R2=0.8505。氮素吸收模型与氮营养指数模型可对鲜食番茄的适宜施氮量与氮素丰缺状况进行诊断,本试验条件下番茄适宜施氮量为270.92~281.79 kg/hm2。     

密植条件下4个春玉米品种物质生产性能对施氮水平的响应

为了探讨密植条件下春玉米物质生产性能对氮肥水平的响应,为研究区高产高效的氮素养分管理提供理论指导,于2012年在内蒙古民族大学试验农场,在8.25万株/hm2的密度下,研究了不同施氮水平下4个当地主推高产春玉米品种的物质生产性能。结果表明,4个品种的产量均以N2(300 kg/hm2)处理下最高,这一施氮水平下‘伟科702’、‘先玉335’、‘郑单958’和‘金山27’分别较各自N0(CK)增产25.9%、24.8%、14.1%和11.1%。4个品种的叶面积指数和光合势均随施氮水平的增加而增加,均随生育进程的推移呈单峰曲线变化;干物质最大积累速率和最大积累量以N2处理下最大,CK最低。同一品种不同施氮水平下,经济系数均以N2处理下最大;同一施氮水平下,各品种的经济系数以‘伟科702’最大。     

基于叶片SPAD的棉花氮营养指数估算研究

为了探究不同施氮处理对棉花叶片SPAD值、生物量和氮营养指数(NNI)的影响,通过两年田间试验,设置5个施氮水平（即0、120、240、360、480 kg/hm²）,开展棉花叶片SPAD值、氮素吸收分配规律和生物量变化的研究。研究结果发现：棉叶SPAD值随施氮量增加呈增加趋势,在N4处理下获得最大值;建立棉花氮浓度稀释模型：N_c=3.02W_max^-0.24,分析表明棉叶SPAD与NNI之间呈正相关关系,相关系数R²为0.05~0.74;经验证,棉花不同生育时期的模型模拟性能较好,出苗后97天时相关系数达到最大。棉花叶片SPAD值与临界氮浓度存在显著的正相关关系,可以作为棉花氮营养诊断的指标。     

有机肥替代对棉花养分积累、产量及土壤肥力的影响

【目的】研究不同有机肥替代率对黄河流域棉株生物量、养分积累、产量、氮磷比及土壤肥力的影响,试图探索出有机肥替代化肥的适宜替代率,为有机肥、无机肥在黄河流域棉田合理施用提供参考依据。【方法】试验始于2016年,在中国农业科学院棉花研究所试验基地设置6个施肥处理:T1:不施肥,T2:100%化肥,T3:20%有机肥+80%化肥,T4:40%有机肥+60%化肥,T5:50%有机肥+50%化肥,T6:100%有机肥。经3年施肥后,2018年进行田间取样,分析不同施肥处理对棉花生物量、养分积累、产量、氮磷比及土壤肥力的影响。【结果】(1)有机肥替代50%化肥处理提高棉株生物量、养分积累和籽棉产量。(2)与单施化肥处理相比,施用有机肥处理土壤有机质、全氮、速效磷、碱解氮含量均有增高趋势,全部施有机肥显著增加土壤速效磷含量。(3)棉株全氮、全磷积累量与棉株生物量呈极显著正相关,棉株根、茎氮磷比与籽棉产量呈极显著负相关。【结论】有机肥替代部分化肥能减少化肥用量,连续应用有机肥替代部分化肥具有增加土壤肥力的趋势;有机肥替代50%化肥处理能增加棉花生物量、养分积累量,提高籽棉产量,替代效果最好。     

Effects of Exogenous 24-epibrassinolide on Photosynthetic Physiology of CottonSeedlings under Low Temperature

[Objective] The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of exogenous 24-epibrassinolide (EBR) on the photosynthetic physiology of cotton seedlings under low temperature and to provide basis for improving the cold tolerance of cotton by using EBR as growth regulator. [Method] Taking CCRI 60, Lumianyan 28 and Simian 3 as materials, a field experiment was carried out in Institute of Cotton Research of CAAS(Anyang county, Henan province). Before the first low temperature treatment, the cotton seedlings were sprayed with distilled water (Control) and different concentrations of EBR (0.1 mg·L^－1 and 0.2 mg·L^－1), respectively. After 3 days, the relative electrical conductivity, chlorophyll content, rapid chlorophyll fluorescence induction kinetic curve (OJIP) and fluorescence parameters were measured. [Result] Under low temperature, the relative conductivity of CCRI 60, Lumianyan 28 and Simian 3 spraying with EBR decreased by 17.7%～32.8% compared with control, and there was no significant difference between CCRI 60 and Lumianyan 28 in different concentrations of EBR treatments, butthe relative conductivity of Simian 3 treating with 0.2 mg·L^－1 EBR was significantly lower than those treatments with 0.1 mg·L^－1 EBR . The chl a and chl b contents increased by 9.7%～32.6% and 15.0%～18.9%, respectively. The maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystemⅡ (F_v/F_M) and photosynthetic performance index on absorption basis(PI_ABS) increased significantly. PI_ABS of CCRI 60 increase the maximum by 75.6% using 0.1 mg·L^－1 EBR. Lumianyan 28 and Simian 3 increased the maximum by 101.1% and 265.6% using 0.2 mg·L^－1 EBR, respectively; Absorbed photon flux per cross section (ABS/CSm), electron transport flux (further than QA) per active reactive center (ETo/RC) and probability for electron transport (φEo) are significantly increased. [Conclusion] Exogenous EBR can enhance the ability of low temperature tolerance of cotton seedlings and alleviate the inhibition of photosynthesis in cotton at low temperature. The study showed that 0.1 mg·L^－1 EBR performs well in CCRI 60 and 0.2 mg·L^－1 in Lumianyan 28 and Simian 3.     

Study Crystallinity of the Developing Cotton Fibers by Micro-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)

[Objective] The change of crystalline index (CI) of two different cultivated cotton fibers at the development stage was studied by micro-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (micro-FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The feasibility was verified by measuring CI in developing cotton fibers with micro-FTIR method. And it was utilized to estimate the CI of mature cotton fibers. [Method] Upland cotton 0-153 and sea island cotton S-6 were selected as examined materials. The cotton fibers of 2 varieties were obtained at 5-30 d post anthesis respectively, with a sampling interval of 5 d. After obtaining the fiber, it was washed several times with distilled water and then placed in an oven at 40℃ for 48 hours. After drying, the FTIR and XRD spectra of each sample were obtained. The CI is calculated according to 4 different FTIR-CI calculation methods, the crystallinity changes of different cotton varieties in the developing period were compared, and the correlation between the FTIR-CI and XRD-CI was studied. [Result] Only FTIR-CI calculated by the Carrillo-Colom index(FTIR-CCI) had a good correlation with XRD-CI method, with higher R2 than 0.9 of both varieties. The fitting model (IR-CI) between the FTIR-CCI and XRD-CI was used to calculate the CI of the twenty-three randomly selected mature fibers. The results showed that the accuracy of IR-CI was good, and the XRD-CI results were within the error range of the calculated results according to the IR-CI model, while the precision of IR-CI could not reach anticipation. [Conclusion] Micro-FTIR can be used to study the change of cellulose in cotton fiber during the developing period. The model of IR-CI established by the correlation between the FTIR-CCI and XRD-CI, can be used to evaluate the crystallinity of developing period in cotton fiber. However, for the study of the crystallinity of mature fibers, it is necessary to use a large number of samples in the later experiment to establish an optimized model.     

氮素水平对棉花幼苗生长和光合特性的影响

为研究氮素水平对棉花幼苗生长和光合特性的影响,测定了营养液培养下棉苗的生长指标、叶绿素含量及光合作用参数等指标.结果表明:棉花幼苗地上部干重、叶绿素a+b、叶绿素a/b、净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、PSⅡ的潜在活性、PSⅡ光化学最大效率均随氮浓度的增加呈先升高后降低趋势.棉花幼苗生长的最适宜氮浓度为4 mmol·L-1;随处理时间延长,处理间差异先增加后减少,处理第12天时,除根冠比外,各指标均与氮浓度极显著相关;气孔导度和净光合速率对氮素的响应最为灵敏;鲁棉研28各光合指标下降程度大于银瑞361和农大棉8号,3个品种对氮素敏感性依次为:鲁棉研28＞银瑞361＞农大棉8号.     

内蒙古地区甜菜临界氮浓度稀释模型的构建及应用

甜菜是我国两大主要糖料作物之一,然而氮素过量或者不足不仅会影响甜菜产量和含糖量,而且过量的氮素还会造成一定的环境风险,如何判别甜菜的氮素营养在一个合理的范围对于保障甜菜产量、品质和减少环境风险具有重要意义。临界氮浓度稀释曲线是作物氮素营养诊断的基础,本研究的主要目的是构建我国甜菜临界氮浓度稀释曲线模型,并利用相应的氮素营养指数进行甜菜氮素营养诊断。研究于2017—2018年在内蒙古呼和浩特市和赤峰市进行了2个甜菜品种、不同施氮量的田间试验。在甜菜的苗期、叶丛生长期、块根膨大期、糖分积累期和收获期5个关键时期进行地上部叶片和地下部块根取样测定生物量和氮浓度,并计算出甜菜全株生物量和全株氮浓度。根据全株生物量和全株氮浓度建立临界氮浓度稀释模型和相应的氮素营养指数。结果表明,甜菜地上部生物量和地上部氮浓度以及全株生物量和全株氮浓度都是随着生育时期的推进呈现出负幂函数关系,基于地上部生物量和地上部氮浓度建立的临界氮浓度稀释曲线决定系数平均在0.45,而以全株生物量和全株氮浓度建立临界氮浓度稀释曲线决定系数平均在0.94,较前者有显著提高。以全株生物量和全株氮浓度建立临界氮浓度稀释模型更为合理,...     

Evaluation of the Low-Temperature Tolerance of Cotton Varieties in the Huang-Huai Region during Seed Germination

[Objective] To provide a theoretical foundation and germplasm resources for low-temperature-germination cotton breeding, the germination characteristics of 38 cotton varieties novel to or formerly widely planted in the Huang-Huai Region were evaluated under different low temperature stress conditions. [Method] Analysis of variance, the fuzzy membership function method, and cluster analysis were used to comprehensively evaluate the tolerance of these varieties to low temperature stress. [Result] As the temperature was lowered, germination rate, germination index, and vigor index exhibited a decreasing trend in all cotton varieties, but resistance to low temperature was significantly different among varieties. Cluster analysis divided the 38 varieties into three categories: highly resistant, resistant, and non-resistant. [Conclusion] Early-introduced varieties and those bred from early-introduced germplasm resources had weaker resistance to low temperature stress, with Stoneville and Deltapine series showing the lowest tolerance. The new transgenic insect-resistant cotton varieties SCRC 37 and SCRC 36 had the strongest resistance to low temperature stress.     

Relationship between Bt Protein Expression and Nitrogen Metabolism in Insect-Resistant Transgenic Cotton Lines with Different Genetic Backgrounds

[Objective] This study aimed to determine the relationship between Bt protein expression levels and nitrogen metabolism in insect-resistant transgenic cotton lines with different genetic backgrounds and to provide some recommendations for the selection of highly insect-resistant cotton cultivars. [Method] Bt protein contents and nitrogen metabolism-related indexes were measured in young leaves, buds, and bolls of 41 cotton lines at different developmental stages (4–6 leaf, flourishing bud, and flourishing boll setting stages), and the correlations among these indexes were analyzed. [Result] The expression level of Bt protein in vegetative organs was found to be highly significantly positively correlated with the contents of soluble protein and free amino acids but not that of total nitrogen. Bt protein expression levels in reproductive organs were highly significantly positively correlated with soluble protein and total nitrogen contents and significantly positively correlated with free amino acid content. While soluble protein levels showed a relatively steady decrease from seedling to bud stages and from bud to boll setting stages, the highest Bt protein contents were measured in reproductive organs in mid- to late periods. [Conclusion] The expression level of Bt protein had the highest positive correlation with soluble protein and can thus be used as a reliable index for selection of highly insect-resistant cotton cultivars.     

滨海盐渍土地区不同有机肥对玉米体内养分浓度及分配的影响

针对盐碱地区施肥不合理的现状,以郑单958和德玉18为试验材料,采用田间小区试验方法,研究了滨海盐碱地上不同肥料对玉米体内养分浓度、养分分配及每形成单位籽粒产量收获养分量的影响。结果表明:施有机肥具有稳产高产作用,随着在不同玉米品种上施用不同有机肥,得出鸡粪处理较其他处理对玉米的稳产作用更为明显;不同肥料在2种玉米品种上对籽粒氮素、磷素和钾素浓度影响均表现为鸡粪绿蓝生物磷钾肥生物肥料冀微生物磷钾肥对照;玉米品种上分析ZD958体内养分含量大于DY18含量,不同玉米品种秸秆中的养分浓度以鸡粪效果最好,绿蓝生物磷钾肥次之;玉米收获产品中氮、磷含量在籽粒和秸秆中的分配比与产量均呈现较好的相关性(P0.05),钾表现不明显;玉米生长愈好,每形成单位经济产量消耗的氮、磷、钾就愈多,说明玉米对氮、磷、钾的利用都存在一定程度奢侈吸收。     

The Diagnostic Model of Cotton Aphids Based on Leaf Textural Features

[Objective] The aim of this research is to explore the possibility of rapid identification of aphid damage to cotton leaves by identifying the hyperspectral image about healthy and aphid damage cotton leaves. [Method] Taking Xinluzao 45 as material, hyperspectral images of healthy and damaged cotton leaves by aphids were obtained, and hyperspectral image information was extracted from interested regions of different cotton samples. Then three descending dimension methods were used to extract hyperspectral feature, and Gray-Level Co-occurrence Matrix to extract image texture feature. Finally a cotton aphids damage diagnostic model was built up. [Result] The prediction accuracy based on all textural samples input Random frog-partial least-square-linear discriminant Function (RF-PLS-LDA) model was 91.49%. The prediction accuracy based on energy data input principal component analysis-loading partial least-square-linear discriminant function (PCA-Loading-PLS-LDA) model was 92.55%. [Conclusion] The second-order statistics (energy) of gray co-occurrence matrix can be used to simplify the model, reduce the computation and improve the stability of prediction. Based on the texture feature vector, the identification of aphid cotton leaves can be realized effectively, which provides a method for the rapid identification of insect pests.     

新疆机采模式下棉花株行距配置对冠层结构指标及产量的影响

【目的】为了研究不同株行距配置对机采棉花冠层结构指标及产量的影响。【方法】在田间条件下,选用棉花杂交种鲁棉研24号和常规品种新陆早60号为供试材料,设置适宜机采的1膜3行等行距(76 cm+76cm+76 cm)低密度、1膜6行宽窄行(66 cm+10 cm)高密度及1膜3行等行距(76 cm+76 cm+76 cm)双株高密度3种配置方式进行试验。【结果】等行距低密度下,棉花生育前期生长旺盛,叶面积指数与光吸收率迅速增加至最高值;生育后期,叶面积指数及光吸收率下降幅度分别为10.4%~13.6%、3.7%~4.2%,低于其他两种处理,且干物质积累量较高。等行距低密度下杂交棉产量最高。【结论】等行距低密度下杂交棉实现高产的生理基础主要是:生育前期叶面积指数及光吸收率增长迅速,干物质积累较快;生育后期叶面积指数及光吸收率下降缓慢,能维持较高水平,光合生产能力较高,干物质积累量最大。     

用高光谱数据诊断水分胁迫下棉花冠层叶片氮素状况的研究

利用ASD地物光谱仪,获取北疆棉花冠层关键生育时期的高光谱数据,应用一阶微分光谱,衍生出基于光谱位置变量的分析方法,以红边积分面积(SDr)为自变量,冠层全氮(TN)含量为因变量,做相关分析,结果表明:红边积分面积变量与冠层TN含量呈显著的相关性,相关系数是0.7394(n=40),利用构建的相关模型可以较为精确地估测棉花两个品种新陆早6号与8号冠层叶片的全氮含量,均方差(RMSE)分别为0.3859和0.4272。研究认为面积变量具有预测棉花冠层全氮含量的应用潜力。