贵州中部喀斯特山区水稻田面水N、P浓度变化及污染评价

为了探讨喀斯特山区水稻土中N、P的迁移转化规律及对地表水环境的影响,选择贵州中部普定县喀斯特山区代表性的水稻土为对象,研究喀斯特山区水稻田面水中N、P浓度的变化及其与土壤中N、P含量的关系。结果表明：喀斯特山区水稻田面水中总氮(TN)浓度范围为1.39~15.81 mg/L,其中NH4+-N、NO3--N浓度分别为0.57~13.35 mg/L和0.15~1.37 mg/L,其浓度的变化与土壤中碱解氮含量有一定的正相关性;田面水中总磷(TP)的浓度范围为0.027~0.324 mg/L,其浓度变化与土壤有效磷含量有显著的正相关性。田面水中TN和NH4+-N浓度超过地表水Ⅴ类水体的标准限值,农田排水氮的迁移对周围地表水体质量会产生明显的影响。     

TTPC对模拟池塘微生态系统影响的研究

试验设定3个TTPC浓度梯度处理组和1个对照组,研究 TTPC(处理96 h)对模拟池塘微生态系统理化因子、浮游生物及鲤鱼苗的影响.结果表明,模拟池塘微生态系统中水温、盐度、pH、DO、COD、NO-2-N与TTPC浓度之间均呈现负相关关系,而透明度、NH3-N、TN、PO3-4-P和TP与TTPC浓度之间则呈现正相关...     

浮床虎杖对不同浓度铵盐的降解效果

本研究旨在探究浮床虎杖对不同浓度氨氮的降解效果。通过室内大桶构建浮床虎杖，添加不同浓度组铵盐(0，1，5，10 mg/L)测定TN、NH4+-N、NO3--N、NO2--N、TP等水质指标。结果表明第5~13天4种不同浓度铵盐TN浓度下降，第17天升高；10 mg/L铵盐组NH4+-N浓度第5~13天下降；敞水区5和10 mg/L铵盐组NO3--N浓度先升高后降低，根系区分别在第5天和第9天达到峰值；10 mg/L铵盐组NO2--N浓度第5天升高至峰值第13天降至0；对照组TP浓度高于其他铵盐浓度组。浮床虎杖可在第9~13天内能造成TN、NH4+-N、NO3--N、NO2--N浓度下降，起到降解不同浓度铵盐的效果，但TP浓度降至0需要更长时间。     

稻田田面水氮磷素动态特征研究

为了合理运筹施肥,防控农业面源污染,通过独立排灌系统的田间试验,设计了6个不同氮肥水平,研究了施肥后水稻田田面水氮素和磷素的动态变化特征。结果表明,施肥后田面水中的总氮(TN)、NH4+-N和NO3--N浓度随着施肥量的增加而增加,随着时间的推移三者的浓度呈现上升后下降的趋势,7天后趋于稳定;施入基肥后,NH4+-N浓度在第2天达到峰值后迅速下降,第3天即下降到峰值的25.69%~36.80%;NO3--N浓度远远低于NH4+-N浓度,3个施肥时期峰值分别为8.87 mg/L、1.91 mg/L和1.50 mg/L,且出现在施肥后第3~5天。田面水NH4+-N/TN随着施氮量的增加而增加,且在施肥后第2~3天达到峰值后下降。不同施氮量,相同施磷量处理条件下,田面水中TP浓度随着施氮量增加而增加;施肥后第1天,田面水中TP浓度达到峰值3次施肥后TP浓度峰值逐渐降低。     

浮床虎杖对不同浓度铵盐的降解效果研究

本研究旨在探究浮床虎杖对不同浓度氨氮的降解效果。通过室内大桶构建浮床虎杖,添加不同浓度组铵盐(0,1,5,10 mg/L)测定TN、NH_4~+-N、NO_3--N、NO_2--N、TP等水质指标。结果表明第5～13天4种不同浓度铵盐TN浓度下降,第17天升高;10 mg/L铵盐组NH_4~+-N浓度第5～13天下降;敞水区5和10 mg/L铵盐组NO_3--N浓度先升高后降低,根系区分别在第5天和第9天达到峰值;10 mg/L铵盐组NO_2--N浓度第5天升高至峰值第13天降至0;对照组TP浓度高于其他铵盐浓度组。浮床虎杖可在第9～13天内能造成TN、NH_4~+-N、NO_3--N、NO_2--N浓度下降,但TP浓度降至0需要更长时间。     

A Study of Residential Grey Water Treated by Subsurface Horizontal Constructed Wetland

Ceramsite and natural zeolite were used as mixed substrates in subsurface horizontal constructed wetland which is planted with Yellow flag to investigate the treatment efficiency of real residential grey water, Inflow rate was 50l/d, HRT was 2d. The wetland reduced COD, NH3-N, TN, TP and turbidity from 164mg/l,4.3mg/l,5.2mg/l,0.44mg/l,82.4NTU to 70 mg/l, 1.07 mg/l, 2.07 mg/l, 0.33 mg/l, 7.27NTU, removal efficiency was respectively 57.32%,75.19%,60.26%,24.24%,91.18%,and have a good performance in COD,NH3-N,TN, turbidity treatment. Used synthetic grey water to study different HRT effect of wetland. Increasing HRT could be increase the wetland ability of COD, NH3-N removal. When the HRT was 3d, the wetland had the best decontamination effect. The removal efficiency of COD,NH3-N,TN,TP,turbidity was respectively 68.46%,81.75%,66.67%,34%,86.91%.     

鱼腥草种植对吉富罗非鱼养殖池塘污染物的影响

为研究浮床栽培鱼腥草(0、5%种植面积)对吉富罗非鱼养殖池塘污染物的(水质和底泥)影响,测定了TOC、COD、Chl、TN、NH_4~+-N、NO2--N、NO_3~--N、TP、PO_4~(3-)-P等水质指标和底泥中TOC、TN、TP指标。结果表明:与对照组相比,5月份鱼腥草塘浮床区和敞水区TOC、TN、NH_4~+-N显著下降,敞水区Chl显著下降;6月份浮床区和敞水区COD、Chl、TP、PO_4~(3-)-P显著下降,浮床区NO_3~--N显著下降;7月份浮床区和敞水区COD、Chl、TN、TP显著下降,且浮床区TOC显著下降;8月份浮床区和敞水区TN、TP显著下降,浮床区TOC、COD,敞水区Chl显著下降;9月份浮床区和敞水区TOC显著下降,且浮床区Chl,敞水区COD、TN、NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N显著下降;10月份浮床区和敞水区COD、Chl、TP显著下降,浮床区NH_4~+-N和敞水区TN显著下降。鱼腥草种植塘6月份TOC、TN、TP显著降低,7、9月份TN显著降低。鱼腥草能显著降低吉富罗非鱼养殖池塘水体中COD、TN、TP指标和底泥中TOC、TN、TP指标,且能显著提高其总产量、成活率,降低其饵料系数和相应的生物学指标。     

Optimization and Operation Strategy of Hydraulic Retention Time in Modified Four Step-feed Process

A pilot modified four step-feed process was applied to deal with weak municipal wastewater. After 133 days of continuous operation with different hydraulic retention time(HRT) and operation strategy, the results are obtained as the following: (1)When HRT is reduced from 8.7h to 6h, there is almost no effect on performance of COD and TP, but would lead to increase effluent NH4 +-N and TN. Meanwhile, the influent carbon source utilization and simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) are correspondingly decreased. (2)When HRT is 6h, the DO concentration in areobic zones are controlled between 1.0-1.5 mg·L -1 and adding suspended carriers in aerobic zones, the effluent performance of COD, NH4 +-N, TN and TP are 25.92, 1.98, 14.5and 0.47 mg·L -1 respectively. (3)Suspended carriers can be used to optimize the effluent ammonia and SND performance, and achieve 22% of TN removed through SND with suspended carriers. However, it's not obvious for suspended carriers to improve the influent carbon source effective utilization.     

潜流人工湿地基质因素对农业径流净化作用的研究

为了研究人工湿地基质在处理农业径流中的作用,对农业径流人工处理湿地中的基质展开研究。结果表明:人工湿地基质能够吸附水中一定的污染物质,成熟基质基质具有很强的污染物降解能力,对水中污染物的去除发挥重要作用。湿地基质对实验农业径流的COD、TN、TP和NH4+-N的去除率分别为41%,50%,49%和%52%。出水中CODcr、TN、TP、NH4+-N含量分别达到Ⅱ类水质的含量,Ⅴ类水质的含量, Ⅴ类水质的含量,类水质的含和Ⅲ类水质的含量。     

Dynamics of nitrogen and phosphorus in paddy field under deep application condition of urea pill and its pollution-reducing potential

Dynamics of the pollutants such as nitrogen, phosphorus and the suspended particulates in the field water and soil and its pollution-reducing potential are investigated in the rice plant returning-green stage using deep application technique of urea pill with the application depth of 3, 7 and 11 cm (expressed as t-3, t-7 and t-11, respectively) based on the micro-zone simulation field experiments. Results show that nitrogen content in the field water gradually decreases within 5~7 d after deep allocation of urea, and reaches the low level after the seventh day. NO-3-N concentration is higher than NH+4-N, but there is little difference between treatments. As the pollution source is concerned, NO-3-N in the field water should be considered. There isn’t any correlation between nitrogen content in the water and urea application depth in the field. By contrast with blank treatment（expressed as t-c）, NO-3-N, NH+4-N and TN contents in the field water with deep application of urea pill decrease 29%～47%, 64%~89% and 79%～97%, respectively. The TP and DP are in the high level in the field water with t-3 and t-7. The TP, DP and SS concentration in the field water with t-11 decrease 32%～73%, 92%～99% and 50%～80%, suggesting that deep application of urea pill into 11 cm layer of the field should have a significant pollution-reducing potential and become one of effective measures to control non-point source pollution of agricultural system.     

刺苦草对富营养化水体净化作用的研究

以刺苦草植株为试验材料,通过对不同时期水中氮、磷、pH等的测定,研究其对富营养化水体的净化效果,为利用水生植物净化富营养化水体提供理论依据。结果表明:刺苦草对富营养化水体的TN、TP、NH4+-N、COD的去除率分别为66.64%、90.02%、91.94%、71.17%;pH从7.7降至7.43;DO从6.956 mg/L回升至16.406 mg/L,透明度达到55 cm。由此证明,刺苦草可作为净化富营养化水体的优良生物材料之一。     

养殖池塘利用水葫芦与EM菌协同净化水环境的研究

为了研究水生植物与微生物构建的协同净化体系对集约化养殖水体的净化效果,笔者通过在池塘水体中移植水葫芦(Eichhornia crassipes),并添加浓度为3.0×1010 cfu/m3的EM菌液,研究了水生植物-微生物协同净化体系对集约化养殖水体的净化效果。结果表明,水生植物-微生物协同净化体系对总氮(TN)、氨氮(NH4⁺-N)、亚硝氮(NO2^--N)、总磷(TP)、COD净化效果均显著优于EM菌液组(P＜0.05)。经协同净化后的水体中TN、TP水平降至淡水养殖池塘排放水一级标准,NH4⁺-N水平降至0.6 mg/L以下,而NO2^--N水平则降至0.1 mg/L以下。从各处理组对污染物的去除情况来看,水生植物-微生物协同净化体系对水质净化效果与净化体系使用时间呈现较好的正相关关系,在前8天对TN、NH4⁺-N、NO2^--N、TP去除速率较快。表明,在集约化养殖池塘中采用水葫芦与EM菌液构建的水生植物-微生物协同净化体系能够有效去除水中N、P等营养物质,并且水葫芦覆盖面积为20%比覆盖面积10%处理组更具有生态效益。     

固废生物炭净化处理猪场废水研究初探

为了探索固废生物炭对集约化猪场废水的净化处理效应,选取玉米秸秆(CS)、松球(PC)、开心果皮(PS)、棕榈皮(PR)等4种不同农林固体废弃物生物质材料制取生物炭,处理编号分别为CS500、PC500、PS500、PR500、PR700,对其理化特性及对猪场废水的吸附净化效果进行了初步研究。结果表明,不同来源的生物炭材料组分存在一定差异,同时生物炭各组分含量还受裂解温度的影响,其中玉米秸秆生物炭CS500的C、K、Cu、Zn含量最高,棕榈皮PR500的N、P、Fe含量最高,而棕榈皮PR700的Ca、Mg含量和pH最高;5种材料对猪场废水都有一定的净化效果,其中化学需氧量(COD)、氨氮(NH3-N)、总氮(TN)的吸附效果明显,最大吸附量分别为81.62、43.67、10.46mg/g,总磷(TP)效果不显著。综合考虑,CS500的吸附效果最优,对COD、NH3-N、TN、TP的吸附量分别为81.62、20.75、10.46、1.19mg/g。本研究对农林固废生物炭的吸附净水效应做了初步探讨,为进一步开发利用生物炭材料在污水处理工程中的应用提供科学参考。     

Reduction of Urban Green Space on Stormwater Runoff Pollutant

In order to explore the effectiveness and feasibility of urban green space on regulating urban rainfall-runoff pollution, the simulated test of soil column was adopted to study the effects of vegetation cover, runoff pollution concentration, soil depth and groundwater, and hydraulic loading rate and residence time on reducing the pollutants by green space. The results indicate that green space has a good and stable ability to reduce three stormwater runoff pollution concentrations, which COD are 68, 137 and 550 mg/L, TN are 3.01, 7.51 and 30.06 mg/L, TP are 0.29, 0.69 and 2.73 mg/L, and NH+4 are 0.44, 1.61 and 2.19 mg/L respectively, with 3.5, 3.0 and 2.5 cm/h hydraulic loading rate respectively and continuous inflow 1h. The pollution reduction rates of COD, TN, TP and NH+4 by green space reach to 41.52%, 78.96% and 84.68%, 50.21%, 70.23% and 60.91%, 73.18%, 95.88% and 94.99%, and 62.72%, 55.16% and 69.98% respectively. Restricted by the soil reaeration capacity and hydraulic retention time, the effect of vegetation cover on pollution reduction rates of COD and TN is not significant. With the rainfall-runoff pollution concentration increased, the pollutant reduction rate of green space shows a gradually increasing trend. The reduction of green space on the stormwater runoff pollution mainly occurs in the soil depth of 35~65 cm. The reduction rate of each pollutant for the low, medium and high pollution concentration level decrease with the hydraulic loading rate increased.     

Distribution Characteristics and Control Measures of Nitrogen Composition in Urban Stormwater Runoff from Different Underlying Surfaces

Nitrogen composition in urban stormwater runoff from five underlying surfaces was studied and discussed. It is shown that the highest EMCs of TN(Total Nitrogen) came from urban traffic road(i.e. 10.6 mg/L), and the lowest was from campus catchment areas(i.e. 2.4 mg/L). Meanwhile, EMCs of NH3-N from traffic road and commercial district (i.e. 3.4~4.6 mg/L) were much higher than that from concrete roofs and tile roofs(i.e. 1.2~1.6 mg/L). Although PEMC10 of TN was greater than EMCs, the proportion of nitrogen was still similar. Nitrogen in stormwater was predominantly dissolved (73%~82%), with DIN (Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen) the abundant form (63%~82% of TN). The highest concentrations of nitrogen species form commercial district, concrete roofs, campus catchment and tile roofs were NO3-N, which made up of 39%, 39%, 44% and 52% of TN respectively. However, it was NH3-N that had greatest concentration in runoff from urban traffic road, and the ratio of NH3-N /TN was as high as 43%. The removal of TN could be enhanced through improvement of stormwater management measures. The key factor was that conditions to drive nitrification must be created, retention time of stormwater runoff in treatment systems should be increased and material with low nitrogen content should be selected as construction media.