番茄质体多顺反子定点整合表达载体的构建及其转烟草的研究

根据烟草叶绿体高频同源重组片段的已知序列(GenBank Z00044.1)设计引物,用PCR的方法克隆到1个3.663 kb的番茄叶绿体DNA片段（psbD/trnG）,命名为ctDNA。该片段与GenBank中烟草的相应片段有96.7%同源性, 与本文所用的烟草的相应片段有95.8%同源性。以其为外源多顺反子定点整合介导的同源重组片段,与来自烟草叶绿体的强启动子Prrn和终止子psbA3’,以及甘露聚糖酶基因man、绿荧光蛋白基因gfp、氨基糖苷3’-腺苷酰基转移酶基因aadA构建番茄质体多顺反子定点整合表达载体pLM2(-psbD-Prrn-RBS-man-RBS-gfp-RBS-aadA-psbA3’-trnG-)。将该载体用基因枪轰击烟草叶片,用添加了壮观霉素的选择分化培养基筛选,获得质体转基因烟草3株。用PCR、激光扫描、Western Blot、RFLP等方法检测都证实man、gfp、aadA基因已整合到烟草质体基因组中,且均得到表达。用番茄质体多顺反子定点整合表达载体成功实现在烟草质体中的表达。     

rd29A启动子的克隆及提高烟草抗逆性的研究

根据GenBank上公布的rd29A基因序列(D13044),利用PCR方法从拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)基因组DNA中扩增得到了rd29A基因的启动子片段.序列分析表明,该片段与D13044有99%的同源性,它包括了DRE等4种完整的顺式作用元件.与GUS基因融合构建双元植物表达载体pBI-rd.转基因烟草的GUS活性组织染色分析及Northern杂交分析均表明,3种胁迫处理均可诱导GUS基因大量表达.其中,15%PEG和0.5%NaCl胁迫处理的转基因烟草比0℃低温处理的转基因烟草的GUS表达量高,而未经胁迫处理的转基因烟草的GUS基因只有少量表达.这些结果表明,rd29A属胁迫诱导型启动子,当植物遭受逆境胁迫时,rd29A启动子可以驱动下游目的基因超量表达,这就为通过基因工程途径提高植物抗逆性奠定了基础.     

新疆哈密瓜AT2基因的克隆及初步功能验证

本研究利用RT-PCR技术从抗霜霉病哈密瓜(Cucumis melo L.)品种MR-1中克隆到AT2基因,其整编码区为1 229 bp,编码401个氨基酸,同源比对结果为99%,将其编码的丝氨酸乙醛酸转氨酶蛋白序列与多种物种进行系统进化树分析,结果显示,甜瓜与黄瓜SGT蛋白同源性较高,遗传距离最近,推测在同属中该蛋白进化相对保守。在线分析表明SGT蛋白不含信号肽及跨膜区,即该蛋白为非跨膜蛋白。RT-PCR分析表明AT2基因随着植株生长时期不同表达量不同,开花期表达量最高,幼苗期至开花期表达量呈上升趋势;且不同组织中,叶片表达量显著高于茎、根。构建了p CAMBIA2300-AT2植物表达载体,运用农杆菌介导法转化烟草,抗性筛选获得7株阳性转基因烟草;经q RT-PCR检测,AT2基因在不同株系转基因烟草T0代中表达量均高于野生型。通过对转基因烟草进行抗病性鉴定,转基因烟草对靶斑病、赤星病的抗性高于野生型烟草。本研究表明,过表达AT2基因能够提高烟草对部分真菌性病害的抗性。     

大豆CHI1基因启动子的克隆及功能初探

为了解大豆ClassⅠ几丁酶基因(Chitinase gene)对不同胁迫响应的分子机制。利用PCR技术克隆了大豆ClassⅠChitinase基因的启动子片段(Gm CHI1p),序列分析表明,扩增片段(1 641 bp)与Gen Bank中的已知序列同源性达99.8%,且含有多个胁迫响应调控元件。利用GUS基因上游无启动子的表达载体p CAMBIA1391Z,构建GmCHI1p与GUS基因融合的植物表达载体pCAM-Gm CHI1p,并通过农杆菌介导法导入烟草中。在转基因烟草愈伤组织中检测到GUS活性,表明该启动子具有启动活性。对转基因烟草中的GUS活性进行初步定性分析,结果表明,GmCHI1p可驱动GUS基因在转基因烟草的根部特异性表达,而且在伤害处理的叶片中检测到GUS的强烈表达,表现出明显的根组织特异性及伤害诱导性。这种伤害诱导仅在伤害组织部位及其附近高效表达而没有被长距离传递,预计该启动子在转基因抗虫分子育种中具有巨大的应用前景。     

甜菜叶绿体rbcL基因的克隆与序列分析

rbcL基因编码1,5-二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶/加氧酶,在光合作用和光呼吸中均起重要作用。利用植物叶绿体基因组在进化中高度保守的特点,根据烟草、水稻和菠菜叶绿体基因组全序列设计合成引物,以甜菜叶绿体DNA为模板,PCR扩增了包含甜菜rbcL完整基因(GeneBank登录号为DQ067450)在内的一段序列,序列分析表明:该片段全长2023bp,其中包括1425bp的编码区序列,推测编码475个氨基酸。同源性比较显示,该基因编码区序列与烟草、菠菜、油菜、豌豆、水稻、玉米、矮牵牛、苜蓿、地钱、葡萄、猪毛菜及松树的rbcL基因核苷酸同源性为77.38%~96.45%,氨基酸同源性为85.53%~98.11%。因此,可以确定所克隆的基因为甜菜叶绿体rbcL基因。     

转棉花叶绿体Cu/Zn-SOD基因烟草的获得及其功能的初步验证

构建了棉花叶绿体Cu/Zn-SOD基因的植物表达载体,利用农杆菌介导法将其导入NC89烟草,PCR、Southern blotting检测结果显示有4个烟草株系中整合了棉花叶绿体Cu/Zn-SOD基因,SOD酶活性测定结果显示4株转基因烟草植株SOD酶活性都明显高于非转基因烟草,离体叶片暗处理试验结果也证明四株转基因烟草比非转基因烟草SOD酶活下降速度明显减慢,百草枯喷施试验表明,转基因烟草都比非转基因烟草对百草枯的耐性增强,这一系列试验间接地说明外源基因的导入增强了烟草的耐衰老能力,本研究为今后利用SOD基因研究作物的早衰性状奠定了基础.     

大豆低温诱导启动子GmERF9P的克隆及活性鉴定

为获得低温诱导基因GmERF9启动子,并分析该启动子的功能,利用PCR技术从大豆叶片基因组DNA中克隆1885bp的GmERF9启动子序列GmERF9P。序列分析表明,GmERF9P序列中含有多种与逆境相关的顺式作用元件。将GmERF9P构建到植物表达载体pCAMBIA1301上并转化烟草。通过PCR检测共获得6株T_1阳性转基因烟草株系。对野生型烟草和转基因烟草进行低温处理2h,通过GUS组织化学染色和实时荧光定量PCR检测GUS基因的表达量。结果显示GmERF9P在低温处理下能够提高GUS基因的表达量,具有低温诱导启动活性。     

新城疫病毒河北分离株F基因的克隆及序列分析

参照GenBank中NDV的核酸序列设计一对引物,利用RT-PCR扩增,基因并得到长约1.7 kb的全基因片段,并将其构建到pMD.19T载体上.核苷酸序列测定结果表明:该基因片段全长1 662 bp,编码553个氨基酸,与GenBank下载的13株参考毒株,基因比较,核苷酸和氨基酸序列同源性分别为97.2%～99.2%和96.9%～98.7%;但与IJasota、F48E9及Bl等常见疫苗株的氨基酸同源性仅为88.6%～91.5%.NDV分离株F蛋白裂解位点的氨基酸序列为112R-R-Q-K-R-F-I-G119,属于基因Ⅵ NDV.     

烟草转DFL基因植株的鉴定

LEAFY基因在植物成花过程中具有重要的作用.DFL是甘菊中LFY同源基因.本研究将DFL基因导入烟草中,鉴定该基因的功能作用.对经潮霉素筛选的抗性植株进行了组织化学染色、PCR扩增及Southern杂交检测.结果检测出8株为GUS阳性植株,进一步用PCR方法验证出其中6株为PCR阳性植株:Southern杂交检测最终证实有3株烟草植株的基因组中已经整合进DFL基因.对转基因植株的开花期和植物学性状进行观测,并与非转基因烟草植株做对比,结果发现:转DFL基因烟草植株的花期有所改变,其中3株转基因植株花期提前15～23 d;部分烟草植株发生形态学性状的变异,如叶片褶皱,叶色发黄.本研究可为转基因改良花卉品种开花期提供参考.     

GmCYP78A5基因启动子的克隆及表达分析

利用PCR技术从大豆(Glycine max L.Merrill)中分离了细胞色素P450基因(cytochrome P450,CYP-78A5)的启动子,序列分析结果表明,扩增片段大小为1 650 bp,与已报道序列的相应区域同源性达99.21%。RT-PCR结果表明,CYP78A5基因在大豆不同组织中的表达存在差异,在未成熟种子中表达水平较高,在茎(上胚轴与下胚轴)中有微弱表达,而在根、叶、花组织中不表达。将该启动子片段与GUS报告基因融合在一起,构建了植物表达载体,并用农杆菌介导法导入了烟草(Nicotiana tabacum)中。对转基因烟草植株中的GUS表达分析表明,Gm CYP78A5启动子可驱动GUS报告基因在转基因烟草的幼苗根上部组织、花器官的花萼和花柄组织及种子中高效表达,而在其他部位均未检测GUS活性。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Variation in forage grasses as hosts of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne naasi (Franklin) and selection for resistance in ryegrass

Summary Reactions of 13 grasses to Meloidogyne naasi varied with species; ryegrasses, fescues and their hybrids were generally susceptible and cocksfoot and timothy resistant. Marked variation in host resistance levels occurred between genotypes within cultivars.Selection of single plants, followed by tests on replicate tillers, identified resistant and susceptible genotypes in both Italian and perennial ryegrass cultivars. Resistant plants had few nematode-induced galls and fewer females and eggs than susceptibles. There was more or less continuous variation, with many genotypes intermediate between extremes of resistance and susceptibility. Selected resistant and susceptible genotypes are of use in assessing variation in nematode populations and as controls for breeding and selection programmes.     

Current and future strategies in breeding lentil for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Lentil production is limited by lack of moisture and unfavorable temperatures throughout its distribution. Waterlogging and salinity are only locally important. Progress has been made in breeding for tolerance to drought through selection for an appropriate phenology and increased water use efficiency and in breeding for winter hardiness through selection for cold tolerance.The diseases rust, vascular wilt, and Ascochyta blight, caused by Uromyces viciae-fabae, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis, and Ascochyta fabae f. sp. lentis, respectively, are the key fungal pathogens of lentil. Cultivars with resistance to rust and Ascochyta blight have been released in several countries and resistant sources to vascular wilt are being exploited. Sources of resistance to several other fungal and viral diseases of regional importance are known. In contrast, although the pea leaf weevil (Sitona spp.) and the parasitic weed broomrape (Orobanche spp.), and to a lesser extent the cyst nematode (Heterodera ciceri), are significant yield reducers of lentil, no sources of resistance to these biotic stresses have been found. Directions for future research in lentil on both biotic and abiotic stresses are discussed.     

Breeding forage grasses for organic conditions

Herbage yield trials are necessary to test if candidate varieties are well suited for organic conditions. In order to elucidate a particular suitability for organic conditions, we run such trials in parallel under both organic and conventional conditions. Here, we report on second and third year results of the sowings 2004 and 2005. These trials are part of a targeted breeding programme for organic conditions. Irregular colonisation of pure grass plots with adventitious plants, in particular white clover, was recognized as a major constraint to the quality of the results obtained under organic conditions. The coefficients of variance in dry matter yield almost doubled when compared to conventional trials, and significant differences in annual yield among varieties were rare. However, when herbage yield was corrected for the estimated fraction of adventitious plant colonization at each cut, the number of instances with statistically significant differences for annual yield among varieties increased more than fourfold. Dry matter yields under organic and conventional conditions were significantly and positively correlated. However, analysis of variance showed a significant culture type by variety interaction for annual dry matter yield in 12 out of 24 trials. When diploid and tetraploid varieties of the same Lolium species were tested in one common trial, only tetraploid varieties were identified as being particularly well suited for organic conditions, while in these trials, the great majority of apparently poorly suited varieties were diploid. This suggests that breeding tetraploid Lolium varieties is promising when aiming at a favourable response to organic agriculture.     

The performance of double or mixed pollinations with compatible and self-incompatible or incongruous pollen of pear and apple

Summary Six pear and five apple trials were carried out to ascertain the outcome of combinations of compatible pollen (C) with self (S) or incongruous pollen (I) as to the pollination index (PI=seeds/pollinated flower). The PI of the mixture C+I (1:5) was consistently depressed as compared to that of the control C. The results of the double pollinations S/C and I/C were affected by the temperature at pollination; their PI's at <15°C were twice as high as those at >15°C, being well above and below the PI of C in the former and latter case respectively. The opposite was true for the C/S combination, the PI of which increased with the pollination temperature; the PI of C/I did not differ much from the PI of C, irrespective of temperature. The conclusion was reached that the interaction previously and presently found between compatible and self-incompatible pollen also exists to a fair extent between compatible and incongruous pollen. However, in pear neither the mentor nor the pioneer pollen technique proved to aid its hybridization with apple, the formation of self seed was not observed either. In apple the production of apple × pear hybrids was likewise doubtful, but the double pollinations S/C and C/S formed 4–10% self seed.