麦秸还田及氮肥管理技术对水稻产量的影响

以水稻武香粳14和扬粳9538为材,大田设麦秸还田与不还田、不施氮肥、习惯施肥法（FFP）和基于叶绿素仪(SPAD)测定值的氮肥管理(SSNM)等处理。结果表明,SSNM较FFP氮肥施用量减少40.0%~41.7%,而产量平均增加3.81%。秸秆还田的较秸秆未还田的产量平均增加2.49%。氮肥的农学利用率、吸收利用率和生理利用率均以秸秆还田高于秸秆不还田处理。与秸秆未还田或FFP相比,秸秆还田和SSNM降低了生育前期的分蘖数、叶面积指数和干物质积累（但抽穗及以后差异较小）;提高了茎蘖成穗率、结实期叶片光合速率和根系活力。说明秸秆还田和SSNM有利于生育后期群体光合生产和提高物质生产效率。秸秆还田和实地氮肥管理提高了氮收获指数和氮肥利用效率。对秸秆还田和SSNM的产量、生育特性及氮肥利用效率进行了讨论。     

麦秸还田与实地氮肥管理对水稻氮磷钾吸收利用的影响

粳稻品种扬粳9538种植于大田, 进行了麦秸还田与不还田、实地氮肥管理(SSNM)和农民习惯施肥法(FFP)等处理。结果表明, 在相同氮肥管理条件下, 与秸秆未还田相比, 秸秆还田后植株中N含量及N、P、K积累量在生育前期较低, P、K含量在整个生育期均较高; 秸秆还田提高了氮肥利用效率, 增加了N、P、K的收获指数。在秸秆还田量相同条件下, 与FFP相比, SSNM降低了N、P的吸收量, 提高了抽穗至成熟N、P、K的转运率, 增加了N和P收获指数。表明秸秆还田和SSNM可以提高水稻N、P、K的吸收利用效率。     

水稻实地氮肥管理的氮肥利用效率及其生理原因

以代表性品种为材料,研究了水稻实地氮肥管理(SSNM)的氮肥利用效率及其生理机制。结果表明,SSNM的施氮量较常规施肥方法(FFP)降低了48.1%~63.0%,产量提高了0.1%~9.3%。SSNM的氮肥吸收利用率和农学利用率分别较FFP提高了31.4%~56.8%和143.6%~166.0%。水稻氮吸收高峰出现在穗分化期至抽穗期,此阶段SSNM处理氮的吸收量和其占最终总吸收量的比例均明显高于FFP。抽穗后SSNM水稻的吸氮量也明显高于FFP。自幼穗分化期开始,SSNM水稻根系重量和根系活力(尤其是单茎占有的根系活性)逐步超过FFP。SSNM 明显提高了幼穗分化期和抽穗期水稻叶片中谷氨酰胺合成酶、硝酸还原酶和Fd-谷氨酸合酶的活性。抽穗后SSNM处理水稻剑叶的光合速率高于FFP,上述结果表明SSNM有利于促进水稻中后期根系生长,提高物质生产和养分吸收,从而提高氮肥的利用效率。     

长期定位秸秆还田不同施肥处理对土壤腐殖质组分含量的影响

通过6年的田间定位比较试验,探究了小麦-玉米秸秆还田条件下不同施肥处理对土壤腐殖质含量变化的影响。结果表明:随着秸秆还田年限的增长,胡敏酸(HA)、富里酸(FA)和胡敏素(HM)含量逐渐上升,与对照(CK)比较,3种秸秆还田模式土壤腐殖酸平均增幅为3.84%~62.16%,差异较明显。两季秸秆还田施氮肥(WCN)土壤腐殖质(HA、FA、HM)含量最高,比对照(CK)平均增加98.16%。一季秸秆还田施氮肥(WN)、两季秸秆还田施氮肥(WCN)以及有机肥(M)处理都可以提高土壤水溶性物质(WSS)的含量,两季秸秆还田(WC)处理土壤WSS含量稳定在(0.29±0.11)g/kg水平,两季秸秆还田配施氮肥处理(WCN)相较于对照(CK)增加89.29%。随着还田年限增加,两季秸秆还田施氮肥(WCN)处理HA/FA和PQ值到2014年达到最大,分别为1.08,0.52。说明两季秸秆还田与化肥配施能够提高土壤胡敏酸(HA)、胡敏素(HM)和富里酸(FA)的含量,还能够显著地提高土壤腐殖质腐殖化程度,增加腐殖酸含量并使之稳定增长。     

氮肥与精量秸秆还田对冬小麦花后光合特性及产量的影响

为了确定旱地小麦秸秆还田量与氮肥的施用量,在青岛农业大学胶州试验站设不同的秸秆还田量与氮肥处理。研究了精量秸秆还田与施氮量对冬小麦光合特性以及产量的影响。结果表明,与单施N肥处理相比较,适量的秸秆还田能明显提高冬小麦叶绿素SPAD值,延缓旗叶衰老,改善旗叶光合性能,提高小麦千粒质量,但明显降低有效穗数。在同一秸秆还田下高水平氮比低水平氮处理的冬小麦旗叶衰老速度要慢、光合时间更长、产量也明显增多。在施氮225 kg/hm2(N2)下秸秆还田9 000 kg/hm2(J3)比其余处理可明显延缓旗叶衰老、提高光合速率、降低气孔导度、提高蒸腾速率,增加千粒质量。在该地区最具优势的氮肥与秸秆还田量是N2J3处理。     

小麦-玉米轮作体系下长期定位秸秆还田对籽粒产量及品质的影响

以莱阳潮土区长期定位秸秆还田小麦-玉米轮作为研究对象,探讨秸秆还田条件下施用氮肥以及单施有机肥对小麦、玉米产量以及籽粒品质的影响。采用氨基酸组成分析法、半微量凯氏定氮法以及残余法,对不同秸秆还田施肥处理下籽粒品质做出分析,得出2季秸秆还田施氮肥(WCN)处理小麦、玉米籽粒粗脂肪含量较1季秸秆还田施氮肥(WN)处理显著提高5.72%和9.49%。秸秆所占比例越大越有利于提高籽粒粗脂肪含量。WCN处理小麦、玉米籽粒蛋白质含量较2季秸秆还田(WC)处理显著提高32.53%,72.44%,表明氮肥所占比例越大越有利于提高蛋白质含量。单施有机肥与2季秸秆还田施氮肥能显著提高小麦、玉米产量。不同秸秆还田处理对小麦籽粒赖氨酸、胱氨酸、丙氨酸影响较小,对玉米籽粒胱氨酸、谷氨酸、甘氨酸影响也较小,除天门冬氨酸、亮氨酸、缬氨酸、赖氨酸、胱氨酸、丙氨酸外,长期不同秸秆还田处理对其他氨基酸的影响趋势与氨基酸总量的变化规律类似。综上所述,在秸秆还田的基础上配施氮肥能够得到较高的产量,提高籽粒品质。     

秸秆还田配施氮肥对东北春玉米光合性能和产量的影响

秸秆还田配施氮肥是解决旱作农田"耕层变浅"、"土壤紧实"、"有效耕层土壤减少"问题的重要措施之一,在旱作农业生产中具有重要意义。为探明秸秆深翻还田配施氮肥对东北春玉米光合性能和产量的影响,本研究于2014—2015年在辽宁铁岭设置S0F0(秸秆0 kg hm~(–2)+纯NPK 0 kg hm~(–2))、SN0(秸秆9000 kg hm~(–2)+纯N 0 kg hm~(–2)+纯P 112.5 kg hm~(–2)+纯K 90 kg hm~(–2))、SN1(秸秆9000 kg hm~(–2)+纯N 112.5 kg hm~(–2)+纯P 112.5 kg hm~(–2)+纯K 90 kg hm~(–2))、S0N2(秸秆0 kg hm~(–2)+纯N 225 kg hm~(–2)+纯P 112.5 kg hm~(–2)+纯K 90 kg hm~(–2),当地传统种植方式,CK)、SN2(秸秆9000kg hm~(–2)+纯N 225 kg hm~(–2)+纯P 112.5 kg hm~(–2)+纯K 90 kg hm~(–2))、SN3(秸秆9000 kg hm~(–2)+纯N 337.5 kg hm~(–2)+纯P 112.5kg hm~(–2)+纯K 90 kg hm~(–2))6个处理开展了研究。结果表明,秸秆还田配施氮肥对春玉米籽粒产量和生物产量影响显著,秸秆还田9000 kg hm~(–2)和配施氮肥225 kg hm~(–2)处理的籽粒产量最高,比秸秆不还田和施氮量225 kg hm~(–2)处理(CK)2年平均增产6.33%,增产的主要原因是百粒重和行粒数的显著提高和秃尖的显著降低;玉米籽粒产量并未随着施氮量的增加而持续增加;相同施氮量条件下,秸秆还田比秸秆不还田2年平均群体生物产量增加2.95%。秸秆还田配施氮肥能够增加春玉米株高、茎粗、叶面积,提高叶绿素含量和光合作用,相同施氮量条件下,秸秆还田比秸秆不还田处理2年平均灌浆期叶面积增加2.71%,光合速率提高4.80%。综合分析认为,秸秆还田9000 kg hm~(–2)和配施氮肥225kg hm~(–2)是辽北棕壤区春玉米生产比较理想的还田和施肥模式,在该区域农业发展中具有一定的应用价值。     

秸秆还田对滨海盐碱地棉苗光合特性及生长的影响

为探讨秸秆还田对滨海重度盐碱地棉苗光合特性及生长的影响,设置增施有机肥、播前秸秆还田、冬前秸秆还田3个处理,测定了棉花苗期3个层次土壤含盐量、水分和容重,棉花叶片光合参数、叶片SPAD值以及干物质积累和棉花产量。结果表明,与对照相比,增施有机肥和秸秆还田的处理各个土层含盐量和容重明显降低,棉苗叶片LAI和SPAD明显增大,光合能力提高,干物质积累量、根冠比以及棉花产量明显增加。其中,冬前秸秆还田各土层含盐量低于2.00 g·kg-1,容重保持在1.15~1.40 g·cm-3,叶片SPAD值高于40.0,LAI提高65.5%,光合性能系数增高23.4%~92.8%,非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)降低12.2%,干物质积累总量增大46.3%,根冠比提高56.5%,产量提高36.2%。因此,在本试验条件下,冬前秸秆还田更有利于滨海盐碱地改良及棉苗的正常生长。     

连作秸秆还田下玉米氮素积累与氮肥替代效应研究

针对东北地区农作物秸秆资源丰富,然而焚烧弃置严重,养分利用率较低等问题,探讨常年玉米连作下还田秸秆的氮肥替代效应在松嫩平原玉米种植生产上的可行性。试验于2017—2019年在东北农业大学校内试验场进行,采用框栽、连作方式,采用再裂区试验设计,主处理为秸秆不还田(S0)和秸秆还田(S1),副处理为3个施尿素梯度0(N0)、175 (N1)、350 (N2) kg hm^–2,再副处理为一次性施肥(基追比1∶0)和2次均匀施肥(基追比1∶1)。结果表明,每公顷还12 t玉米秸秆可替代单质氮36.80 kg, 2017—2019年黑龙江省产生的玉米秸秆量平均为4650.05万吨,秸秆还田可替代单质氮14.27万吨。在2次均匀施氮肥处理下,秸秆氮肥替代量比一次性施氮肥处理高26.88%。秸秆还田与玉米氮肥利用率负相关,在当地农业常用施尿素量350 kg hm^–2 (纯氮161 kg hm^–2)下,玉米氮肥利用率3年平均S0较S1高6.09%,产量S1较S0高4.66%,且在秸秆还田、2次等量施氮肥处理玉米产量最高为268.22 g...     

秸秆还田与氮供应对小麦灌浆期光合日变化的影响

为探索适宜的秸秆还田量与氮肥耦合量,大田条件下设置2个氮用量和5个秸秆还田量处理,研究了小麦灌浆期旗叶净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）、胞间CO2浓度（Ci）、蒸腾速率（Tr）、饱和蒸汽压亏缺（Vpdl）日变化及产量组成。结果表明,不同的秸秆还田量配施氮肥显著提高了小麦旗叶光合能力,且随氮供应量增加小麦旗叶Pn增加。随秸秆还田量增加,小麦光合指标和产量呈先升后降的趋势,更高的氮供应可以容纳更多的秸秆还田量。6000 kg/hm2秸秆量配施氮肥150 kg/hm2和9000 kg/hm2秸秆量配施氮肥225 kg/hm2是合适的秸秆还田与氮肥耦合量。     

秸秆还田与实地氮肥管理对水稻产量及品质的影响

以扬粳9538为材料,通过秸秆还田与氮素管理与秸秆不还田（对照）比较试验,研究了水稻产量及品质的表现。结果表明：秸秆还田与实地氮肥管理（SSNM）可以在减少氮肥施用量,秸秆全量还田的同时,增加水稻的产量,降低单位面积穗数,提高每穗粒数、结实率。秸秆还田与实地氮肥管理降低稻米的垩白米率、垩白度和直链淀粉含量,改善稻米的外观品质和营养品质,淀粉谱的最高粘度和崩解值增加,消减值减低,稻米食味品质得到改善,该技术同时减少穗分化前干物质积累,增加抽穗期光合速率、根系活力与ATP酶活性,促进同化物向籽粒的运转,减少茎杆中非结构性碳水化合物的残留。对秸秆还田与不同氮素管理在产量、品质上的差异进行了讨论。     

实地氮肥管理提高水稻氮肥利用效率

以籼型杂交稻汕优63和粳稻武育粳3号为材料进行田间小区试验,对实时氮肥管理（RTNM）和实地氮肥管理（SSNM）的农艺表现和氮肥利用效率进行了评价。结果表明,氮空白区的水稻产量为5.5~7.4 t/hm²,说明试验田背景氮颇高。与农民习惯施肥法（FFP）相比,RTNM和SSNM分别增产-4.4％~7.0%和0.2％~9.3%,氮素产谷率分别提高195.7％~297.0%和169.6％~276.4%。2003—2004年在江苏省无锡市两村共计20户稻田中进行水稻SSNM试验示范。2年FFP的氮素产谷率、吸氮利用率和生理氮转化率分别仅有2.8～6.7 kg稻谷/kg N、33.7％～34.7％和8.4～18.6 kg稻谷/kg N;SSNM的施氮量较FFP降低38.7％～41.3％,产量提高2.5％～3.5％,氮素产谷率、吸氮利用率和生理氮转化率分别提高88.3％～117.7％、34.0％～39.5％和46.1％～61.6％。在江苏省大面积推广也取得了类似结果。证明采用SSNM在不降低水稻产量的前提下,提高水稻氮肥利用率是可能的。试验也发现,农户稻田SSNM的氮素产谷率和生理氮转化率的数值依然很低。对水稻氮肥利用率低的原因及提高途径进行了讨论。     

Effect of Straw on Yield Components of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Under Rice-Rice Cropping System

Field experiments were conducted at the Directorate of Rice Research experimental farm, ICRISAT campus, Patancheru, Hyderabad, during 1998–2000 for five consecutive seasons (three wet and two dry seasons) with five treatments [T1 – 100 % straw incorporation; T2 – 50 % straw incorporation; T3 – 100 % straw + green manure (GM) incorporation; T4 – 100 % straw burning and T5 – 100 % straw removal (control)] along with the recommended dose of fertilizers to evaluate the effect of different crop residue management (CRM) practices on yield components and yield of rice in rice–rice cropping sequence. The ammonium N measured at active tillering was higher in 100 % straw‐added plots over 50 % straw addition and straw removal with maximum values in the straw + GM‐incorporated plots. Among the yield components, tillers, panicles and spikelets were influenced from the second season of residue incorporation with significant increase in 100 % straw‐added treatments. The increase in tiller and panicle number could be attributed to the increased NH₄‐N in these treatments, which is evident from the significant correlation between tiller number and NH₄‐N (r = 0.82**) and panicle number and NH₄‐N (r = 0.87**). The influence of residue treatments on rice grain yield was observed from the third season onwards where incorporation of straw alone or in combination with GM and burning of straw significantly increased grain and straw yields. Grain yield showed significant positive correlation with the number of tillers (r = 0.74*–0.81**) and panicles (r = 0.74*–0.84**) in three treatments (T1, T3 andT4) where grain yields were significantly higher. The regression analysis showed that 57–66 % and 64–75 % of the variation in yield could be explained by tillers and panicles together in these three treatments during wet and dry seasons respectively. Thus, CRM practices such as addition of 100 % straw either alone or with GM and straw burning influenced the yield components (tillers, panicles and spikelets) positively and thereby increased rice grain yields.     

N-Dynamik des Bodens, Ertragsbildung und Stickstoffentzug von Winterweizen bei unterschiedlicher Höhe und Verteilung der mineralischen N-Düngung

NO₃ dynamics in the soil, yield formation and N uptake of winter wheat as influenced by dosage and distribution effects of N-fertilizer application
In a 4 year series of field trials carried out with 9 regimes of nitrogen fertilizer application at two trial sites with rather shallow top soil layers but large deviations in soil characteristics, grain yield varied between 50 dt/ ha and 120 dt/ha with nitrogen doses from 0–170 kg N/ha. Soil nitrogen supply for wheat grain formation on unfertilized plots reached 80 kg N/ha/year within the narrow range of 75–95 kg N/ha in different years at both sites which amounts to 1.5 % and 0.5 % of the highly different N-content of the trial sites.
The most successful nitrogen application regimes are characterized by modest fertilizer doses in early spring and the delay of supplemental fertilizer doses until growth stage EC 32. They resulted into modest NO) soil content from EC 29 to EC 32 and/or a noticable decrease of soil NO₃ content during growth stage EC 30–32, which seems to be responsible for the development of only modest stand densities and reduced straw yield, while the delayed supplementation with nitrogen fertilizer overcompensated these effects mainly by increased grain numbers/ear and a remarkable improvement of harvest index.
The contribution of soil borne nitrogen to kernel yield formation started to decrease with even low dosages of supplemental nitrogen fertilization with the exception of the highest yielding season 1987/88. Top levels of grain yield have been regularly obtained with supplemental nitrogen fertilizer dosages about 40 kg N/ha below grain yield nitrogen extraction if they were added within favorable application regimes.     

养分管理对直播稻产量和氮肥利用率的影响

为探明不同养分管理模式在实地农户种植条件下对直播水稻产量和氮肥利用率的影响。本试验于2011年6月至2013年11月在江苏省兴化市茅山镇基本农田保护区的田间稻麦轮作条件下,分别选取茅山东村、茅山西村和冯顾村各8个农户,开展3个不同养分管理模式试验,设置了不施肥对照(CK)、农民习惯施肥(FFP)和优化施肥(OPT1和OPT2)4个处理,主要研究了水稻产量及构成因子、氮累积分配和氮肥利用率等对不同养分管理模式的响应。结果表明：(1)施肥较不施肥显著提高水稻产量,优化施肥(226 kg N hm^-2)在较习惯施肥(333 kg N hm^-2)平均减氮32.1%的基础上显著提高水稻产量5.5%,增产原因是提高了穗粒数、结实率和千粒重;OPT2较OPT1平均增产3.1%,其原因是在孕穗期增施了钾肥(18 kg hm^-2 K₂O)。(2)优化施肥水稻植株各部位氮浓度、百千克籽粒需氮量和秸秆氮累积均显著低于习惯施肥,且降低营养器官的氮素分配比例。(3)优化施肥较习惯施肥显著提高水稻氮肥利用率,其氮肥偏生产力(PFP_N)、氮肥农学效率(AE_N)、氮肥回收效率(RE_N)和氮肥生理效率(PE_N)分别平均增加55.5%、79.1%、18.7%和48.7%。(4)水稻植株氮累积与产量呈显著正相关,且优化施肥单位氮累积的增产效果高于习惯施肥。因此,基于氮肥总量控制、分期调控和增施钾肥的养分优化管理措施可在实地农户直播稻种植上协同实现水稻高产和氮肥高效。     

Nitrogen Uptake and Utilization in Winter Wheat under Different Fertilization Regimes, with Particular Reference to Main Stems and Tillers

Two-year field trials with winter wheat under nine nitrogen (N) fertilizer treatments were conducted at TU Munich's research station in Southern Bavaria. The study investigated N uptake and N utilization of wheat stands for varying N fertilizer strategies, with emphasis on N application during stem elongation. N use was analysed in individual plants, separated into main stems and tillers to estimate the effect on the tiller category. While grain N uptake showed only slight differences, substantial differences were recorded for N uptake of straw, leading to significant variation in N harvest index as affected by N fertilizer treatment. Individual plant analysis indicated that N harvest indices of tillers were lower than those of main stems due to high N uptake into the straw of tillers. This was not modified by any of the N fertilization strategies. It is presumed that for tillers the translocation of nitrogen from straw into kernels is less effective than for main stems since ears of tillers produce a lower sink size. N fertilization with emphasis on stem elongation led to a below-average number of tillers and above-average N harvest indices for main stems as well as tillers. This was confirmed by a negative correlation between plant density and N harvest index. High N content in straw was not found to be necessary for achieving high N content in kernels. In addition to economical benefits, a N fertilization strategy with emphasis on application during stem elongation has environmental benefits in intensive wheat production systems.     

耕作方式和施氮量对稻茬小麦产量构成和群体质量的影响

以苏麦188为材料,在水稻秸秆全量还田条件下研究板茬、旋耕、耕翻等耕作方式和施氮量210kg/hm2、240 kg/hm2、270 kg/hm2对小麦群体质量和产量及其结构的影响,为稻茬小麦大面积机械化栽培提供参考。结果表明：板茬方式产量显著高于旋耕和耕翻；随施氮量增加,产量逐渐提高。产量在不同耕作方式与施氮量间存在显著的互作效应。相比其他耕作方式,板茬方式每穗粒数和千粒重较高；群体茎蘖数多,但分蘖成穗率不高、源库协调水平偏低,花后具有较高的光合生产能力。随施氮量增加,穗数和每穗粒数、群体茎蘖数和分蘖成穗率、花后光合生产能力以及源库协调性均呈提高趋势。说明,通过合理增施氮肥可以进一步改善板茬方式下小麦群体质量,协同提升产量构成因素,实现增产。本试验条件下采用板茬方式配以施氮量270 kg/hm2或240 kg/hm2处理产量最高。