高粱A2 CMS减数分裂染色体行为观察

高粱（Sorghum bicolor L．Moench）质核互作雄性不育有7种类型，即A1，A2，A3，A4，A5，氏和9E。以A2／B2V4为材料，对赴类型的雄性不育系进行了研究，结果表明：高粱A2V4 CMS花粉母细胞减数分裂染色体行为，在前期Ⅰ至中期Ⅰ无任何异常现象，从后期Ⅰ开始，染色体行为出现各种异常现象，如同源染色体在走向两极时出现滞后或部分不分离；或在后期Ⅱ姐妹染色体不分离造成细胞内染色体多倍化，以致形成两极染色体数目不等；在一个细胞内有几个染色体团或核；三分体及“T”型和直线型排列的四分体。所有这些异常现象最终导致减数分裂不能正常进行，不能发育正常的小孢子，因而造成雄性不育。     

兰州百合小孢子母细胞减数分裂异常行为观察

利用植物常规压片法对兰州百合(Lilium davidii var.unicolor Salish)小孢子母细胞减数分裂的过程进行了观察,发现兰州百合减数分裂过程中出现较多异常现象:在后期Ⅰ和末期Ⅰ出现染色体桥;在后期Ⅰ、末期Ⅰ、二分体和末期Ⅱ出现滞后染色体;在末期Ⅰ出现微核;在后期Ⅰ出现不均等分离等.小孢子母细胞减数分裂异常可能是导致兰州百合自交不结实的原因之一.     

高粱A6型细胞质雄性不育系花粉母细胞减数分裂行为的观察和分析

高粱(Sorghum bicolor L. Moench)细胞质雄性不育(CMS)有7种类型,即A₁~A₆和9E。本研究以A₆型细胞质雄性不育系A₆Tx398和相应保持系B₆Tx398为材料,对A₆型雄性不育发生的花粉母细胞减数分裂过程染色体行为进行了观察分析。与正常发育的保持系比较,A₆CMS花粉母细胞减数分裂染色体行为,在粗线期之前,光学生物显微镜下未观察到差别。从双线期开始,直到末期II观察到各种各样的异常现象。即A₆CMS花粉母细胞染色体数目比B₆ (2n=20)多一倍,前期I染色体数目为2n=40,在一个细胞中可看到20对同源染色体;后期I同源染色体在移向两极时出现染色体滞后和暂时不分离现象;花粉母细胞末期I未发生胞质分裂形成二分体,致使在前期II可看到有40条姊妹染色体,并以环形、分散形和X型分散于一个细胞中;末期II,在一个细胞内形成2个、3个或4个数目不等的染色体团,个别的可以形成染色体数目不等的三分体,而不形成四分体。A₆型CMS花粉母细胞减数分裂过程中染色体行为的异常,使其不能完成正常的减数分裂过程形成四分体,导致小孢子败育。     

三叶半夏(Pinellia ternata)雄配子败育的遗传分析

从减数分裂过程, 小孢子发育和染色体数目与组成三方面探讨了三叶半夏雄配子败育的原因。 三叶半夏(Pinellia ternata)体细胞染色体数目2n=90, 其减数分裂异常, 多数同源染色体能配对形成二价体, 部分同源染色体呈单价体形式或配对成多价体。 减数分裂的各时期都能观察到导致遗传物质不均衡分离的异常结构, 如落后染色体     

谷子四体的细胞学和形态学研究

报道了在谷子初级三体的群体中发现了四体Ⅳ、 四体Ⅷ、 和四体Ⅸ。 运用细胞学方 法 对三种四体进行了染色体核型分析, 其染色体数均为2n+2=20。 四体的两个额外染色体与 其同源的两个染色体形成四价体的稳定结构。 减数分裂时染色体的联会有四种形式, 其中 以8Ⅱ+2Ⅱ形式最多, 在后期容易形成2/2均衡分离。 四体Ⅷ、 四     

陆地棉三体的诱发、鉴定、研究和利用 Ⅰ.5个三体的起源、鉴定及其形态

本文首次对5个陆地棉三体的起源、形态及减数分裂中期Ⅰ的染色体构型进行了研究。辐射造成染色体提早解离和染色体不分离是形成三体的细胞学基础。对5个三体的细胞学分析表明:Ftr-2是次级三体,Ftr-4可能是三级三体,Ftr-1,Ftr-3和Ftr-5是初级三体。它们减数分裂时形成三价体的频率为0～41.67％。Ftr-2和Ftr-5具有明显的形态特征,可以根据形态对其进行准确鉴定。通过对Ftr-5与易位系杂交后代三体株的细胞学研究表明:Ftr-5的额外染色体不是A染色体亚组中的第1、3、6、8、10、11、12和13染色体,也不是D染色体亚组中的第14、15、16、19、23和24染色体。三体中其它染色体的易位会降低三体中三价体形成的频率。     

高粱同源四倍体及其杂交种的细胞遗传学研究

对同源四倍体高粱品系和杂交种的细胞学观察发现，其减数分裂的各个时期均有特异性。具体表现在，前期Ⅰ有３．９４％的ＰＭＣ中存在多个核仁，其中以双核仁形式出现的频率最高；终变期—中期Ⅰ具有不同的染色体构型，可观察到同源染色体的四种组成形式；后期Ⅰ出现大量落后染色体，其中以单价体提前分离造成的染色单体落后较为常见，单价染色体落后较少；前期Ⅱ和四分体时期可观察到核外染色体；中期Ⅱ发现有部分染色体不排列于赤道板上；后期Ⅱ仍有新的落后染色体产生。对四价体频率和后期Ⅰ带有落后染色体细胞出现频率进行的统计分析发现，品系间和不同的杂交种间存在显著的差异，说明染色体的配对能力和正常分配能力均受基因型影响。研究还发现，这两个重要的细胞学现象具有明显的负向超亲优势，杂交种的四价体频率明显降低，落后染色体明显减少。     

高粱A2型细胞质雄性不育系小孢子发生的细胞学观察和减数分裂染色体行为分析

高粱凡型细胞质雄性不育性（CMS）的细胞质来源于IS12662C，A2细胞质杂交种目前已用于生产。本文以A2／B2 V4为材料，对A2CMS小孢子败育过程作了细胞学观察，并对小孢子败育过程中减数分裂的染色体行为作了分析。研究发现，在A2雄性不育系A2V4的花药发育过程中，绒毡层细胞不形成或提前解体；绒毡层细胞畸形化；绒毡层细胞虽发育正常，但小孢子母细胞减数分裂行为异常；这些都导致小孢子退化。A2细胞质雄性不育花粉母细胞减数分裂行为从后期Ⅰ开始出现异常，同源或姊妹染色体向两极分离时滞后或不分裂；染色体多倍化；一个细胞内出现多核和多核仁现象，最终导致小孢子败育。     

棉属三染色体组(A、D、G)杂种的细胞遗传学研究

对棉属 A、D、G三个染色体组合成的三元杂种 [陆地棉× (亚洲棉×比克氏棉 ) ]及反交和回交后代 ,四元杂种 [(亚洲棉×比克氏棉 )× (陆地棉×夏威夷棉 ) ]进行了细胞学研究。结果表明 ,三元杂种 F1以及回交后代 BC4 F1分离出的不育株、四元杂种 F1不育的主要原因是花粉母细胞减数分裂异常 ,主要表现为 :大部分染色体为单价体 ,仅有少量配对成二价体 ,后期 两极分配不均匀 ,出现多极分离现象 ,并有落后染色体出现。末期出现大量多分孢子和不正常的四分孢子 ,从而不能形成正常的花粉粒。三元杂种回交后代 BC4 F1中的部分可育型 ,花粉母细胞进行减数分裂时 ,大部分染色体都能联会配对 ,仅个别为单价体 ,因而形成的花粉粒仅部分正常。 BC4 F1的可育型花粉母细胞进行减数分裂时 ,染色体配对正常 ,表明育性恢复 ,结实正常。此外 ,四元杂种花粉母细胞进行减数分裂时 ,在后期 形成了染色体“桥”     

四倍体栽培棉与二倍体野生棉杂种PMC-FISH研究

 首次将PMC-FISH（花粉母细胞荧光原位杂交）技术应用于四倍体栽培棉与二倍体野生棉杂交所形成的三倍体杂种棉F₁中,成功的鉴定了目标染色体中的单价体、双价体、多价体,还发现在非目标染色体上有星状和片段状的杂交信号。在以A组棉基因组DNA作为探针的PMC-FISH中,分别对三倍体杂种棉F₁及其母本四倍体栽培棉的减数分裂中期I的染色体构型进行了鉴定。结果显示,四个三倍体杂种棉F₁的减数分裂时期染色体的构型分别是：陆地棉(AD)₁×雷蒙德氏棉（D₅）为1IIIaad + 1IIaa + 4IIad + 7IIdd + 5Ⅰa + 7Ⅰd;海岛棉(AD)₂×旱地棉（D₄）为1Ⅴaaaad +1IIIadd + 2IIad + 8IIdd + 6Ⅰa + 5Ⅰd;陆地棉(AD)₁×澳洲棉（C₃）为2IIIadd (adc or acc) + 1IIaa + 9Ⅰa + 4IIcc (dc or dd) + 14Ⅰd (c);陆地棉(AD)₁×南岱华棉（C_1-n）为：1IIaa + 1IIad (ac)+ 10Ⅰa + 6IIcc (dc or dd) + 13Ⅰd (c)。然而,两个四倍体棉染色体的构型都是13IIaa + 13IIdd。上述结果还显示, AD×D的两个杂种组合中,二价体多,单价体少,AD×C的两个杂种组合中,二价体少,单价体多;并且AD×D型杂种中A亚组染色体单体的数目比其在AD×C型杂种中的更少。这说明,与C染色体组相比较,D染色体组与四倍体棉种的亲缘关系更近。同时,我们的结果也证明PMC-FISH技术在分析三倍体杂种棉F1的亲缘关系中起着不可取代的作用。     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Mechanisms and diversity of resistance to sorghum shoot fly,Atherigona soccata

Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata, is one of the important pests of postrainy season sorghums. Of the 90 sorghum genotypes evaluated for resistance to this pest, RHRB 12, ICSV 713, 25026, 93046 and 25027, IS 33844‐5, Giddi Maldandi and RVRT 3 exhibited resistance in postrainy season, while ICSB 463, Phule Anuradha, RHRB 19, Parbhani Moti, ICSV 705, PS 35805, IS 5480, 5622, 17726, 18368 and 34722, RVRT 1, ICSR 93031 and Dagidi Solapur showed resistance in rainy season, suggesting season‐specific expression of resistance to A. soccata. ICSB 461, ICSB 463, Phule Yasodha, M 35‐1, ICSV 700, 711, 25010, 25019 and 93089, IS 18662, Phule Vasudha, IS 18551 and 33844‐5 and Barsizoot had fewer deadhearts than plants with eggs across seasons, suggesting antibiosis as one of the resistance mechanism. Five genotypes exhibited resistance with high grain yield across seasons. Correlation, path and stepwise regression analyses indicated that leaf glossiness, seedling vigour, trichome density, oviposition and leaf sheath pigmentation were associated with the expression of resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly, and these can be used as marker traits to select and develop shoot fly‐resistant sorghums.     

Reaction of tritordeum to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum

Summary Hordeum chilense is a wild barley extensively used in wide crosses in the Triticeae. It could be a valuable source of resistance to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum. Some H. chilense x Triticum spp. amphiploids, named tritordeums, were more resistant than the parental wheat line to these diseases, others were not. Average contents of ergosterol and deoxynivalenol (DON) suggested that resistance to colonization by Fusarium was the highest for Hordeum chilense, followed by tritordeum and wheat in decreasing order. In particular, the H. chilense genotypes H7 and H17 enhanced the wheat resistance to F. culmorum in its tritordeum offsprings. Resistance to S. nodorum in tritordeum was not associated with tall plant height. There is sufficient genetic variation for resistance to F. culmorum and S. nodorum among tritordeum to allow the breeding of lines combining short straw and resistance to both diseases.     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Disease resistance in protected crops and mushrooms

Summary Cultivars of tomatoes, cucumbers, lettuce and peppers have been bred for resistance to one or more pathogens. Some tomato and cucumber cultivars have resistance to a wide range of diseases. Resistance has been transient in many cases and a succession of cultivars with new genes or new combinations of resistance genes has been necessary to maintain control. There has been a number of notable exceptions and these have included durable resistance to such pathogens asFulvia fulva and tomato mosaic virus. With lettuce the resistance situation is complicated by the occurrence of fungicide resistant pathotypes. There are no strains ofAgaricus bisporus purposely bred for disease resistance.In protected flower crops only resistance to Fusarium wilt in carnations has been purposely bred but differences in disease resistance are apparent in cultivars of many ornamental crops. This is particularly so in chrysanthemums where there are cultivars with resistance to many of the major pathogens. Similar situations occur with other flower crops and pot plants. Cultivars of some species have not been systematically investigated for resistance.The need for genetic resistance will increase with the further reduction, in the limits on pesticide use and an increasing public awareness and importance of pesticide pollution.ADAS is an executive agency of the Ministry of Agiculture, Fisheries and Food and the Welsh Office.     

Genetic constitution and diversity in four narrow endemic redwoods from the family Cupressaceae

The genetic constitution and diversity of four relictual redwoods are discussed in this review. These include monotypic genera of the family Cupressaceae: coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum), dawn redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides), and alerce (Fitzroya cupressoides). All four species are narrow endemics, share a number of common phenotypic traits, including red wood, and are threatened species. Fossil history suggests that the ancestors of redwoods probably originated during the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods and flourished thereafter for millions of years. Towards the end of the Tertiary period began their decline and struggle for existence that continued during the subsequent geologic upheavals and climate changes, until the survival of the present-day redwoods in the current restricted locations in the world (USA, China, and South America). Although two species, Sequoiadendron and Metasequoia, are diploids (2n = 22), and the other two are polyploids: Fitzroya a tetraploid (2n = 4x = 44), and Sequoia a hexaploid (2n = 6x = 66); they all share the same basic chromosome number x = 11. The genome size in the hexaploid Sequoia is one of the largest (31,500 MB) in the conifers, while the genome sizes of diploid Metasequoia and Sequoiadendron are about one-third (~10,000 MB) of Sequoia. Genetic diversity in the redwoods is lower than most other gymnosperms, except in Sequoia, which seems to rank near the upper quarter of the coniferous forest trees. Genomic research is sparse in the redwoods, and should be pursued for a better understanding of their genome structure, function, and adaptive genetic diversity.     

Distribution,ecology and reproductive biology of wild tomatoes and related nightshades from the Atacama Desert region of northern Chile

Over the past 20 years, several expeditions were made to northern Chile to collect populations of wild tomatoes (Solanum chilense, S. peruvianum) and allied nightshades (S. lycopersicoides, S. sitiens), and obtain information about their geographic distribution, ecology and reproductive biology. Restricted mainly to drainages of the Andean and the coastal cordillera, populations are geographically fragmented. The two nightshade species are rare and threatened by human activities. Adaptation to extreme aridity and soil salinity are evident in S. chilense and S. sitiens (the latter exhibits several xerophytic traits not seen in the tomatoes) and to low temperatures in S. lycopersicoides and S. chilense. All tested accessions are self-incompatible, with the exception of one S. peruvianum population collected at the southern limit of its distribution. Several distinguishing reproductive traits—anther color, attachment, and dehiscence, pollen size, and flower scent—suggest S. sitiens and S. lycopersicoides attract different pollinators than S. chilense and S. peruvianum. The four Solanum spp. native or endemic to Chile provide a variety of novel traits which, through hybridization and introgression with cultivated tomato, could facilitate development of improved varieties, as well as research on a variety of basic topics, including plant-pollinator interactions, abiotic stress responses, and evolution of reproductive barriers.     

The induction in vitro of adventitious shoots in Rosa

Summary Adventitious shoots were formed on excised leaves, roots and callus of Rosa persica x xanthina and on excised leaves of R. laevigata and R. wichuraiana on culture media that included BAP and NAA as growth regulators. Shoots formed freely on freshly cultured callus of R. persica x xanthina but their production declined in successive cultures and ceased after twelve weeks. Transplantation to soil was improved by rooting plantlets in cellulose plugs in vitro and transferring plantlets to soil while still in the plugs.     

The exploration of genetic resources of Portuguese cabbage and kale for resistance to several Brassica diseases

Summary Twenty three accessions of nine Portuguese cabbage and kale land races from different geographic origins were tested at the seedling stage for resistance to several important brassica diseases. Resistance to downy mildew (Peronospora parasitica), expressed as necrosis of the cotyledon mesophyll, was found in all the accessions. Type A resistance to cabbage yellows (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans race 1) was present in most of the landraces. Resistance to clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae race 6) was found in one accession of the Portuguese tree kale. High resistance to blackleg (Leptosphaeria maculans) and white rust (Albuco candida) was not detected, although several accessions showed 20 to 30% of plants with intermediate expression of resistance. All Portuguese cole accessions were susceptible to blackrot (Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris).     

Production and characterization of intergeneric diploid cybrids derived from symmetric fusion between Microcitrus papuana Swingle and sour orange (Citrus aurantium)

Plants were regenerated from intergeneric somatic hybridization between embryogenic protoplasts of Microcitrus papuana Swingle and leaf-derived protoplasts of sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) via electrofusion. The regenerated plants were morphologically similar to the leaf parent in growth vigor, leaf and branch structure. FCM analysis showed that they were diploids. Simple-sequence-repeat (SSR) and cleaved-amplified-polymorphic-sequence(CAPS) were employed for hybridity characterization. SSR banding patterns of the regenerated plants were identical to the leaf parent, sour orange, indicating that they possessed nuclear component derived from sour orange. DNA amplification with chloroplast and mitochondrial universal primers, followed by restriction endonuclease digestion, revealed polymorphism between the fusion parents. Therefore, this method was used to determine the cytoplasmic compositions of the regenerated plants. Banding patterns for all the polymorphic primer/enzyme combinations of the regenerated plants were similar to those of the embryogenic parent, M. papuana, suggesting that only the cytoplasmic components derived from the embryogenic parent were present in the regenerated plants. FCM, SSR and CAPS demonstrated that intergeneric diploid cybrids have been successfully obtained by symmetric fusion. Related results concerning nuclear and cytoplasmic composition of previous diploid somatic hybrids and potential mechanism for regeneration of such kind of plants are discussed herein. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.