甘蓝eSRK重组体的构建及其与SCR的相互作用

SRK与SCR是甘蓝自交不亲和雌雄性决定因子,两者间相互作具有单倍型特异性。为了探讨HVI/II区域在SRK单倍型特异性及其与SCR互作中的作用,采用重组技术构建甘蓝不同单倍型eSRK (SRK_E与SRK_F)间的重组体eSRK_E-1、eSRK_E-2和eSRK_E-3,用酵母双杂交系统3检测各eSRK重组体与SCR之间的相互作用。结果表明: (1) SCR_E能与eSRK_E作用,而不能与eSRK_F作用,说明eSRK_E、eSRK_F属于不同单倍型;(2) SCR_E与重组体eSRK_E-1、eSRK_E-2、eSRK_E-3均不发生作用,HVI和HVII区域内差异的氨基酸位点共同参与了与SCR的作用;(3) SCR_F不能与eSRK_E-1、eSRK_E-2、eSRK_E-3作用,替换HVI/II区域后并不能改变SRK的单倍型。     

水平荷载作用下斜坡刚性桩非线性分析

在综合分析现有水平荷载作用下桩基分析方法的基础上,建立了考虑桩侧土体受力状态的斜坡刚性桩力学模型;根据极限平衡原理,建立横向荷载作用下斜坡刚性桩弯矩和应力平衡方程;引入考虑斜坡影响的p-y曲线方法,提出了综合考虑桩侧土体极限承载力与水平抗力系数沿深度呈线性增加的侧向极限承载力与土体抗力承载力系数计算方法,同时,将该方法应用于计算实例,通过与已有有限元和理论计算方法对比分析,计算结果验证了本文方法的合理性与可行性;并利用该方法,分析了斜坡坡角、桩土接触面系数以及地基水平抗力系数对斜坡刚性桩承载特性的影响因素。分析表明:斜坡的坡角、桩土接触面系数对侧向荷载作用下斜坡刚性桩的荷载位移曲线影响明显,而桩侧土的抗力系数对侧向荷载作用下斜坡刚性桩的荷载位移曲线影响不明显。     

棉属野生种克劳茨基棉第7染色体上马克隆值QTL的挖掘与定位

为了深入挖掘和利用棉属野生种克劳茨基棉(Gossypium klotzschianum)的优异等位基因，构建了一个(陆地棉泗棉2号×克劳茨基棉)×泗棉2号的BC₁F₂群体，对纤维品质性状初步定位，单标记相关分析表明位于第7染色体上的SSR标记NAU1362与马克隆值表现极显著相关。进一步选择在第7染色体上含有克劳茨基棉渐渗片段的BC₁F₂单株与轮回亲本泗棉2号回交，构建BC₂F₃和BC₂F₄分离群体，通过两年的田间重复试验验证该QTL的位置与效应。结果表明，该QTL (qFMIC-7-1)在BC₂F₃、BC₂F₄世代均被检测到，位于相同的标记区间，分别可以解释9.0%、8.8%的表型变异，增效基因来源于野生种克劳茨基棉，与BC₁F₂群体定位结果基本一致。同时在第7染色体上检测到另一马克隆值QTL (qFMIC-7-2)，同样在BC₂F₃、BC₂F₄两个世代均能够被检测到，分别可以解释3.7%、4.7%的表型变异，但增效基因均来源于泗棉2号。     

两个杂交棉F1、F2代及亲本冠层结构与物质生产特征

以杂交棉石杂2号和新陆早43的F₁、F₂代及亲本NT2、H2、4-14为试材,通过测定不同生育时期各材料叶面积指数(LAI)、叶倾角(MTA)、冠层光截获率等指标,分析了各指标变化对群体光合物质生产的影响。结果表明,2个杂交棉F₁代LAI具有超亲优势,冠层光截获率具有中亲优势; LAI和冠层光截获率具有明显的母系遗传特性,而MTA受到父本的显著影响。F₂代冠层结构主要受F₁代相关指标和衰退率的影响,LAI中亲优势减小了衰退率; 杂交棉F₁代光合物质积累主要受亲本参数和超亲优势的影响,F₂代主要受F₁代参数的影响。杂交棉光合物质积累最大增长速率和直线增长期开始时间较晚,直线增长期及活跃增长期较长,最终积累量和最大增长速率较高。杂交棉F₁代具有明显的光合生产和产量优势,F₂代具有一定的产量优势。以选择具有优化冠层结构的亲本为基础,组配具有较大MTA的父本和较大LAI的母本,有利于改善杂交棉光合性能,提高群体光能利用率,进一步挖掘产量潜力,为杂交棉高光效组合的选育及提高F₂代应用提供理论依据。     

不同供体及不同回交次数对玉米自交系R08的改良效应

以R08为轮回亲本,18个优良自交系为供体亲本,不同回交和自交次数,选育出遗传背景与R08相近、但相互之间又存在一定差异的BC₁F₃和BC₂F₂各18个R08改良系。通过抗病性鉴定、配合力及SSR分子标记分析,探讨不同供体及不同回交次数对R08的改良效果。结果表明,36个改良系中,29个抗或高抗大斑病,大部分改良系的多数产量性状一般配合力(GCA)与R08相比并无下降或有所提高;相同供体不同回交次数选系的比较显示,对大斑病抗性的改良,回交1次自交2次(BC₁F₃)优于回交2次自交1次(BC₂F₂),且改良后代选系多数产量性状GCA大体相当;相同回交次数不同供体选系的比较表明,供体对回交后代的影响较大,供体不同回交后代选系大斑病抗性及多数产量性状GCA存在较大的差异;SSR分子标记研究结果在一定程度上揭示相同供体不同回交次数所创造的遗传变异无明显差异,相同回交次数不同供体选系在分子水平上存在较大差异;供体昌7-2和川321对改良R08的大斑病抗性和产量性状GCA作用较大,属优良供体亲本;w4-1和w10-1属回交改良优良选系。因此,利用回交法改良玉米自交系,在选准供体亲本的基础上,回交1次后,在自交过程中加强目标性状的鉴定选择及配合力测定,可提高回交改良的育种效率。     

中国便利店的照明能耗预测模型与主观评价

便利店销售额在传统零售业中增幅最高，照明在所调研样本总室内能耗中占比为43%。基于全国257家便利店的数据，探讨便利店的照明特征。采用多重线性回归方法建立照明能耗预测模型，采用因子分析方法探讨客观参数与主观评价的联系。研究表明，对便利店，考虑照明节能时需同步关注其主观评价的变化；进行照明设计时需因地制宜；照明能耗预测模型为ln y=0.479 ln x₁+ 0.248ln x₂-0.217（y为照明功率密度，x₁为单位面积照明造价，x₂为典型货架位置水平照度平均值）；顾客对照明充足度的“敏感性”比照明均匀度高；提高照度平均值有助于提高主观评价。     

细胞内IP3-Ca2+途径对UV-B辐射下玉米幼苗光合特性的调控机制

使用外加0.15 Wm^-2 UV-B及不同钙效应剂处理玉米幼苗,研究细胞Ca²⁺信号系统对UV-B辐射下玉米幼苗光合作用的调控机理。结果表明,UV诱导的胞内Ca²⁺荧光增强受胞内IP3通道阻断剂肝素(Heparin)、胞内CaM活性抑制剂三氟啦嗪(TFP)抑制,降低玉米幼苗Chl a、Chl b及Chl T含量、原初光能转化效率(F_v/F_m)、PSII活性(F_v/F_o)、Hill反应活力、水分利用效率(WUE),提高胞间二氧化碳浓度(C_i),最终导致净光合速率(P_n)下降;细胞质膜钙通道阻断剂氯化镧(LaCl₃)引发的此效应较小。据此提出,UV-B辐射下,玉米幼苗叶片细胞IP3动员胞内钙库释放Ca²⁺,调节光合色素合成、Hill反应活性、WUE,CaM介导的下游反应调节G_s,是Ca²⁺信号系统最终实现对P_n调控的主要机制。     

不同基因型陆地棉亲本及其杂交后代的耐盐性差异

 以Bt抗虫棉选系抗96(父本)、普通陆地棉选系陆58(母本)及其杂交后代(F₁、F₂)为材料,利用不同盐分含量砂培和土培试验比较研究它们苗期的耐盐相对指标和某些耐盐理化指标变化。结果表明,随土壤盐浓度升高,棉花父、母本及其后代叶片内的K⁺含量均降低,而Na⁺含量均明显增加,K⁺/Na⁺显著变小,丙二醛、脯氨酸、可溶性糖和类胡萝卜素含量均不同程度增加,而净光合速率均降低。各品系的过氧化物酶活性均以0.23％NaCl处理较高,0.46％NaCl处理次之,对照最低。耐盐理化和综合指标皆以陆58最高、抗96最低、F₁和F₂介于其间。表明耐盐性以陆58最强、抗96最弱,F₁和F₂介于父母本之间,杂交后代的耐盐性受其亲本的限制。     

节节麦和黑麦杂种F1及双二倍体中基因组变异分析

人工合成的双二倍体在遗传和植物育种中有重要作用。为探讨远缘杂交后代双二倍体育性提高及其细胞学稳定的分子机制,利用ALFP、MASP技术对节节麦-黑麦杂种及其双二倍体S₁~S₄代的基因组变异进行了分析。该双二倍的S₁~S₄代体细胞染色体数2n = 28的植株的比例从57.1%提高到92.5%,2n = 28的植株的花粉母细胞减数分裂中期二价体平均数目从11.7提高到12.25,平均结实率从24.5%提高到51.3%。利用两套分别扩增重复序列和单拷贝序列的酶切引物组合EcoR I/Mse I (E-M)、Pst I/Mse I (P-M)对节节麦–黑麦杂种F₁和双二倍体S₁~S₄代扩增表明,基因组序列变异主要发生于F₁代,且以序列消除为主。E-M和P-M引物扩增带中, 节节麦基因组在F₁代的序列消除带数占各代总消失带数的70.00%和52.95%,而在黑麦基因组为96.88%和81.64%。MSAP分析表明节节麦和黑麦杂种和加倍能够导致节节麦和黑麦基因组序列甲基化状态改变,以甲基化为主,仅发生在F₁和S₁代。在S₂~S₄代中没有检测到甲基化变异。     

圆钢管混凝土轴压长柱极限承载力的稳定系数法

为完善圆钢管混凝土轴压长柱极限承载力的计算理论，对比分析了中国国家标准GB 50936-2014和CECS 28：2012中轴压短柱极限承载力的N₀计算公式，并把GB 50936-2014中基于套箍系数的N₀计算公式改写成统一的形式，提出了基于正则长细比的轴压长柱的稳定系数计算式，并通过36个试件的对比，对计算式的精度和适用范围进行了分析。研究表明，现行国标GB 50936-2014中基于套箍系数的N₀计算公式更为精确，基于N₀计算公式和本文的稳定系数，可以计算得到更为精确的轴压长柱的极限承载力。     

Heterosis in CMS hybrids of cotton for photosynthetic and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters

Summary The characterization of photosynthetic, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and yield and yield components was compared between two newly developed CMS cotton hybrids (H1, H2) and their parents, as well as currently planted hybrid and conventional cultivars (C1, artificially produced hybrid CCRI 29 and C2, conventional cultivar CCRI 12) under the field condition. The results showed that P_n, F_v/F_m, Φ_PSII and qP of hybrids was significantly higher than that of C1 and C2. Furthermore, heterosis was found on photosynthetic parameters in hybrids over their parents at the first four growth stages, while only heterosis over mean of parents (HOMP) was detected in chlorophyll fluorescence parameters. It was clearly shown that one male-sterile line M2 was higher than the hybrids in F_v/F_m, Φ_PSII and qP over all growth stages. Significantly positive correlations (P < 0.01) were found between LAI or Yield and P_n, C_s, T_r, F_v/F_m, Φ_PSII, or qP, while significantly negative correlations between C_i and LAI or Yield, and no significance between qN and Chl a, C_s and qP were found. It was concluded that CMS hybrid cottons showed better potential to maintain relatively higher photosynthetic ability during the growth, which contributes to the increased lint yield.     

Inheritance of tomato leaf curl virus resistance in Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum

Summary Inheritance of resistance to tomato leaf curl virus (TLCV) was studied in the progenies derived from interspecific crosses between TLCV resistant Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum line B 6013 and five susceptible cultivars (HS 101, HS 102, HS 110, Pusa Ruby and Punjab Chhuhara) of L. esculentum. P₁, P₂, F₁, F₂, B₁ and B₂ progenies of the five crosses were artificially inoculated with local strains of TLCV by means of the vector whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Genn.). and the disease reaction was studied in all the crosses. Reaction of parents, F₁, F₂ and backcrosses suggests that resistance derived from L. hirsutum f. glabratum B 6013 is based on two epistatic genes, one from the wild parent and one from the cultivated one, resulting in a 13:3 segragation in the F₂.     

Inheritance of resistance to broomrape (Orobanche cumana Wallr.) race F in a sunflower line derived from wild sunflower species

Genetic resistance to broomrape (Orobanche cumana Wallr.) race F in sunflower line J1, derived from the wild perennial species Helianthusgrosseserratus Martens and Helianthus divaricatus L., has been reported to be controlled by dominant alleles at a single locus, Or6. However, deviations from this monogenic inheritance have been observed. The objective of the present study was to gain insight into the inheritance of resistance to broomrape race F in the sunflower line J1. F₁, F₂, F₃ and BC generations from crosses between J1 and three susceptible lines, P21, NR5 and HA821 were evaluated. F₁ hybrids showed both resistant (R) and moderately resistant (MR) plants, the latter having a maximum of five broomrape stalks per plant compared with >10 in the susceptible parents. This indicated incomplete dominance of the Or6 alleles. F₂ plants were classified as R, MR or susceptible (more than five broomrape stalks per plant). Three different segregation ratios were observed: 3 : 1, 13 : 3 and 15 : 1 (R + MR : S), suggesting the presence of a second gene, Or7, whose expression was influenced by the environment. A digenic model was confirmed, based on the evaluation of F_2:3 families.     

Improvement of resistance to Fusarium head blight by recurrent selection in an intermating breeding spring wheat population using the dominant male-sterile gene ms 2

Four cycles of recurrent selection for FHB resistance were conducted in an intermating wheat breeding population using the dominant male-sterile gene ms ₂ during 1987–1991.Five cycles of phenotypic mass selection for male-sterile plants were evaluated using the soil-surface inoculation method in Experiment I. Experiment II evaluated changes in FHB scores during five cycles of progeny selection for fertile plants using the single-floret inoculation method. In Experiment I, the average level of FHB response increased to MR level in C₄, compared to MS level in C₀. The numbers of infected spikelets and diseased kernels decreased 0.32 and 2.68 per cycle, respectively. In Experiment II, the average level of FHB response increased to R level in C₄F₁. The numbers of infected spikelets and diseased kernels decreased 0.93 and 4.58 per cycle, respectively. In both experiments, the largest selection gains were realized in the first cycle. The frequencies of R and MR individuals were increased significantly. The frequencies of individuals with FHB response equal and/or superior to Sumai 3 were increased to 5–8% in C₄ and 25% in C₄F₁after the fourth cycle. Agronomic traits tended to be slightly improved in selected populations. Compared to 2% in C₀, about 34% of lines superior in both FHB resistance and agronomic traits in C₄F₁ were selected to enter the conventional breeding program for further evaluation. Sixty three semidwarf lines superior in both FHB resistance and yield potential were selected from the F₅ generations derived from C₁F₁ to C₄F₁. From them, two resistant cultivars with high-yielding potential were developed and commercialized in the Lower Yangtze Valley. Recurrent selection appears to be highly effective and feasible in shifting the average FHB response of the intermating population in the desirable direction, thereby enhancing the frequency of resistant individuals. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

m法下的双曲线型p-y曲线

工程中基桩大多处于复杂的成层地基中，鲜有位于单一土层中，从宏观角度出发，引入初始地基比例系数，提出了基于m法的双曲线型p-y曲线。某现场7根试桩地基土非线性显著，实测和理论计算的地面处桩身水平位移水平荷载关系曲线均呈良好的二次抛物线关系，且理论与实测曲线吻合良好，验证了本文p-y曲线模型。地基土非线性对桩身最大弯矩、桩侧地基土压力影响显著，不容忽略。工程实际中采用m法计算基桩最大弯矩值偏小，建议乘以1.05~1.25的系数，以计入地基土非线性影响。     

Increase of Wave Velocity in Precast Pile along with Time and Its Analysis

Low strain dynamic testing on actual pile was conducted to investigate if the wave velocity is varied in the installed pre-cast pile.It was found that the wave velocity of the pile is raised along with time.The analysis has been carried out through with one dimension and three dimension stress wave propagation theories.Among various factors influencing the rise of wave velocity,the factor of the side soil contribution is the chief one.The soil around the pile works jointly with the pile,as if to enlarge the section size of the pile.Both the increase of wave velocity and the bearing capacity of pile are consistent.So the time effect of wave velocity can be used to study the time effect of bearing capacity of the pile and to determine the bearing capacity of piles.     

Crossability and cytology of hybrid progenies in the cross between Brassica campestris and three wild relatives of B. oleracea,B. bourgeaui,B. cretica and B. montana

Summary Crossability and cytology were examined in F₁, F₂, B₁ and hybridsplants of F₁ hybrids of Brassica campestris and three wild relatives of B. oleracea, B. bourgeaui, B. cretica and B. montana, respectively. The F₂ plants were obtained after self-and open pollination of the F₁ hybrids. The B₁ and hybrid plants were produced after the F₁ hybrids backcrosses with B. campestris and crossed with B. napus, respectively. After crossing the F₁ hybrids, many seeds of the F₂, B₁ and hybrid plants were harvested. Multivalent formation was high in the chromsome configuration for the PMCs of F₂, B₁ and hybrid plants, suggesting that crossing over might occur between them. Many different types of aneuploids were obtained in the progenies of the F₂, B₁ and hybrid plants. It is suggested that different types of normal egg cells may be produced by one-by-one or little-by-little chromosome addition. The possibility is discussed of gene transfer from B. bourgeaui, B. cretica and B. montana, to cultivated plants, B. campestris and B. napus.     

Inheritance of insensitivity to culture filtrate of Pyrenophora tritici-repentis, race 2, in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Tan spot of wheat is caused by the fungus Pyrenophora tritici‐repentis. On susceptible hosts, P. tritici‐repentis induces two phenotypically distinct symptoms, tan necrosis and chlorosis. This fungus produces several toxins that induce tan necrosis and chlorosis symptoms in susceptible cultivars. The objectives of this study were to determine the inheritance of insensitivity to necrosis‐inducing culture filtrate of P. tritici‐repentis, race 2, and to establish the relationship between the host reaction to culture filtrate and spore inoculation with respect to the necrosis component. The F₁, F₂, and BC₁F₁ plants and F_2:8 lines of five crosses involving resistant wheat genotypes ‘Erik’, ‘Red Chief’, and line 86ISMN 2137 with susceptible cultivars ‘Glenlea’ and ‘Kenyon’ were studied. Plants were spore‐inoculated at the two‐leaf stage. Four days later, the newly emerged uninoculated third leaf was infiltrated with a culture filtrate of isolate Ptr 92–164 (race 2). Reactions to the spore inoculation and the culture filtrate were recorded 8 days after spore inoculation. The segregation observed in the F₂ and BC₁F₁ generations and the F_2:8 lines of all crosses indicated that a single recessive gene controlled insensitivity to necrosis caused by culture filtrate. This gene also controlled resistance to necrosis induced by spore inoculation.     

The effect of temperature and other factors on chlorophyll a fluorescence and the lower oxygen limit in apples (Malus domestica)

The effects of temperature, scan interval and rate of oxygen (O₂) decline on pulse frequency modulation (PFM)-based minimum fluorescence (F_α) and the F_α-based lower oxygen limit (LOL) were investigated using ‘Honeycrisp’ apples (Malus × domestica Borkh). The effects of temperature and hypoxic stress on pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) fluorescence parameters were also investigated. The PFM scan interval had no effect on the F_α baseline, but increases in the scan interval decreased the low-O₂-induced fluorescence spike intensity (ΔF_α). Temperature negatively correlated with the F_α baseline while ΔF_α °C⁻¹ was greater at lower than at higher temperatures. When using a PAM fluorometer, the minimum fluorescence (F_o), and to a lesser extent the maximum fluorescence (F_m), were similarly affected by temperature as was F_α. Temperature altered the LOL in fruit. Apples stored at 20, 10, 3.5 and 0 °C spiked at 0.72, 0.33, 0.22 and 0.08 kPa O₂, respectively, under a rapid O₂ decline (i.e., 20.9 to <1 kPa O₂ in ≈5–6 h). Although the low-O₂ F_α spike apex values did not change with temperature, the spike intensity increased with temperature due to a reduced fluorescence baseline. A slower O₂ decline rate produced slightly higher LOL and lower spike intensity values. In conclusion, temperature and rate of O₂ decline affected the low-O₂-induced PFM fluorescence spike intensity as well as the LOL, while the PFM scan interval affected the spike intensity.     

Field Comparative Experimental Study on Bearing Capacity of Both Bored Pile with Branches and Plates and Column Bored Pile at the Same Site

Compared with column bored pile,the bored pile with branches and plates is a new type of piles with higher bearing capacity and lower settlement.Field comparative tests related to ultimate bearing capacity of both the bored piles with branches and plates and column bored piles at the same site in Huzhou city of province Zhejiang in China were studied through self-balanced method under static pressure.The results testify that,compared with column bored pile under the same geological conditions,the bored pile with branches and plates can obtain better economic benefit such as: increasing ultimate compressive bearing capacity and ultimate extraction bearing capacity used per cubic meter concrete over 75.3%and 118.9%respectively,while dropping consumption of reinforced concrete upwards of 41.9%and 44.1% respectively,reducing settlement and pile length under the same loading.The tests will present an objective reference to the new type of piles in both theoretic study and application to analogous engineering.