Growth Analysis Using Classical and Functional Techniques in Relation to Soil Moisture in Mustard

A Reid experiment was conducted to study the effect of soil moisture on growth of two mustard cultivars using classical and functional techniques of growth analysis. Two soil moisture levels were irrigated at 10-day intervals and a rainfed control was included. Total dry matter (TDM), leaf area index (LAI) and leaf area duration (LAD) were significantly increased by irrigation at most of stages of growth. Starting from a lower value, LAI and LAD reached a peak and then gradually declined. Among the growth attributes, crop growth rate (CGR), leaf area ratio (LAR) and leaf weight ratio (LWR) increased significantly under irrigation. Net assimilation rate (NAR) decreased more in the irrigated plants than the rainfed plants at the later stages of growth. LAR and LWR declined throughout with increasing time and plant weight. Seed yield of the irrigated plants was positively correlated with the pre-flowering LAI and the post-flowering CGR and NAR. In the rainfed plants, seed yield was positively correlated with LAI and CGR at the post-flowering stage and negatively with the post-flowering NAR and pre-flowering LAR.     

定位水氮组合对冀5265小麦叶片硝酸还原酶、可溶性蛋白及产量的影响

为生产中水氮高效利用提供依据,在3年定位水氮处理的基础上,于2008-2009年在大田条件下研究水氮组合对小麦叶片硝酸还原酶活性(NRA)、叶片可溶性蛋白含量及产量的影响。结果表明,在同一施氮水平上,开花期灌水显著提高NRA、可溶性蛋白含量和产量。灌1水条件下,随施氮量的增加叶片NRA、可溶性蛋白含量呈线性增长,在水分较适宜的2水灌溉条件下,叶片NR活性、可溶性蛋白含量均呈抛物线趋势,NRA在全年施氮240 kg/hm2时最高、可溶性蛋白含量在施氮480 kg/hm2最高,增加施氮量呈下降趋势。在灌2水全年施氮480 kg/hm2时产量最高,说明增加灌水有利于氮素增产效应的发挥。     

低温对转Bt基因棉杀虫蛋白表达及其氮代谢的影响

 以2个转Bt基因抗虫棉,泗抗1号（常规种）、泗抗3号（杂交种）为材料,研究了低温对转Bt基因抗虫棉叶片中杀虫蛋白表达量和氮代谢的影响。2007年,于盛蕾期、盛花期、盛铃期,将盆栽棉花18 ℃低温下处理24 h。2008年,在18 ℃低温下处理48 h。研究结果表明,低温胁迫显著降低转Bt基因抗虫棉品种叶片中杀虫蛋白表达量。但盛铃期,下降幅度最大。其中低温胁迫24 h后,泗抗1号下降23.7%,泗抗3号下降28.1%;低温胁迫48 h后,2个品种分别下降52.9%和47.6%。叶片中丙酮酸转氨酶（GPT）活性、游离氨基酸、可溶性蛋白含量与蛋白酶活性在低温胁迫下表现相同趋势。以上结果表明,低温可能导致叶片可溶性蛋白的合成量降低,从而导致杀虫蛋白表达水平的下降。但对可溶性蛋白的分解并未有明显影响。     

Influence of Variable Amounts of Irrigation Water and Nitrogen Fertilizer on Growth, Yield and Water Use of Grain Sorghum

Sorghum hybrid CSH-6 was grown in fields in Delhi, India between July–November 1986 in order to study the effect of nitrogen nutrition and irrigation on dry matter accumulation, grain yield and water use. The treatments included 40 Kg Nha⁻¹ combined with two irrigations (30 DAS, 60 DAS), one irrigation (60 DAS) and no irrigation respectively. Rainfall during the crop season was only 17 cm. The unirrigated plants were considerably water stressed and exhibited very low leaf water potential, less leaf area, delayed anthesis, longer crop duration but shorter grain filling duration. The ears showed sterility and yield was only 0.41 t ha⁻¹ without nitrogen fertilization. Addition of nitrogen fertilizer had no significant effect on yield in unirrigated plants. A single irrigation 60 DAS increased yield due to increase in both grain number and grain weight per ear in fertilized and unfertilized crop respectively. Two irrigations in the unfertilized crop increased the yield to 2.2 t ha⁻¹ while similar treatment in the fertilized crop did not increase the yield significantly. Irrigation increased the WUE for grain yield. The results indicate that nitrogen stress and water stress reduced grain yield primarily through grain number rather than grain weight. Irrigation relieved both water stress and nutrient stress. Nitrogen nutrition was not beneficial under severe water stress conditions but was considerably helpful under mild stress. Biomass, grain yield and harvest index show significant correlation with preanthesis water use.     

浅埋滴灌下分期追氮对玉米花后光合特性、氮素利用和产量的影响

为研究浅埋滴灌下不同氮肥追施方式玉米花后光合特性、氮素利用和产量形成的差异,以氮肥一次性追施(CK)和氮肥分期追施(NFQ) 2种氮肥追施方式的玉米为研究对象,对其花后叶源特性、光合特性、氮素利用和产量及产量构成因素进行比较分析。结果表明,2018—2020年NFQ花后叶源特性显著优于CK,其叶面积指数、叶绿素SPAD值和叶片氮素含量分别平均较CK提高了6.35%、11.02%和5.34%。NFQ花后光合特性亦显著优于CK,其净光合速率、瞬时光能利用率、瞬时水分利用效率和瞬时羧化速率分别平均较CK提高了6.98%、4.28%、20.49%和12.73%。NFQ氮素积累转运量均显著高于CK,其氮素积累量和转运量分别平均较CK提高了23.73%和19.29%。NFQ产量均显著高于CK,试验年份平均增产9.40%,穗粒数和千粒重的显著提高是增产的主要原因。本研究认为,西辽河平原井灌区玉米生产的适宜氮肥追施方式为拔节期、大口期、吐丝期按3:6:1比例追施。     

Effects of Irrigation at Different Growth Stages on Vegetative Growth of Mung Bean, Vigna Radiata (L.) Wilczek, in Dry and Intermediate Zones of Sri Lanka

Mung bean crops in the subhumid zones of Sri Lanka experience significant drought periods. The objective of this study was to quantify the growth response of mung bean to irrigation at different phenological stages and thereby determine the optimum irrigation regime to maximize growth. Four field experiments were conducted at two sites in 1995 and 1996. The crop duration of mung bean was divided into three stages: vegetative (from germination to appearance of first flower), flowering (from appearance of first flower to 75 % pod initiation) and pod-filling (from 75 % pod initiation to maturity). Eight treatments were devised to represent all possible combinations of irrigation at the three stages. Maximum leaf area index (ranging from 0.6 to 2.6 across treatments) and total leaf area duration were increased significantly by irrigation during the vegetative stage. Specific leaf weight decreased and maximum total crop biomass (150–400 g m⁻²) increased with the number of stages irrigated. Irrigation decreased the absolute root biomass and increased the shoot:root ratio. It is concluded that, in this agroclimatic zone of Sri Lanka, irrigation of mung bean during the vegetative stage is critical for maximizing leaf area. However, biomass production can be maximized by increasing the number of stages irrigated irrespective of irrigation at any specific stage.     

Leaf carbohydrates assimilation and metabolism affect seed yield of rapeseed with different waterlogging tolerance under the interactive effects of nitrogen and waterlogging

Waterlogging is a main factor causing rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) yield loss, and reasonable nitrogen (N) applications can compensate for this loss. To investigate the effects of N rates on seed yield of waterlogged rapeseed, the waterlogging-tolerant rapeseed variety ZS 9 and sensitive variety GH01 were waterlogged for 0 and 10 days with five leaves at the seedling stage under four N rates (0, 90, 180 and 270 kg/ha). Waterlogging significantly decreased seed yield, while N application can alleviate the yield loss. The yield decrease rate of waterlogged GH01 was greater than that of ZS 9 under the same N rate. During the seedling and bolting stage, the leaf photosynthetic rate (Pn) and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) activity increased, while activities of adenosine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase), sucrose synthase (SuSy) and sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) decreased with more N under the same watering conditions. Compared to the plants without waterlogging, the leaf Pn and Rubisco activity, starch and sucrose contents of waterlogged rapeseed decreased at the two stages; activities of AGPase, SuSy and SPS of waterlogged rapeseed decreased at the seedling while increased at the bolting stage for both the two varieties. At the flowering stage, the Pn, the activities of Rubisco, AGPase, SuSy, SPS and contents of sucrose, starch increased with more N application for both ZS 9 and GH01. Compared to the plants without waterlogging, the Pn and Rubisco activity for waterlogged plants of the two varieties increased; the waterlogged plants of tolerant variety had higher activities of AGPase, SuSy and SPS, while those of sensitive variety was significantly lower. However, the decreased starch and sucrose content were found in both tolerant and sensitive varieties. The activities of AGPase, SuSy and SPS at flowering were highly positively correlated with yield under the interactive effects of N and waterlogging. These results suggested that the flowering stage is the most important stage that N had the positive regulation on waterlogged rapeseed growth. The carbohydrates translocation from leaves to seeds of the tolerant variety were enhanced after waterlogging, while that of the sensitive variety was still inhibited. This was the main reason for the difference in yield between the two waterlogged varieties.     

Drip Irrigation Frequency: The Effects and Their Interaction with Nitrogen Fertilization on Maize Growth and Nitrogen Use Efficiency under Arid Conditions

Differences in soil moisture and wetting pattern under different irrigation frequencies mean that vegetative growth and nitrogen use efficiency in maize can differ even when the same total amount of irrigated water is applied under different frequency regimes. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of drip irrigation frequency and its interaction with nitrogen fertilization on vegetative growth and nitrogen use efficiency of a maize crop at different growth stages and on grain quality at maturity stage in a sandy soil. The experiment was conducted for 2 years (2005 and 2006) using a randomized complete block split–split plot design with four irrigation frequencies (once every 2, 3, 4 and 5 days), two nitrogen levels (190 and 380 kg N ha^?1) and two maize hybrids (three‐way cross 310 and single cross 10) as the main‐plot, split‐plot and split–split plot variables, respectively. Irrigation water, totalling 524 mm ha^?1, applied for each irrigation frequency was divided into 28, 21, 17 and 14 doses for the F2, F3, F4 and F5 treatments, respectively. Results indicated that vegetative growth, crop growth and nitrogen efficiency parameters at the 10‐leaf and tasseling growth stages increased with increasing drip irrigation frequency, whereas grain protein content decreased. Although the values of the vegetative growth and crop growth parameters increased with increasing nitrogen levels, significant decreases in nitrogen efficiency parameters were also observed indicating the need for further optimization with a reduced nitrogen application rate. Significant interaction effects between irrigation frequency and nitrogen levels were detected for all parameters measured. In most cases, the parameters were not significantly different between the two nitrogen levels at an irrigation frequency of once every 5 days, but did differ significantly at irrigation frequencies of once every 2, 3 or 4 days. The relationship between the nitrogen use efficiency parameters and retained available soil water content at the 10‐leaf and tasseling growth stages was best represented by a second order polynomial equation with an R² ranging from 0.73 to 0.98. Based on our findings, an irrigation frequency of once every 2 and 3 days is recommended to enhance growth and nitrogen use efficiency of drip‐irrigated maize in sandy soil in Egypt.     

不同氮素利用效率型小麦品种的生理差异分析

以不同氮素利用效率型小麦品种（2个氮高效、2个氮低效和2个中间型）为材料,分别在灌溉及雨养条件下测定其花后旗叶氮素同化及转运相关酶等生理性状的动态变化,同时在开花期和成熟期测定氮素积累及转运相关性状。结果表明,氮高效型品种晋麦54和晋麦66具有更高的植株氮素积累总量、氮素籽粒生产效率、氮素干物质生产效率、花后氮素转运量、花后氮素转运效率和单株产量,以及更低的花前氮素转运量和花前对籽粒氮积累的贡献率。同时,氮高效型品种的各酶活性及可溶性蛋白质含量高于其他4个品种,而中间型品种晋麦73和泰麦269又高于氮低效型品种晋麦61和泰农18。相关性分析结果显示,参试小麦品种多数关键酶活性与氮素籽粒生产效率、氮素干物质生产效率、花后氮素转运量、花后氮素转运效率、花后对籽粒氮积累的贡献率和单株产量呈显著正相关;与花前对籽粒氮积累的贡献率和花前氮素转运量呈显著负相关。     

Influence of Soil Moisture on Growth, Water Use and Yield of Mustard

A field experiment was conducted to study the influence of soil moisture on growth, water use and yield of mustard ( Brassica juncea L. cv. Rai 5 ). Two soil moisture regimes were rainfed and irrigated at 10 days interval throughout the growing season. The total amount of water received as irrigation was 110 mm and as rainfall was 15 mm. Total dry matter per unit ground area, leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR) and net assimilation rate (NAR) were increased and leaf area ratio (LAR) and specific leaf area (SLA) were decreased by irrigation. Chlorophyll content and relative leaf water content (RLWC) were increased by irrigation, but proline content was greater in the rainfed crop at both the flowering and pod-filling stages. Time taken to first flowering, duration of flowering, number of seeds/pod and harvest index were unaffected by irrigation. Plant height at harvest, number of pods/plant, seed yield and oil content of seeds were increased and 1000-seed weight was decreased by irrigation. The consumptive use of water increased with an increase in water supply, but the water use efficiency (WUE) was decreased.     

Exogenous Glycinebetaine and Salicylic Acid Application Improves Water Relations, Allometry and Quality of Hybrid Sunflower under Water Deficit Conditions

Limited water availability hampers the sustainability of crop production. Exogenous application of glycinebetaine (GB) and salicylic acid (SA) has been found very effective in reducing the adverse effects of water scarcity. This study was conducted to examine the possible role of exogenous GB and SA application in improving the growth and water relations of hybrid sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.) under different irrigation regimes. There were three levels of irrigation, viz. control (normal irrigations), water stress at budding stage (irrigation missing at budding stage) and water stress at flowering stage (FS) (irrigation missing at FS). GB and SA were applied exogenously at 100 and 0.724 m m respectively, each at the budding and FS. Control plants did not receive application of GB and SA. Water stress reduced the leaf area index (LAI), leaf area duration (LAD), crop growth rate (CGR), leaf relative water contents, water potential, osmotic potential, turgor pressure, achene yield and water use efficiency. Nevertheless, exogenous GB and SA application appreciably improved these attributes under water stress. However, exogenous GB application at the FS was more effective than other treatments. Net assimilation rate was not affected by water stress as well as application of GB and SA. The protein contents were considerably increased by water stress at different growth stages, but were reduced by exogenous GB and SA application. The effects of water stress and foliar application of GB were more pronounced when applied at FS than at the budding stage. Moreover, exogenous GB application was only advantageous under stress conditions.     

灌水量对小麦氮素吸收、分配、利用及产量与品质的影响

以济麦20和泰山23为试验材料, 在大田条件下研究了灌水量对小麦氮素吸收、分配、利用和籽粒产量与品质及耗水量、水分利用率的影响。2004—2005年生长季, 小麦生育期间降水量为196.10 mm, 两品种的氮素吸收效率、籽粒的氮素积累量和氮肥生产效率均为不灌水处理低于灌水处理, 但籽粒氮素分配比例和氮素利用效率表现为不灌水处理高于灌水处理。拔节期前, 两品种的氮素吸收强度灌水180 mm处理高于灌水240 mm和300 mm两处理, 拔节期后反之; 成熟期, 植株氮素积累量和氮素吸收效率在各灌水处理间无显著差异。济麦20籽粒的氮素积累量和分配比例、氮素利用效率和氮肥生产效率, 均以灌水240 mm处理高于灌水180 mm和300 mm处理; 灌水180 mm和240 mm处理的籽粒产量分别达8 701.23 kg hm^-2和9 159.30 kg hm^-2, 耗水量为469.29 mm和534.48 mm, 两处理间籽粒品质无显著差异, 且均优于灌水300 mm处理。泰山23籽粒中氮素积累量及分配比例、氮素利用效率、氮肥生产效率和籽粒品质, 在各灌水处理间无显著差异; 灌水180 mm和240 mm处理籽粒产量显著高于其他处理, 分别达9 682.65 kg hm^-2和9 698.55 kg hm^-2, 其耗水量分别为468.54 mm和532.35 mm。两品种的水分利用率均随灌水量增加而降低。在2006—2007年生长季, 小麦生育期间降水量为171.30 mm, 济麦20和泰山23均以灌水240 mm处理的籽粒产量和水分利用率最高, 其耗水量分别为490.88 mm和474.88 mm。综合考虑产量、品质、氮素利用效率、氮肥生产效率和水分利用率, 生产中济麦20生育期灌水量以180~240 mm为宜; 泰山23在降水量达196 mm条件下, 灌水量以180 mm为宜, 在降水量为170 mm条件下, 灌水量以240 mm为宜。     

Effects of Irrigation at Different Growth Stages and Source-Sink Manipulations on Yield and Yield Components of Mung Bean, Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek, in Dry and Intermediate Zones of Sri Lanka

Irrigation is a management option available to farmers in the subhumid zones of Sri Lanka to increase mung bean yields during the dry Yala season. The objective of this study was to quantify the yield gain in response to irrigation at different stages of the crop and thereby determine the most suitable stage/s of irrigation. Four field experiments were conducted during Yala in 1995 and 1996 at two sites, Maha-Illuppallama (MI) and Kundasale (KS). Eight irrigation regimes consisting of all possible combinations of irrigation at three growth stages of the crop were defined. The respective growth stages were vegetative (from germination to appearance of first flower), flowering (from appearance of first flower to 75 % pod initiation) and pod-filling (from 75 % pod initiation to maturity). The treatments which received irrigation during two or more stages had significantly higher yields (793–1396 kg ha⁻¹) than those which received irrigation during only one stage (401–756 kg ha⁻¹) with the lowest yield being shown by the rain-fed treatment (227–396 kg ha⁻¹). When at least two stages can be irrigated, irrigation during the flowering and pod-filling stages was most effective. Irrigation during flowering produced the highest yield gain when only one stage could be irrigated. Seed yield showed a strong positive correlation with number of pods m^−2. Fifity per cent de-podding caused yield reductions at both sites, indicating sink limitation. In contrast, 50 % defoliation reduced the yields only at MI where the number of pods m⁻² was greater than at KS. Hence, source limitation was present only when the number of pods was higher.     

不同灌水施氮方式对玉米叶片生理特性和产量的影响

为了研究不同灌水施氮方式对玉米叶片生理特性、产量及其构成的影响。以春玉米‘宜单629’为供试材料,监测不同灌水方式下玉米生育期内的叶面积指数(LAI)、生理特性指标和籽粒产量。结果表明,与均匀灌水均匀施氮(CICN)相比,交替灌水均匀施氮(AICN)和交替灌水交替施氮水氮协同供应(AIANS)显著提高玉米抽雄期及以后第7、14、21、28和35天的LAI和叶绿素含量及抽雄期、灌浆期和乳熟期叶片的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、可溶性蛋白含量、玉米行数、行粒数、穗粒数、千粒质量和籽粒产量(P<0.05),但显著降低相应生育期叶片的MDA、可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量(P<0.05)。可见,AICN和AIANS有利于提高玉米的LAI和抗氧化酶活性,改善活性氧产生与清除之间的关系,从而使玉米产量增加。     

Effect of Homobrassinolide Application on Metabolic Activity and Grain Yield of Wheat under Normal and Water-Stress Condition

Activities of nitrate reductase, glutamine synthetase along with rate of photosynthesis, chlorophyll content, soluble protein, relative water content, transpiration and diffusion resistance were estimated in wheat cv. C306 at anthesis stage under irrigated and moisture-stress condition and two levels (0.1 and 1.0 ppm) of homobrassinolide application. Yield and yield attributing parameters were recorded at harvest. Moisturestress adversely affected relative water content, transpiration, net photosynthesis, nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase activity, chlorophyll and soluble protein content.
Homobrassinolide application increased leaf relative water content and transpiration and decreased diffusion resistance in water-stressed and recovered plants. Homobrassinolide application also had positive effect on nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase activities, photosynthesis, chlorophyll and total soluble protein content in stressed, irrigated and revived plants. The beneficial effect was also observed on grain yield and yield attributing parameters such as grain number per ear, 1000 grain weight, ear number per plant and harvest index. It was concluded that homobrassinolide induced promotion in metabolic activity was mediated through increased enzyme protein synthesis as well as uptake of water resulting in enhanced relative water content under moisture-stress.     

氮肥运筹对滴灌冬小麦叶片光合特性及产量的影响

为研究滴氮时期及滴氮比例对滴灌冬小麦旗叶生理特性及产量的影响。在总施纯氮300kg/hm ²条件下设置6个不同滴灌追氮量处理,分别用F1、F2、F3、F4、F5、F6表示,以不施氮肥为对照（F0）,研究不同追施氮量对冬小麦叶面积指数（LAI）、叶绿素含量（SPAD值）、旗叶光合特性及产量的影响。结果表明,不同处理滴灌冬小麦的LAI、SPAD值变化规律一致,均呈先增后降的变化规律,LAI以F4处理相对较大,处理间SPAD值差异规律不明显;开花期、花后10d旗叶净光合速率（P_n）、蒸腾速率（T_r）、气孔导度（G_s）均表现为F5>F1>F6>F4>F2>F3>F0。而各处理胞间CO₂浓度（C_i）与P_n、T_r、G_s的变化规律呈相反的趋势。籽粒产量以F5处理最高,为9 889.35kg/hm ²,分别较F0、F1、F2、F3、F4、F6处理增加23.70%、3.10%、6.52%、21.44%、7.94%、14.10%。综合分析可知,总施氮量300kg/hm ²条件下,冬小麦起身期追施123.3kg/hm ²,在孕穗期、开花期各追施41.1kg/hm ²时滴灌冬小麦的光合性能表现较好。     

Stay green trait in grain sorghum: relationship between visual rating and leaf chlorophyll concentration

Post‐flowering drought tolerance is referred to as the stay green trait in sorghum. Plants with stay green resist drought‐induced premature plant senescence. In breeding programmes, stay green is evaluated under limited irrigation, post‐flowering moisture‐stress field conditions and visually scored at or soon after physiological grain maturity. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between the stay green rating and total leaf chlorophyll content. The parents B35 and Tx7000, and their 98 F, recombinant inbred lines were evaluated in replicated field trials under limited (post‐flowering stress) and full‐irrigation (non‐stress) conditions. After scoring the stay green trait of stressed plants, total leaf chlorophyll contents were measured with a chlorophyll meter (SPAD values) and a spectrophotometer method. The SPAD value had a significant linear relationship with total leaf chlorophyll (R²= 0.91) and with visual stay green rating (with R²= 0.82). Relative water content in top leaves of the stay green lines was about 81%, much higher than non‐stay green lines (38%), indicating that the stay green lines kept the stalk transporting system functioning under severe drought conditions, The results indicate that visual stay green ratings were a reliable indicator of leaf senescence an should be useful to sorghum breeders in evaluating progeny when breeding for drought tolerance.     

邓恩桉嫁接种子园开花生理生化特性比较

以邓恩桉嫁接种子园为研究材料,比较邓恩桉开花植株与未开花植株的叶绿体色素、光合生理特性、可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖以及游离氨基酸。结果表明：邓恩桉未开花植株叶绿体色素含量、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、表观量子效率明显比开花植株高,而开花植株净光合速率、水分利用效率、胞间CO2浓度比未开花植株低,说明开花植株比未开花植株同化能力降低,异化能力增强,光合系数小;开花植株的可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖以及游离氨基酸含量均高于未开花植株。通过比较开花和未开花邓恩桉嫁接植株光合生理和生理生化特性,为邓恩桉嫁接种子园开花结实研究提供理论基础。     

磷石膏和有机肥对盐碱地糜子产量和叶片生理特性的影响

为探索磷石膏和有机肥对盐碱地糜子产量和叶片生理特性的影响,本试验以粘丰5号和内糜8号为试验材料,本研究以‘粘丰5号’和‘内糜8号’为试验材料,在大田条件下设置了4个处理,包括磷石膏（60 t/hm2）、有机肥（187.50 t/hm2）和磷石膏有机肥混合（60 t/hm2磷石膏+187.50 t/hm2有机肥）,以盐碱地未改良作为对照。结果表明：有机肥和磷石膏混合处理对两个糜子品种叶片糖分积累调控效果存在差异,对粘丰5号开花后14d的叶片蔗糖含量、可溶性糖含量促进效果较优,而对内糜8号开花后21d的叶片蔗糖含量、可溶性糖含量促进效果较优;粘丰5号整个测定时期叶片淀粉含量在磷石膏和有机肥混合处理、有机肥处理下基本上低于磷石膏处理,而内糜8号叶片淀粉含量在开花后7d~21d以磷石膏处理为最高,之后,以磷石膏处理为最低;开花后42d叶片可溶性蛋白含量在粘丰5号中以磷石膏有机肥混施处理最高,而在内糜8号中以单施有机肥处理为最高。三种盐碱地改良措施均能够增加糜子产量,其中以磷石膏和有机肥混合处理下的增加效果优于单施磷石膏和单施有机肥处理。     

水稻生理生化特性对氮肥的反应及与氮利用效率的关系

选用水稻氮高效基因型IR72和9311及氮低效基因型Lemont和PECOS,采用土培方法,在5个施氮量（0、0.51、1.02、1.53、2.04 g N 钵^-1,分别相当于0、75、150、225、300 kg N hm^-2）处理下,研究了生理生化特性对氮肥的反应及与氮效率的关系。结果表明,在幼穗分化期,氮高效基因型水稻的可溶性蛋白含量相对低,而谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）活性高;不同氮效率基因型间1,5-二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶/加氧酶(Rubisco)含量的差异不大;两种氮效率基因型间的净光合速率（P_n）在幼穗分化期差异不明显。而在齐穗期,氮低效基因型的P_n比高效基因型的低28.66%左右;氮低效基因型在两个时期的单位叶绿素光合速率（P_n/Chl）比氮高效基因型分别低18.51%和29.67%左右。在成熟期,氮高效基因型干物质积累能力强,籽粒产量高。这些结果说明氮效率不同的基因型对氮肥的生理反应差异大。相关性分析表明,低氮水平时(0~1.53 g N 钵^-1), GS酶活性与收获时生物量呈显著或极显著正相关;氮肥偏生产力（PFP）、氮肥农学利用率（AE）及氮素生理利用率（NUEb）分别与GS活性、P_n/Chl和齐穗期的Pn呈显著正相关,而与可溶性蛋白含量、Rubisco含量显著负相关;氮肥吸收效率（RE）与这些生理指标没有显著相关。结果表明水稻光合特征及氮代谢与水稻氮效率间存在紧密的关系,GS活性和可溶性蛋白含量对评价水稻氮肥利用率具有重要的参考价值。