内蒙古平原灌区“春麦冬播”种植效应及品种适应性

针对内蒙古春播小麦生育期短、干热风、高温逼熟等因素制约产量提高,且收获后光温资源极大浪费的现状,以及试种冬小麦发现的冬季冻害、春季干旱或“倒春寒”影响返青率及前茬限制等问题,本研究以“春麦冬播”种植模式为切入点,采用不同春化类型小麦品种,通过连续2年的田间试验,系统研究了不同小麦品种越冬出苗、叶片生理、根系性状及产量形成的差异,以期筛选适宜冬播的小麦品种。结果表明:供试的全部春性小麦品种及部分冬性品种可以以种子形式完成春化作用,第2年正常抽穗成熟。冬播条件下春季田间出苗率较春播小麦有所降低,但根系发达,对低温及干旱的适应性强。通过系统聚类筛选出适宜内蒙古平原灌区冬播的3个小麦品种,包括春性品种永良4号、冬性品种宁冬11号和半冬性品种河农7106,其共同特征为越冬出苗率高、抗逆性强、根系发达、产量表现较高,其中永良4号产量可达到与春播相同的水平。     

冬小麦品种抗霜冻力的影响因素分析

应用移动式人工霜箱,研究了冬小麦幼穗抗霜冻力随发育期的变化规律。结果表明,随发育期进程,幼穗抗霜冻力呈下降趋势,从药隔前期开始进入低温敏感期。利用室内人工霜箱,在药隔前期对21个品种进行了抗霜冻力鉴定,进而分析了不同品种、冬春性、越冬抗冻力以及叶片可溶性糖含量等对冬小麦抗霜冻力的影响。结果表明,除少数品种有一定抗霜冻力外,多数品种抗霜冻力无显著差异。品种抗霜冻力与其冬春性和越冬抗冻力均无显著相关性,与叶片可溶性糖含量之间亦无显著相关性。     

两个不同适应性冬小麦品种的竞争能力

采用生态学中的de Wit替代系列法研究了当前山东省高产广适性冬小麦品种鲁麦21和仅适应局部地区种植的冬小麦品种烟农15在混播条件下的竞争结局,并对其生长特性、资源分配模式及相关性状的差异进行了比较研究. 在混播条件下鲁麦21较烟农15具有明显的竞争优势, 具有更强的占有和利用共同资源的能力. 分蘖数、单位面积穗数、穗     

江苏淮南冬小麦品种在新疆昭苏县引种探索

从江苏淮南引种8个冬小麦春性品种,按照新疆昭苏县的生产栽培管理方式在当地进行了试种,结果表明：虽然遇到了干旱、冰雹、降雪等多种自然灾害的影响,扬麦16、扬麦13、扬麦11等3个品种仍表现了较强的适应性,不但单产比当地推广的宁春33号增产2．76%-4．14％,而且植株综合性状也不差于宁春33号,说明这3个扬麦品种在昭苏试种取得初成功。     

土壤水分胁迫对不同肥水类型冬小麦品种花后光合特性及产量的影响

为给小麦抗旱育种和节水高产栽培提供理论和技术支持,以山东省6个不同肥水类型的冬小麦品种（‘青麦6号’、‘鲁麦21’、‘烟农21’、‘烟农24’、‘济麦22’、‘良星99’）为材料,研究了水分胁迫对冬小麦花后光合特性与产量的影响及品种间差异。结果表明,在水分胁迫条件下,各冬小麦品种花后叶面积指数、旗叶叶绿素含量、净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率和水分利用效率均有所降低,产量显著下降。品种间对水分胁迫反应差异显著,其中旱地品种‘青麦6号’在水分胁迫条件下,旗叶叶绿素含量、净光合速率、蒸腾速率、水分利用效率及气孔导度均高于其他品种,产量构成因素和产量降低幅度最小,产量最高,仅比同期水分处理下降了14%。     

河南省小麦新品种比较试验

为了给当地的农业部门、广大群众提供一个了解品种、选择品种的机会,也为了给育种单位和种子企业宣传品种、推广品种提供便利条件,我们筛选了近几年审定的一批小麦新品种,在小麦主产区进行比较试验,对各品种的生育期、主要经济性状和田间产量进行比较分析,结果表明：春性品种以新麦21产量最高,半冬性的品种以丰德存麦1号为最高,许科316及豫教5号产量也较高,综合抗性好,适宜在河南省推广种植。     

八倍体小黑麦新品种的适宜播期范围与稳产性

供试的6个小黑麦品种(系)根据试验结果可分成3类:Ⅰ类 劲松5号和8323-17,偏春性,分蘖力强,适宜播期比偏春性的小麦对照阿勃还宽,各播期的亩产量均显著高于小麦对照,属稳产性最好的类型。Ⅱ类 1001-45和劲松4号,偏春性,分蘖力好,适宜播期比阿勃宽,各播期的亩产量与阿勃相似,但显著高于春性小麦对照绵阳11号,属稳产性好的类型。     

连云港市主要小麦品种产量与主要品质性状的初步研究

对连云港市13个主要小麦品种作为稻茬小麦进行种植,测定了它们的产量和主要品质性状。淮麦33、连麦7号、连麦8号、连麦6号等小麦品种产量较高,烟农19、连麦7号、济麦22、徐麦33等小麦品种品质较优,达到了优质强筋小麦标准。结合产量、主要品质性状、抗冻性等综合指标考虑,连云港市目前生产应选择应用连麦7号、烟农19、济麦22、淮麦33等小麦品种,以达到小麦生产的优质、高产、高效。     

小黑麦新品种神农饲草 1 号的选育及应用

神农饲草 1 号是以国审高产小黑麦品种中饲 237 为母本、优质黑小麦品系品黑 28 作父本,通过系谱法选育而成的高产、优质冬性六倍体小黑麦新品种,其生物产量高,植株繁茂、茎秆粗壮,性状稳定,粮饲兼用,2022 年 11 月通过山西省农作物品种审定委员会认定,认定编号：晋认杂粮 202224,适宜在山西省大部分地区及邻近省份气候类似的秋播小黑麦种植地区种植。详细介绍了神农饲草 1 号的选育过程、品种特性、栽培管理措施及应用潜力。     

北方春性小黑麦试种、推广近两万亩

我国北方春性小黑麦目前在东北西部、内蒙、宁夏干旱、半干旱中低产区及牧区试种推广近2万亩。主要品种有,中拉1号及北联1号(H1881)、2号·(81南14)、3号(80D-562)。据报道,利用小黑麦籽粒或秸秆加工成饲料喂养禽畜取得了平均日增     

Evaluation of winter wheat as a source of high yield potential for the breeding of spring wheat

Grain yield components of high yielding European winter wheat varieties and of the best spring varieties grown in Israel were compared and their growth was analyzed. F₁- and F₂-populations of crosses between winter and spring varieties were tested. Under conditions in which winter wheat attained its normal kernel size which was similar to that of the spring varieties tested, it markedly outyielded spring wheat by means of its greater number of spikelets per spike. This advantage was also expressed in the F₂-populations and, was apparently, not linked with cold requirement. Winter wheat had a longer growing period and a greater leaf-area but a lower net assimilation rate than spring wheat. The higher total dry matter yield of winter wheat was owing to its longer growing period. The higher grain yield, however, was induced by a higher ratio of grain to total dry matter accumulated during the period of kernel development. The inheritance of several characters is discussed and it is concluded that winter wheat should be able to contribute to an increase in yield of progenies of its crosses with spring wheat.Contribution from The National and University Institute of Agriculture, Rehovot, No. E-1072. This research was supported by a grant of the Ford Foundation, Project Ford 4(A-3).     

Reaction of triticale,wheat and rye accessions to graminaceous Fusarium spp. infection at the seedling and adult plant growth stages

Summary Pathogenicity of 20 isolates of 12 Fusarium species recovered from triticale seed against seedlings of 14 varieties of winter cereals (triticale, wheat, and rye) was tested. The most pathogenic inoculum was a mixture of isolates (a composite isolate) of all the species. The following species were individually the most pathogenic: F. avenaceum, F. culmorum, F. sambucinum var. coeruleum, and F. graminearum. Winter triticale was more resistant to seedling blight than rye but more susceptible than wheat.Also reactions of 31 winter and 12 spring varieties of cereals to head inoculation with a composite isolate of 4 Fusarium spp. (F. avenaceum, F. culmorum, F. graminearum, and F. sambucinum var. coeruleum) was studied. In comparison to other cereals of similar type winter and spring wheat appeared to be the most susceptible while winter rye reaction was comparable to winter triticale. Spring and winter triticale varieties responded to head infection intermediately.There was no significant correlation between seedling and head reactions to infection with Fusarium spp. for winter rye and triticale. For winter wheat a negative trend was found. The above findings imply that screening of cereals at the seedling stage can not be used to predict the resistance to head blight. Nevertheless, resistance at the stage is highly desirable to prevent excessive damage of the crops due to the seedling blight incited by Fusarium spp..     

Effect of Weather and Soil Conditions on Yield Components and Bread-Making Quality of Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and Winter Triticale (Triticosecale Wittm.) Varieties in North-East Germany

The reduced nutrient and water availability of the sorption‐weak silty sand soil in Thyrow when compared with the loamy sand soil in Berge enhanced the negative effects of unfavourable weather conditions. Winter wheat reacted to weather conditions and soil quality substantially more sensitively than winter triticale, so that the cultivation of wheat on very light sandy soil is combined with a higher risk. Reduced yields resulting from site differences are, for both cereals, mainly a result of reduced ear densities. Low grain yields as in the dry year 2003 led to high crude protein contents, this being more pronounced for winter wheat than for triticale and on the poor silty sand soil in Thyrow to a greater degree than on the loamy sand soil in Berge. For the starch content the contrary holds true. Grain yields were, to a greater extent, decisive for the protein and starch yields than the content values. For both cereals, the sedimentation value, the wet gluten value, the gluten index and the falling number resulted in principally higher values in the dry year 2003 and on the loamy sand soil when compared with the wet year 2004 and the silty sand soil. Only the wet gluten content was not clearly influenced by soil quality. All parameters describing bread‐making quality are clearly lower for winter triticale than for winter wheat. Especially, the falling number was not satisfactory, so that the tested triticale varieties seem only to be suitable for bread‐making by mixing with wheat flour. The internal grain quality of winter wheat varieties is extensively genetically determined. Weather and soil‐induced variations in the quality parameters were, with only few exceptions, greater for winter wheat than for triticale.     

Comparison of resistance of triticale,wheat and spelt to septoria nodorum blotch at the seedling and adult plant stages

Summary On average, the cereal species studied were susceptible to septoria nodorum blotch (SNB), except for spring triticale on leaf and head and winter titicale on leaf, that appeared to be significantly more resistant, than the other ones.In all three species the SNB response of the adult plants was to a limited extent only predicted by the reaction on first leaf seedlings. In most cases it was impossible to predict the response to SNB of adult plants on the basis of seedling reaction. Correlations between the adult plant stage and the seedling stage, or detached seedling leaves, appears not to be sufficient for use in practical breeding work. A reversal of reaction to SNB was even found between the above growth stages in studied spring and winter wheat varieties.     

High-Molecular-Weight Glutenin Subunits of the Most Commonly Grown Wheat Cultivars in the U.S. in 1984*

All wheat varieties (106) grown in the U.S. on more than 100,000 acres (38,610 ha) as of the latest (1984) crop variety survey were characterized by sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit (HMW-GS) band patterns for each variety were assigned the corresponding Payne numbers and theoretical quality scores based on those assignments. The subunit assignments were compared for the different wheat varieties and the five main wheat classes grown in the U.S. Hard red spring (HRS) and winter (HRW) wheats used mainly for breadmaking showed a remarkably high percentage of bands associated with good breadmaking quality. The allele 5+10, which has the strongest association with good quality, was present in 91 % of the hard red spring wheats and 62 % of the hard red winter wheats. Also, 91 % of all HRS and 53 % of HRW wheat varieties had quality scores of 9 or 10 (10 is the highest possible score). Evidently, by selecting for quality through close cooperation with quality testing laboratories, U.S. breeders have unknowingly selected for high quality glutenin subunits in their released varieties. HRS and HRW wheat varieties are normally grown in different environments in time and/or space, accounting to a large extent for differences in protein content (～2 %) and other quality traits in the two crops. The uniformly high theoretical quality scores of the HRS wheats compared to more variable scores for HRW wheats may help to explain the popular perception that spring wheats have intrinsically higher quality than winter wheats. Admixing grain from variable (some poorer, most good) HRW wheat varieties (due to genetics or environment) has probably also led to the perception of overall lower quality for HRW than HRS wheats. In the soft red winter (SRW) and soft white (SW) wheat classes where the end-use is typically cookies and cakes, 40 and 90 %, respectively, have the allele 2+12 that correlates with poor bread baking quality. The absence of alleles for good bread baking quality may be predictive of good quality for soft wheat products.     

北疆临冬播小麦品种间生育特性及产量比较

为筛选出适合北疆临冬播小麦品种,采用田间试验,比较了18个小麦品种的出苗率、叶面积指数、干物质积累及产量等。结果表明,越冬期4cm最低地温为-7.93℃条件下,春小麦品种平均出苗率（53.23%）显著高于冬小麦品种（34.20%）,宁春系列品种的平均出苗率（60.83%）高于新春系列品种（42.67%）;冬小麦品种的平均生育期较春小麦品种长6d且晚熟,新春系列品种的平均生育期（103d）长于农麦和永良系列品种（88d）及宁春系列品种（92d）。新春48号和新冬41号出苗率分别45.60%和52.00%,基本苗数分别为342.00万和390.00万/hm²,穗数分别为459.00万和365.00万/hm²,穗粒数分别为34.90和33.84;叶面积指数峰值分别为3.96和3.52;总光合势分别为247.00和231.21(m²·d)/m²,干物质积累总量和经济系数均较高;生育期分别为104和106d;产量均显著高于其他品种。综合各项指标,新春48号和新冬41号适合北疆地区临冬播种。     

Shortening generation times for winter cereals by vernalizing seedlings from young embryos at 10 degree Celsius

Methods allowing quick generation cycles are available for various crop species but are limited to spring genotypes. However, winter types predominate in many crops including wheat and barley. Different from spring ones, winter genotypes need to be treated in low temperature for extended periods to accelerate flowering. Combined with known factors that reduce generation cycles for spring wheat and barley, the generation cycle effects of vernalizing seedlings from young embryos of winter types at 10°C of several crop species were studied. Here, we described how to obtain up to seven generations of winter barley, six generations for winter wheat or five generations for both winter oat and triticale genotypes per annum. This procedure should find wide applications in breeding and other biological studies.     

2016-2017年暖冬对冬小麦越冬安全的调查分析

2016-2017年度冬季为我国1961年以来最暖的冬季。暖冬对冬小麦越冬安全不同于冷冬年或倒春寒出现冻害的问题,冬季暖干化致使麦苗绿叶等营养器官黄枯,我们在固城站调查发现:播期由早到晚绿叶黄枯率为92.95%-41.95%,绿叶等营养器官黄枯对麦苗体质的不可逆性生理伤害和返青后营养器官恢复生长影响较大。气候变暖背景下,华北地区半冬性甚至弱春性冬小麦品种已替代了过去的强冬性或冬性品种,北方冬小麦冬性品种的适宜播种期温度指标15-18℃应做修订,依据气候变暖1.5-2℃的结论,华北地区目前种植的冬小麦半冬性品种的适宜播种期温度指标建议修订为13-16℃,由此推算出固城站冬小麦半冬性品种播种期在10月2-14日。     

Selecting winter/facultative wheat genotypes from spring × spring crosses

F₂ populations derived from a half diallel cross between 11 spring bread wheat cultivars were classified according to segregation for heading date in a spring environment. Seventeen populations segregated very late plants, presumably of winter type, resulting from the presence of different Vrn genes in the parents. The objective of the study was to evaluate the performance of these spring x spring crosses grown in a winter wheat environment. F₂ plants were selected from six populations and were simultaneously exposed for several generations to the winter wheat environment (Toluca, Mexico, winter) and spring wheat environment (Ciudad Obregon, Mexico, winter; Toluca, spring). Visual selection was conducted on F₃-F₅ populations for agronomic type relevant to the environment under which the segregating generations were grown. The lines grown in the spring environment performed very well and a number of them were promoted to advanced generation testing. The same lines grown in the winter environment suffered from frost and were almost entirely discarded, proving that spring × spring crosses have limited value for germplasm improvement targeted for conditions similar to the Toluca highland winter environment. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.