普通小麦春化处理过程中wcor14a基因的表达分析

为进一步完善普通小麦春化特性理论基础,从不同春化特性小麦品种RNA-Seq结果中筛选得到一个春化诱导上调表达的EST序列Unigene3230,经NCBI比对与小麦wcor14a基因序列一致。为进一步明确该基因在春化过程中的功能,利用荧光定量PCR分析了wcor14a基因在非生物胁迫下的表达特性,结果显示,wcor14a基因能够响应低温、ABA、干旱等非生物胁迫。对wcor14a基因在不同春化发育特性小麦品种中的表达分析表明,该基因在不同发育特性小麦品种中的表达总体表现为春性半冬性冬性强冬性,而且表达时间表现为冬性和强冬性早于春性和半冬性。     

中外小麦品种光温互作效应比较研究

来源不同的参试冬小麦品种 (春小麦品种 )具有对春化 (日长 )反应敏感性远大于对日长(春化 )反应的一般特征。但英国冬小麦兼有中国超强冬性品种的短日效应和冬性品种的春化累积量 ;美国冬性品种则兼有中国强冬性品种的春化累积量和冬性品种的长日反应特性。英、澳春性小麦对春化作用也有微弱反应 ,类似中国南方冬播春性小麦。中国中熟冬麦区温光条件与英美品种温光特性的差异是引种生育期较长、成熟偏晚的主要原因     

中外科品种光温互作效应比较研究

来源不同的参试冬小麦品种（春小麦品种）具有对春化（日长）反应敏感性远大于对日长（春化）反应的一般特征,但英国冬小麦兼有中国超强冬性品种的短日效应和冬性品种的春化累积量;美国冬性品种则兼有中国强冬性品种的春化累积量和冬性品种的长日反应特性。英、澳春性小麦对春化作用也有微弱反应,类似中国南方冬播春性小麦。中国中熟冬麦区温光条件与英美品种温光特性差异是引种生育期较长、成熟偏晚的主要原因。     

北疆临冬播小麦品种间生育特性及产量比较

为筛选出适合北疆临冬播小麦品种,采用田间试验,比较了18个小麦品种的出苗率、叶面积指数、干物质积累及产量等。结果表明,越冬期4cm最低地温为-7.93℃条件下,春小麦品种平均出苗率（53.23%）显著高于冬小麦品种（34.20%）,宁春系列品种的平均出苗率（60.83%）高于新春系列品种（42.67%）;冬小麦品种的平均生育期较春小麦品种长6d且晚熟,新春系列品种的平均生育期（103d）长于农麦和永良系列品种（88d）及宁春系列品种（92d）。新春48号和新冬41号出苗率分别45.60%和52.00%,基本苗数分别为342.00万和390.00万/hm²,穗数分别为459.00万和365.00万/hm²,穗粒数分别为34.90和33.84;叶面积指数峰值分别为3.96和3.52;总光合势分别为247.00和231.21(m²·d)/m²,干物质积累总量和经济系数均较高;生育期分别为104和106d;产量均显著高于其他品种。综合各项指标,新春48号和新冬41号适合北疆地区临冬播种。     

中国主要小麦品种春化基因的STS标记鉴定

本文选取来自中国各麦区的260份小麦品种,用STS标记对其Vrn-A1、Vrn-B1、Vrn-D1和Vrn-B3四个春化基因位点进行检测,并结合小麦田间生长情况记录,探讨春化基因的4个位点显隐性情况对品种冬春性的影响.结果表明,各位点显性基因频率以Vrn-D1位点最高,而Vrn-A1和Vrn-B1显性等位基因对品种冬春性的影响高于Vrn-D1和Vrn-B3基因,且所含显性春化基因越多的品种生长习性越偏向春性.另发现,Vrn-A1仅存在于春性品种中;而对于冬性品种来说,各位点均不含显性春化基因.本文标记鉴定结果与田间冬春性观察具有较高的一致性,在小麦育种及品种推广中具有较高的指导意义和应用价值.     

普通小麦及其不同品种生态型生育期的地理变化

用普通小麦的春型强春性、春型春性、春型弱春性、过渡型4个品种生态型在我国纬度和海拔各不相同的10个试验点进行多年度同日春播试验；还用过渡型、冬型弱冬性、冬型冬性、冬型强冬性、冬型超强冬性5个品种生态型在纬度和海拔各不相同并且有小麦越冬期的10—12个试验点进行同日秋播试验。包括各个品种生态型在内的普通小麦，其播种至成熟的生育期天数与纬度和海拔皆呈正相关。在春播条件下。海拔不变时，纬度北移1度，生育期延长3—4天；纬度不变时，海拔每升高100米，生育期延长2—3天。在秋播条件下，海拔不变时，纬度北移1度，过渡型和冬型超强冬性品种生态型生育期延长2天左右；纬度不变时，海拔每升高100米，生育期也延长2天左右。无论春播或秋播，各型小麦品种的生育期皆与“生态高度”呈极显著正相关。生态高度每增加10000度米，生育期延长4—5天。试验研究有助于最终揭示普通小麦生育期的地理变化律。     

小麦春化作用相关基因的时空表达特性研究

为明确普通小麦春化基因的时空表达特性,以强冬性品种济麦19、冬性品种钱交麦、半冬性品种泰山1号、偏春性品种济麦20和春性品种中国春为实验材料,利用q RT-PCR技术,分析了VERNALIZATION1(Vrn1)、VERNALIZATION2(Vrn2)和VERNALIZATION3(Vrn3)的时空表达特性。结果表明在普通小麦中,Vrn1基因在四类小麦的表达量由高至低为幼穗、旗叶、普通叶片、茎秆。未春化时,冬性越强的品种,Vrn1、Vrn3基因的起始表达量越低,Vrn2基因的起始表达量越高。随着春化过程的进行,Vrn1和Vrn3基因上调表达,并在春化25 d时出现表达加速上调现象;Vrn2基因下调表达。小麦冬性越强,Vrn基因表达量变化越明显。在脱春化过程中,随着高温时间的增加,Vrn和Vrn3基因下调表达,Vrn2基因表达变化不明显。该结果为进一步分析普通小麦春化发育的分子调控机理提供了重要信息。     

温光互作对小麦品种发育效应的研究——Ⅱ.温光对品种苗穗期作用力与回归分析

通过品种对温光互作反应的作用力分析和回归分析,看出供试的南方北方17个品种可分为光敏感类群(春性,强春性),温敏感类群(冬性、强冬性),温光兼敏感类群(半冬性)。在具有不同程度春化效应的品种中,温光作用的先后也有三种类型,即春化光照并进型(半冬性),春化半提前型(冬性,强冬性),春化提前型(超强冬性、春化要求60天以上的晚熟品种)。     

植物内源激素与不同基因型小麦抗寒性关系的研究

对４个不同基因型小麦品种在越冬过程中植物内源激素的变化进行了测定。结果表明,冬性和春性基因型小麦表现出明显的差异。脱落酸水平在抗寒性较强的冬性品种中显著高于抗寒性弱的品种,赤霉素则在抗寒能力弱的春性品种中含量较高;抗寒性强的品种的生长素在冬前较高;春性品种中的细胞分裂素水平一直保持相对稳定。因此,可以认为上述４种植物内源激素与不同基因型小麦的抗寒能力有关。此外,植物内源激素的活跃变化反应了小麦在越冬期间仍保持较强的生理代谢能力,并未因低温而停止生长发育。     

温光互作对小麦品种发育效应的研究 Ⅱ.温光对品种苗穗期作用力与…

通过品种对温光互作反应的作用力分析和回归分析，看出供试的南方北方１７个品种可分为光敏感类群（春性，强春性），温敏感类群（冬性，强冬性），温光兼敏感类群（半冬性）。在具有不同程度春化效应的品种中，温光作用的先后也有三种类型，即春化光照并进型（半冬性），春化半提前型（冬性，强冬性），春化提前型（超强冬性、春化要求６０天以上的晚熟品种）。     

Factors influencing the development of bread wheat plant types to be grown in the ‘transitional zone’ in northern Syria

Summary This study sought to identify factors that influence wheat development in the transitional wheat growing zone of northern Syria. Three development factors were studied, intrinsic earliness, and responses to vernalization and to photoperiod. Two sets of wheat were studied, each composed of lines with differing combinations of development factors. Set 1 comprised 20 parental and breeding lines utilized by the CIMMYT/ICARDA facultative and winter wheat breeding program based at Tel Hadya. Set 2 comprised 19 parental and breeding lines utilized by an Australian winter wheat breeding program based at Temora. Field development was recorded in greatest detail at one site. Tel Hadya, using the state of differentiation of the apex of the main tiller of sampled plants. To extend findings, development was also recorded as the time from sowing to ear emergence for later sowings of wheat at Tel Hadya, and in sowings at four other regional sites.The significance of each development factor was tested in multiple regressions that predicted either stage of apical development at Tel Hadya, or time to ear emergence in all trials. It was found that intrinsic earliness was the major factor associated with development, in both sets of wheat. Response to photoperiod had a much smaller and less consistent effect. Response to vernalization had least effect on development, possibly because low temperature in winter delayed development for a longer period than was required to fully vernalize winter wheats. Our results suggested it may not be directly relevant whether spring or winter wheats are grown in the transitional zone of northern Syria. The desired phenotype for the region, of slow development prior to double ridge, then fast development to ear emergence, cannot be simply achieved from combinations of the three development factors. Selection for improved adaptation to the region must continue to rely on direct field observations.     

小麦冻害类型、诊断特征及其预防对策与补救措施

主要介绍了中国黄淮冬麦区和长江中下游冬麦区小麦冻害的类型与诊断特征，提出培育和选用抗寒品种，搞好品种合理布局；根据品种春化特性，合理安排播期和播量；提高整地和播种质量，培育壮苗越冬；灌水防霜冻；科学追施速效氮肥，增施磷钾肥，做好越冬覆盖等小麦冻害的防御对策。在此基础上力求根据不同受冻苗情采取相应的补救措施。     

Zum Einfluß von Saatzeiten, Saatstärken und Sorten auf agronomische Merkmale von Winterweizen in einem System mit geringer Betriebsmittelzufuhr von außen

The influence of sowing date, seed rate, and variety on agricultural characteristics of winter wheat in a low external input system
Growth conditions of winter wheat in agricultural low external input systems, e.g. ecological agriculture, are very different compared to conventional agriculture (mineral nutrition, impact of diseases, competition of weeds). In 1986, 1987, and 1988 the influence of sowing date and seed rate on crop development and grain production was studied with two varieties of winter wheat in field experiments in Northern Hessia.
Drilling after the first decade of October decreases grain yield of both varieties significantly. The decrease was due to poor emergence, low plant densities, and low grain weights. Tillering could not compensate low plant densities, presumably because of low mineralization of nutrients in cold soils during respective growth stages.
Variation of seed rate (350, 500, and 650 viable seeds/m²) had little influence on grain yield. Low plant densities and low numbers of ears per nr after sowing in the end of October could not be improved satisfactorily by increased seed rates.
The ability of varieties of winter wheat to compensate unfavourable growth conditions due to "late" sowing varies considerably. Cultivars which are able to develop a high plant density seem to be more suitable for delayed sowing dates, as compared to varieties which own a high grain weight.
Further investigations concerning wheat production are needed to optimize agricultural low external input systems. Especially sandy soils with quick response to increased ambient temperature, and sites with favourable growth conditions in late autumn and early spring should be considered.     

种子质量对免耕精播夏玉米生长及产量的影响

为了研究中国玉米机械化精播对种子质量的要求,于2011年选用不同种子公司的11个品种,利用田间试验,研究了种子质量对免耕精播夏玉米生长及产量的影响。研究表明,10个精播种子、‘郑单958’普通种子、‘郑单958’精播种子的平均出苗率为96.47%、90.95%和93.92%,精播种子之间、‘郑单958’普通种子和精播种子之间的田间出苗率差异不显著‘。先玉335’精播种子、国内精播品种的平均出苗速率分别为0.21和0.17,二者差异达显著水平。精播种子的出苗整齐度和株高整齐度分别为6.10和4.80‘,郑单958’普通种子的出苗整齐度和株高整齐度分别为4.86和3.94,差异达显著水平。所有参试品种株高和叶面积差异不显著。所有精播种子、国内精播种子、‘郑单958’精播种子和‘郑单958’普通种子的产量分别为9820.79、9862.19、10116.04、9477.75kg/hm²,所有精播种子和‘郑单958’普通种子产量差异不显著,9个国内精播种子之间产量的差异也不显著。而‘郑单958’精播种子和‘郑单958’普通种子差异达显著水平。综合以上因素,玉米机械化播种要采用精播种子。     

Relationship between vernalization requirement and winter hardiness in doubled haploids of barley

Summary Progeny lines of chromosome-doubled haploids from crosses between one winter and four spring barley varieties were analysed for winter hardiness and vernalization requirement in the field. About one quarter or less of the offspring lines required vernalization under field conditions showing that winter versus spring habit of growth is controlled by at least two pairs of genes. The vernalization requirement could be measured quantitatively by testing a few plants in a greenhouse after artificial cold treatment during germination. The individual winter lines tested required from two to seven weeks of vernalization in order to flower as early as possible. The cold treatment had no effect on the time of flowering in the spring lines.Winter hardiness varied from zero to 100% plant survival in the field. The majority of the lines requiring vernalization survived better than 90% and the survival of the rest was at least 60%. The winter survival of the spring lines varied from zero per cent (about one third of the lines) to 100%. Hence, it is possible to obtain lines of good winter hardiness without requirements for cold treatment. Conversely, a selection for vernalization requirement has a positive effect on winter hardiness.     

Crop and Weed Growth in a Sequence of Spring Barley and Winter Wheat Crops Established Together from a Spring Sowing (Relay Cropping)

A relay cropping system of cereals, whereby winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was undersown in two‐row spring barley (Hordeum distichum L.), was established in a field trial in central Sweden in 1999 and continued until 2000. The purpose of the study was to examine crop and weed responses to different plant densities of the undersown winter crop. Winter wheat was sown at four seed rates (187, 94, 47 and 0 kg ha^?1) immediately after the sowing of barley. Barley was harvested in the first autumn after sowing and winter wheat in the second autumn. The grain yield of barley was not affected by the seed rate of wheat, and averaged 4580 kg ha^?1. Winter wheat did not vernalize during the first growing season but remained at the vegetative stage. The grain yield of wheat was 1990 kg ha^?1 for the lowest and 5610 kg ha^?1 for the highest seed rate of wheat. Whilst the undersowing process itself stimulated weed emergence in this experiment, increasing the undersowing seed rate reduced the population of perennial weeds by 40–70 %. In the second growing season, the total biomass of weeds was 66 % higher at the highest seed rate compared with the lowest seed rate.     

春小麦密度及农田生态效应优化模型的探讨

本文采用一元二次回归分析方法,对河套灌区当前的主栽品种春小麦永良4号.在采用两种主要播种工具,两种行距及不同播量下所产生的农田生态效应和产量结果,进行了综合研究,组建了复合优化模型.研究表明,在水肥、品种等条件一致的情况下,种肥分层播种机10厘米行距较15厘米行距和卫立耧10厘米行距更合理地调节了小麦单株营养面积,使个体生长健壮,群体发展合理,提高了土地利用率.这是实现河套灌区200万亩小麦再上新台阶的有效途径之一.