芝麻花粉的离体萌发及超声波处理对萌发的影响

以离体的芝麻花粉为实验材料,研究了不同的培养基组分以及超声波处理对芝麻花粉萌发的影响.实验结果表明:蔗糖对于芝麻花粉的萌发有重要作用,当蔗糖浓度为35%时,芝麻花粉内外的渗透压达到平衡,有利于花粉萌发;培养基内添加适量的硼酸和氯化钙能有效地促进花粉萌发,但超过一定浓度时起抑制作用;培养基以35%的蔗糖,40 mg/L的硼酸,200 mg/L的氯化钙较为适宜,花粉的萌发率可以达到58%左右;超声波处理的功率、处理时间以及处理次数对芝麻花粉的萌发率和破碎率有显著影响.     

葡萄花粉介导转基因超声波处理参数的选择

利用花粉介导附加超声波对葡萄花粉进行处理,结果表明,超声波处理各参数对葡萄花粉有极显著影响,而且参数间存在交互作用。因此,用超声波处理花粉选择处理参数时,应考虑其交互作用。考察显著性检验结果,在试验花粉破碎率和萌发率的稳定性和不破坏DNA的基础上,超声波处理参数以功率100~120 W,处理时间4~5 s,间隙时间2~6 s,处理次数6为最佳组合选择范围。GUS活性检测结果,花粉有4‰的转化率。     

苹果多酚优化提取条件的研究

通过研究常规条件下水提取因子(料液比、pH值、提取时间、提取温度、提取次数)和有机溶剂提取因子(不同浓度及不同酸碱度的甲醇和乙醇),以及超声波条件(频率、功率)等因素对苹果多酚提取效率的影响,取得苹果多酚提取优化条件,为充分开发利用多酚提供理论依据。     

超声波辅助浸提木枣多糖优化工艺的研究

通过正交试验,研究了超声波功率、提取温度、提取时间、料液比和提取液pH值对木枣多糖得率的影响。结果表明,各因素影响程度依次为:提取液pH值>料液比>提取时间>提取温度>超声波功率;得到最佳工艺参数为:超声波功率为200W,料液pH值为9,料液比为1∶12,温度为50℃,提取时间为15min。在此参数条件下,木枣多糖提取得率为1.81%。     

酸性条件下提取苹果渣多酚

采用乙酸作为提取溶剂,结合超声波辅助提取,研究了不同溶剂浓度、超声辅助提取时间、提取温度、提取功率和料液比各因素对苹果渣中的多酚类化合物提取效果的影响。确定提取苹果渣中多酚的最佳工艺条件为:以体积分数40%乙酸为提取溶剂,超声处理时间70 min,提取温度30℃,超声功率105 W,料液比1∶50,且各因素之间的主要次序为:料液比>提取时间>提取温度>超声功率。     

微波和超声波辅助萃取废弃烟叶及烟杆中烟碱的研究

研究了微波和超声波辅助提取废弃烟叶及烟杆中的烟碱,通过单因素试验考查pH值、料液比、浸提时间、萃取次数等对烟碱提取率的影响,通过正交试验确定微波和超声波辅助提取最佳工艺。单因素试验结果表明,最佳提取工艺为pH值4～5,萃取次数2次,萃取时间1 h,料液比1∶25。正交试验结果表明,微波辅助提取的最佳工艺条件为微波辐射时间20～30 min,料液比1∶15,pH值4;超声波辅助最佳工艺条件为pH值5,处理时间180 s,料液比1∶15。该结果可为企业萃取烟碱提供参考。     

功率超声波在马铃薯渣酶解工艺中的应用

利用超声波预处理半纤维素酶,使其活性得以提高,进而提高马铃薯渣的酶解效率。首先,考查酶解条件,即pH值、水浴温度和水浴时间对马铃薯渣酶解效果的影响;其次,考查了超声波预处理条件(如超声功率、超声处理时间)对半纤维素酶活性的影响;再次,考查了放置时间(0～2.5 h)对超声处理后的半纤维素酶活性的影响。结果表明,pH值5.0～6.0,水浴温度50℃,水浴时间15 min为半纤维素酶的最佳酶解条件;超声功率600 W,超声时间4 min为半纤维素酶的最佳超声处理条件;在放置时间为0～2.5 h时,超声波处理后的半纤维素酶与未处理的酶溶液相比,依然保持了较高的酶活性(p0.05)。该研究表明,超声波预处理有助于提高半纤维素酶活性。     

超声波辅助提取苹果多酚优化条件的研究

通过多因素正交试验,研究超声波辅助条件下,乙醇体积分数、提取时间、pH值、料液比、物料粒度和超声功率对苹果多酚提取效率的影响。结果表明,随着提取时间、料液比和超声功率的增加,苹果多酚的提取效率呈现上升趋势;而随着pH值的增大,提取效率下降,pH值为3时,提取效率达到最高值;随着乙醇体积分数的提高,苹果多酚的提取效率增加,当乙醇体积分数达75%时,提取效率达到最大值,继续提高乙醇体积分数时,提取效率下降;物料粒度对苹果多酚提取效率影响的变化趋势与乙醇体积分数的效应相反,当物料粒度达60目时,提取效率达到最大值。综合考虑提取效率与成本因素,苹果多酚的最佳提取条件为乙醇体积分数50%,提取时间60 min,pH值3,料液比1∶6,粒度60目,超声功率80 W,在该优化条件下苹果多酚的提取效率可达1 692.72 mg/kg。     

硼酸、蔗糖和pH值对火龙果花粉离体萌发和花粉管伸长的影响

为明确硼酸、蔗糖和pH值对火龙果花粉离体萌发特性的影响,本研究以新鲜花粉为材料,采用液体培养基离体培养法,结合单因子与正交设计试验,以期优化液体培养基组分。结果表明,蔗糖、硼酸和pH值三因素均对火龙果花粉离体萌发和花粉管伸长产生极显著影响,因素间存在交互作用。其中,对花粉离体萌发率的作用大小表现为硼酸×蔗糖蔗糖蔗糖×pH硼酸硼酸×蔗糖×pHpH硼酸×pH,对花粉管长度影响程度为蔗糖pH硼酸×蔗糖硼酸硼酸×pH蔗糖×pH硼酸×蔗糖×pH。促进花粉萌发的最佳组分为500 mg/L硼酸+25%蔗糖+pH 6.5,促进花粉管伸长的最佳组分为300 mg/L硼酸+20%蔗糖+pH 7.5。本研究为建立最佳火龙果花粉离体萌发的液体培养基配方奠定基础,也为生产中提高辅助授粉效率、加快人工杂交育种进程提供参考。     

白菜型油菜花粉离体萌发液体培养基组分的优化

筛选适合白菜型油菜花粉管生长的最佳液体培养基,为测定白菜型油菜花粉活力提供一种有效方法。本研究以白菜型油菜陇油4号的新鲜花粉为材料,采用液体培养法,研究了以BK培养基为基础在其中添加不同浓度PEG6000、蔗糖、赤霉素(GA3)和VB1;采用不同pH值、培养时间对白菜型油菜花粉离体萌发生长的影响。研究显示PEG6000可促进花粉萌发生长,最适为50 g/L;蔗糖浓度为150 g/L时最利于花粉萌发和花粉管生长且高浓度蔗糖对花粉萌发有明显抑制作用;2 mg/L的赤霉素明显地促进花粉萌发生长;10 mg/L的VB1可加快花粉萌发速度。本研究表明以BK+150 g/L蔗糖+50 g/L PEG6000+2 mg/L赤霉素+10 mg/L VB1(pH为6.5,35℃恒温)组成的培养基效果最佳。     

酚类化合物对大白菜遗传转化效率的影响

以大白菜纯合系河头早B为试验材料,用携带质粒pBinΩSCK的根癌农杆菌(Agrobscterium tumefaciens)LBA4404转化其无菌苗子叶,比较了8种酚类化合物对大白菜遗传转化效率的影响。结果表明,乙酰丁香酮和邻苯二酚对外植体的转化频率影响最大;阿魏酸和ρ-羟基苯甲酸的作用次之;芥子酸和焦性没食子酸有一定的促进作用;香草醛和丁香酸没有明显的作用。复合酚类化合物的促进作用优于单一酚类化合物的作用。     

花粉介导法将萝卜抗菌肽基因导入野罂粟的影响因素研究

以野罂粟开放花蕾为受体,载有萝卜抗菌肽AFP(antifungal protein)基因的质粒pBIAFP为供体,在不同浓度的蔗塘溶液中,加入新鲜花粉与含有目的基因的质粒DNA,应用SKH250LH型超声波震荡器进行震荡处理得到花粉处理液,在不同的时间用带有Coolsnap的OLYPUS光学显微镜下观察野罂粟花粉萌发情况;在不同授粉时间后,辅以人工授粉的方法将花粉处理液滴注野罂粟柱头上,套袋后获得种子,测定其结实率。实验证明：利用花粉介导法进行萝卜抗菌肽基因转化,以蔗糖浓度11%,处理后10-15h后的野罂粟花粉萌发最好;在蔗糖浓度8%的溶液中,以5h的结籽量较好。后代经卡那霉素筛选和PCR检测,初步证明外源AFP基因整合到野罂粟基因组中,并获得转基因T1代。为特殊中药材育种提供一个新方法。     

5个苹果专用授粉品种植物学特征与生物学特性研究

为实现苹果单品种建园,选育适宜专用授粉树,研究了‘道格’、‘绚丽’、‘红丽’、‘满洲里’、‘雪球’5 个观赏海棠品种的植物学、生物学性状、花粉特性及果实品质。结果表明,供试品种盛花期为4 月7—20日,和栽培品种花期相遇,‘道格’和‘满洲里’花期较早,盛花期分别为4月7日、4月9日,‘绚丽’和‘红丽’均为4月12日,‘雪球’为4月20日。供试品种花粉量大,‘道格’、‘满洲里’、‘红丽’、‘雪球’和‘绚丽’分别为13384、13162、7426、6074、6003粒/花药。单果重‘道格’最大(12.98 g),其次是‘雪球’(10.66 g)、‘绚丽’(2.59 g),‘红丽’和‘满洲里’较小（均为2.00 g）。果型指数与单果重趋势基本一致。种子数不尽相同,‘红丽’和‘雪球’为7 颗/果,‘满洲里’6 颗/果,‘道格’和‘绚丽’为4 颗/果。可溶性糖含量以‘道格’最高(18.49%),其次是‘满洲里’(16.33%)、‘雪球’(16.11%)、‘绚丽’(15.98%),‘红丽’较低为14.20%;可滴定酸‘红丽’最高为1.16%,‘绚丽’为0.99%、‘满洲里’为0.90%,‘道格’最低为0.80%。初步认为,供试品种适宜作为国内的苹果专用授粉树。     

氮肥减量条件下间作绿豆压青对甘蔗生长及氮代谢的影响

以甘蔗单作常规施氮量为对照（CK）,设氮化肥减量20%+间作绿豆压青（A）、氮化肥减量40%+间作绿豆压青（B）和氮化肥减量60%+间作绿豆压青（C）3个处理,通过测定甘蔗农艺性状、蔗茎产量和甘蔗叶片氮代谢相关生理生化指标,研究氮肥减量条件下间作绿豆压青对甘蔗生长及氮代谢的影响。结果表明,间作绿豆影响新植蔗分蘖,分蘖率显著低于CK,但对甘蔗有效茎数影响不显著。新植蔗产量表现为A>B>CK>C。氮化肥减量条件下间作绿豆压青对宿根蔗发株率、株高、有效茎数、甘蔗茎径有促进作用。宿根蔗蔗茎产量表现为A>B>C>CK。2年的甘蔗蔗糖分含量表现为C>B>A>CK。氮化肥减少20%条件下间作绿豆压青对提高甘蔗叶片谷氨酰胺合成酶、硝酸还原酶活性和游离氨基酸、可溶性糖含量有促进作用。综合甘蔗农艺性状、蔗茎产量、氮代谢相关指标测定结果和经济效益的表现,试验以氮化肥减量20%+间作绿豆压青的A处理最优。     

5种农药防治甘蔗螟虫田间药效评价

为研究不同杀虫剂对甘蔗螟虫的防治效果及使用技术,筛选有效防治甘蔗螟虫的理想杀虫剂,采用5种杀虫剂防治甘蔗螟虫进行田间药效试验,评价分析各种农药对甘蔗螟害株和螟害节的防治效果以及对甘蔗糖分和产量的影响。结果表明,不论新植蔗还是宿根蔗,与空白对照相比,各药剂处理对甘蔗螟虫均有不同程度的防治效果,甘蔗糖分和产量均有所增加;其中5%异丙特丁硫磷颗粒剂75 kg/hm²对螟虫的防治效果最好,螟害株防治效果和螟害节防治效果分别为76.59%和87.83%,处理后甘蔗糖分和实测产量也均为最高,分别达15.72%和101382.15 kg/hm²,较对照增加0.64%和7832.40 kg/hm²;3.6%杀虫双颗粒剂90 kg/hm²次之,螟害株防治效果、螟害节防治效果、甘蔗糖分和产量分别为72.34%、84.26%、15.66%和100234.35 kg/hm²,甘蔗糖分和产量分别较对照增加0.58%和6684.60 kg/hm²。因此,在甘蔗大培土期,使用5%异丙特丁硫磷颗粒剂75 kg/hm²或3.6%杀虫双颗粒剂90 kg/hm²可有效防治甘蔗螟虫,增产增糖效果明显。     

Effects of Partial Defoliation on Sucrose Accumulation, Enzyme Activity and Agronomic Parameters in Sugar cane (Saccharum spp.)

Mechanical defoliation of sugar cane plants (Saccharum spp.) will provide leaves that can be used as fodder. The effect of partial mechanical defoliation on sucrose content, enzyme activities and agronomic parameters of sugar cane is still unknown. We investigated how sucrose accumulation, activities of sucrose phosphate synthase, soluble acid invertase, sucrose synthase, neutral invertase, brix grades, purity grade, moisture content, fibre content, maturity index and reduced sugars of two commercial sugar cane plants (Mex 69‐290 and Mex 57‐473) were affected in a field experiment. The concentration of sucrose in stems of partial defoliated plants was not significantly different from that found in intact plants. Agronomic parameters and enzyme activities were not different in defoliated plants compared with intact plants except for the moisture content which was higher in defoliated plants than in intact ones. These results indicated that sugar cane plants could be partially defoliated without changing sucrose production and agronomic parameters while providing leaves that could be used as fodder.     

Inter-relationships among cane yield and commercial cane sugar and their component traits in autumn plant crop of sugarcane

Seventeen diverse clones of sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) (7 early, 6 mid season and 4 late) were planted in October 1991 and 1992 in flooded (FE) and non flooded (NFE) environments for evaluation of cane yield, commercial cane sugar (CCS), internode length, internode number, stalk length, stalk thickness (circumference), stalk number, sugar recovery, and stalk weight. Cane yield showed significant positive phenotypic correlation coefficient (PCC) with stalk number in FE (P ≤ 0.05) and NFE (P ≤ 0.01). Stalk length had a significant positive PCC with stalk weight in both environments, and with internode length in FE (P ≤ 0.05). Commercial cane sugar also expressed significant positive PCC with cane yield in both environments (P ≤ 0.01), but with stalk number only in NFE (P ≤ 0.05). Genotypic correlation coefficients were generally in the same direction as PCC but higher in magnitude. In both environments, stalk number and stalk weight had relatively high positive direct effects on cane yield. However, flooding tended to enhance the direct effect of stalk weight and diminish the direct effect of stalk number on cane yield. Only cane yield and sugar recovery had high direct effects on CCS. Selection for improvement of cane yield can be based on stalk number and stalk weight in both environments. High yielding clones can be further screened for more sugar recovery to improve CCS. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Characteristics of Pollen from Transgenic Lines of Apple Carrying the Exogenous CpTI Gene

It is fundamental for gene transformation and ecosystem hazard evaluation to study the pollen characteristics of transgenic plants. In this research,the characteristics of pollen from 7-or 8-year-old transgenic apple plants carrying an exogenous Cp TI gene were analyzed. The results showed that there was no significant difference in terms of size,morphology,or exine ornamentation between the pollen of the transgenic plants and the non-transgenic control. However,the transgenic plants had more abnormal pollen grains. Of the 13 transgenic lines tested,12 had a significantly lower amount of pollen and six exhibited a significantly lower germination rate when cultured in vitro. The pollen viability of three transgenic lines was determined,with two showing significantly lower viability than the control. The transgenic Gala apple pollen grains germinated normally via controlled pollination on Fuji apple stigmas. However,the pollen tubes extended relatively slowly during the middle and late development stages,and another 8 h were needed to reach the ovules compared with the control. The gibberellic acid concentration in transgenic Gala apple flowers was lower than in the non-transgenic control during all development stages tested. The abscisic acid concentration in the transgenic flowers was lower during the pink stage,and higher during the ball and fully open stages. Microscopic observation of the anther structure showed no difference. The tapetum of the pollen sac wall in transgenic plants decomposed late and affected pollen grain development,which could be one of the reasons for the lower number of pollen grains and poor viability in the transgenic plants.     

石灰施用对酸性土壤养分状况和甘蔗生长的影响

土壤pH低,酸化严重是湛江蔗区甘蔗生产的产要限制因子之一。为了提高甘蔗产量,改善酸性 土壤障碍因素,采用土壤培养试验与甘蔗盆栽试验相结合,研究了施用石灰对酸性土壤养分状况和甘 蔗产量、糖分的影响。土壤培养试验结果表明：石灰施用量与供试酸性土壤pH、氮、钙、镁、硫、硅等有效 含量呈显著正相关,而与铁、锰的有效性呈显著负相关,说明通过合理施用石灰,可以显著提高土壤pH 和改善土壤各有效养分状况,从而提高酸性土壤生产力。桶栽试验结果也表明：在湛江蔗区强酸性土 壤上,合理施用石灰可以提高甘蔗产量和糖分,当每千克土壤施用石灰1.2 g,甘蔗产量和糖分分别比对 照提高14.2%和2.4%,当石灰施用过多,单位石灰增施量对蔗茎产量和糖分表现出负效。