Growth of Calcium Carbonate Crystal in Gels

Three polymorphs of calcium carbonate(calcite,aragonite and vaterite) were grown by gel method in the present paper.The effects of reactant concentration and inorganic impurity(Na~+) on calcium carbonate crystals were studied.The results show that the different polymorphs can be obtained by altering growth conditions(such as reactant and reactant concentration).Meanwhile,it is found that the crystal growth operates by the advance of step bouches(macrosteps) and the stacking faults are observed by using the Atomic Force Microscope.     

钾营养对水培棉花生长发育的影响

通过营养液培养研究钾营养对棉花生长发育的影响,试验结果表明：与对照相比,适当提高营养液中K的浓度,能明显促进棉花生长,其株高、叶面积均增高、增大;棉花株高的生长呈“S”形曲线生长即初期慢,中期快,后期又慢,直至稳定生长,棉花主茎平均日增长量呈单峰曲线动态变化。充足的K营养也促进了棉花根系的发育,提高了根系活力、根系总吸收面积及活跃吸收面积,但品种的不同,其表现也不同,新陆早13的低钾处理优于高钾和对照处理,中棉36随K浓度增加表现更优。与此同时提高营养液中K的水平,也能明显提高叶片中chla、chlb和叶绿素含量,但K过高不利于叶绿素的合成,本试验的两个品种在此范围内表现一致,低钾处理>高钾处理>对照处理。     

The Growth of EAFP Crystal by In Situ Atomic Force Mircroscopy

The dynamic changes of morphology on the { 100} face of EAFP(eucommia antifungal protein) crystals were examined by in situ Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) in their mother liquor. According to the AFM results different supersaturations are responsible for these morphological changes. At hight supersaturations the EAFP crystals grow very fast and the density of growth steps is very high. At higher supersaturations the formation and development of 2 - D step dominate the growth of EAFP surface. At lower supersaturations the anisotropic spiral dislocations are major growth on the EAFP crystal surface. At very low supersaturations the EAFP crystals grow very slow and there are many holes in the surface which indicate the incomplete growth of the surface. Meanwhile the effects of scanning rate and scanning direction are studied here.     

Mechanism and Progress About Protein Crystal Growth by Atomic Force Microscopy

Atomic Force Microscopy(AFM) plays a very important role in researching crystal growth mechanism, especially protein crystals. The principle of AFM for protein crystal examination is briefly described as well as the importance of research on protein crystal growth, known growth mechanisms including 2-D steps nucleation, spiral dislocation, normal growth, 3-D nucleation and anisotropic development, and latest progress about eucommia antifungal protein(EAFP) and Trichosanthin(TCS) protein crystal growth mechanism, respectively. Finally, protein growth under microgravity environment is also expounded here and their development tendency and practical prospect.     

不同水稻品种幼苗生长和吸钾能力的研究

研究了贵州省7个主栽水稻品种在0．5mol/L霍格兰营养液中的幼苗生长和钾离子含量。结果表明：缺钾状况下，不同基因型水稻的幼苗生长和钾离子含量不同，其中汕优多系1号的幼苗生长最好，吸钾能力最强，其耐低钾的能力也最强，其次是汕优63。     

玉米苗期生长发育对钾浓度的响应

为探讨钾用量和留苗株数对玉米苗期生长发育相关指标的影响,在水培条件下,以‘粒收1号’为材料,设置不同钾浓度梯度(K₁：1.35 mmol/L、K₂：1.85 mmol/L、K₃：2.35 mmol/L、K₄：2.85 mmol/L)和不同留苗株数（D₁：4株/盆、D₂：8株/盆）,研究玉米苗期株高、茎粗、植株鲜重、根冠比、叶面积以及叶绿素含量对钾浓度和留苗株数的响应。结果表明：施用钾肥对玉米生长有促进作用,在D₁处理条件下,植株间竞争小,养分充足,玉米生长更旺盛,所测指标均显著高于D₂。随着钾浓度的增加,D₁处理条件下,株高、茎粗、叶面积和植株总鲜重均表现为K₄最大,K₁最小。D₂处理条件下,玉米的株高、总绿叶面积和SPAD值表现为K₂处理最大,均显著大于其他处理。茎粗、单株生物量、总绿叶面积和SPAD值呈先增加后降低的趋势,K₂、K₃、K₄处理间无显著性差异。分析2处理在不同浓度下的根冠比显示D₁处理在K₁浓度下根冠比较大,D₂处理在中高浓度下较大。     

植物生长调节剂对黑麦草种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

利用植物生长延缓剂PP333、B9处理黑麦草（Lolium perenne L.）种子，研究其对种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明：二者均可以在不影响发芽率的前提下，有效控制黑麦草苗期的高生长，但B9的抑制效果要显著强于PP333。PP333的最佳浸种浓度为750mg/kg;B9的最佳浸种浓度为3000mg/kg。最佳的浸种时间为8h。     

氮磷浓度变化下粉绿狐尾藻的生长规律研究

旨在为采用生物方法净化养殖废水,管理植物培养模式提供理论依据。以氯化铵(NH₄Cl)、硝酸钾(KNO₃)、磷酸二氢钾(KH₂PO₄)提供氨氮、硝氮、总磷,采用室外完全随机试验,研究粉绿狐尾藻在氨氮、硝氮、总磷三因素作用下的生长规律。培养30天的粉绿狐尾藻植株长度和鲜重随氨氮浓度的增加先升高后降低,氨氮浓度为25 mg/L时最适宜其生长。硝氮浓度从5 mg/L变化到35 mg/L时,其鲜重和长度总体呈现先增后减规律,最适宜其生长的硝氮浓度为15 mg/L。总磷浓度在5 mg/L至35 mg/L变化时,其生长状况与浓度呈正相关,适宜其生长的浓度阈值仍需进一步设计试验研究。粉绿狐尾藻生长受氨氮、总磷浓度变化影响显著,受硝氮浓度变化影响较前两个因素小。研究成果可为利用粉绿狐尾藻净化污水中氮磷元素、管理维护粉绿狐尾藻生态净水系统提供理论依据。     

β-谷甾醇和γ-谷维素的结晶行为研究

利用X-射线衍射和扫描电子显微镜分析了β-谷甾醇、γ-谷维素及其混合物的结晶行为,从X-射线衍射分析可以看出快速冷却结晶可以促进β-谷甾醇、γ-谷维素及其混合物形成晶体。通过偏光显微镜观察发现,β-谷甾醇和γ-谷维素的添加量对油脂中的结晶体有明显的影响,且随着混合甾醇的添加量增加,晶体形成的尺寸也呈现增大的趋势,当混合甾醇的添加量为1%~3%时,晶体的形状呈现出细长的管状结晶,当添加量增大到3%以上时,晶体的结构呈现出互相交错的四瓣形聚集态,形似绣球菊,最终形成结构稳定的油脂凝胶。     

钾营养对大麻生长及钾吸收与利用效率的影响

为研究大麻生长的钾营养特性及其最适需钾量, 笔者以 ‘云麻 1号’ 为试验材料, 采用水培法研究不同钾营养处理下大麻的生长特性、 干物质和钾离子的积累与分配以及钾利用效率。结果表明：2.0 mmol/L钾处理的大麻株高、 茎粗、 叶面积和根冠比等生长指标达最佳水平; 随施钾量的增加, 钾利用效率和 SOD活性降低, 叶绿素含量升高, 蔗糖含量和蔗糖酶活性先升高后降低; 大麻干物质和钾离子的积累量均在 2.0 mmol/L钾处理下达最大值, 在各器官的分配为： 茎＞叶＞根。综上可知, 在本试验条件下, 2.0 mmol/L的钾浓度最适宜大麻生长。     

腐植酸对西葫芦幼苗生长、生理及水分利用率的影响

为研究黄腐酸钾、腐植酸钾、生化腐植酸钾对不同水分条件下西葫芦幼苗生长的影响,以西葫芦为试验材料,将3种腐植酸钾与3种水分处理相结合,研究西葫芦幼苗生长、生理及水分利用的响应特征。结果表明,在相同程度水分条件下,与未添加腐植酸钾的幼苗相比,添加腐植酸钾处理的西葫芦幼苗株高、茎粗和叶面积均显著增加,且生化腐植酸钾作用最显著。在同种腐植酸钾作用下,随着水分胁迫程度的增加,西葫芦幼苗抗氧化酶CAT和SOD活性呈增加趋势,水分利用率提高,且生化腐植酸钾处理的幼苗水分利用最充分。综合分析表明,添加腐植酸钾可缓解水分胁迫对幼苗的影响。     

钾对棉花生长发育生理特性以及产量品质的影响研究

棉花是喜钾作物。钾作为棉花生长发育必需的大量元素之一,对棉花的产量和品质均有重要的影响。参考相关的资料,此文综述了钾对棉花生长发育、生理特性以及产量品质影响的研究进展状况,并提出了一些在研究中有待进一步解决的问题。     

钾对不同品种大白菜生长、品质及钾积累的影响

为在有限钾素资源条件下充分利用大白菜(Brassica campestris L. ssp. pekinensis)遗传性状获得高产和高质,对不同品种大白菜（‘德丰1号’、‘德高8号’、‘丰抗70’、‘大江78’、‘巨龙83-24’和‘义和秋’）幼苗在低钾和高钾2种钾水平下生长及品质的差异进行比较研究。结果表明,低钾条件下‘德丰1号’的生物量和钾积累量都是最高;除‘德丰1号’外,高钾处理的大白菜生物量明显高于低钾处理;与低钾处理相比较,高钾处理明显提高大白菜的钾积累量,但不同品种变化程度不一,‘德丰1号’变化幅度最低。施钾提高所有大白菜品种的可溶性蛋白和VC含量,降低硝酸盐含量。表明施钾促进大白菜幼苗生长,提高营养品质,‘德丰1号’对低钾环境的适应性最强。     

不同钾肥用量对莴笋产量和品质的效应

莴笋是中国南北地区广泛栽培和食用的叶类蔬菜之一, 其对氮、磷、钾三要素的吸收量中以钾最大,氮次之,磷最小。钾素作为作为“品质元素”,对莴笋品质形成至关重要。为寻求大田条件下合适的钾肥用量,在田间试验研究了不同钾肥施用量(K1、K2、K3、K4）对莴笋产量和品质的影响。结果表明：不同施肥处理间莴笋产量有显著差异。不同施肥处理提高莴笋产量2.0%～18.5％,增产幅度以K2＞K1＞K3＞K4,增施钾肥处理的增产效率则以K1＞K2＞K3＞K4。与CK1相比,不同施肥处理提高莴笋茎和叶片硝酸盐含量12.9%～140%;增施钾肥降低莴笋茎和叶片硝酸盐含量12.2%～43.8%和20.6%～35.0%,且茎、叶片硝酸盐含量与钾肥用量呈显著的二次回归关系。与CK1处理相比,不同施肥处理对莴笋Vc和可溶性糖含量茎中以负效应为主,叶片中以正效应为主;低K 处理（K1和K2处理）对Vc和可溶性糖含量正效应较大。不同施肥处理对莴笋茎和叶片氨基酸含量的效应以降低作用为主。综合莴笋产量和品质来看,以K2处理（即K2O 150kg/km2）为莴笋高产优质的最佳处理。     

不同钾肥品种对辣椒生长和产量的影响

研究不同钾肥品种对辣椒生长和产量的影响，为辣椒的合理施肥、高效种植提供理论依据。在盆栽土培试验条件下，以氯化钾和硫酸钾为钾肥肥源，基于不施钾肥(CK)、施氯化钾(K1)和施硫酸钾(K2)3个不同处理，对辣椒植株株高、茎粗、根茎叶生物量等农艺性状及产量进行了测定，供试辣椒品种为‘正鸿189’和‘艳椒425’。结果表明：与CK组相比，施用氯化钾和硫酸钾能促进辣椒株高、茎粗、根茎叶的生物量，促进了辣椒生长发育，‘正鸿189’K1和K2总生物量较CK分别增加19.26%、25.88%，‘艳椒425’K1和K2总生物量较CK分别增加49.22%、73.93%。2种钾肥均增加了辣椒种子数量、增加了单果重、促进辣椒结实率，从而增加辣椒产量，‘正鸿189’K1与K2处理较CK产量分别增加6.43%、10.46%，‘艳椒425’K1与K2处理较CK产量分别增加(P<0.05) 20.23%、22.49%。2个品种辣椒相比，‘艳椒425’对钾肥更敏感。本试验条件下，辣椒对氯不敏感，在正常施用氮、磷肥条件下，施用硫酸钾在促进辣椒生长、产量的提升方面均优于氯化钾，要实现辣椒高产优质以硫酸钾处理为宜。     

Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of wheat gliadins: the use of a moving boundary for improved resolution

Summary The process of the separation of gliadin proteins of wheat, using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, was studied in detail. It was shown that electrophoresis is a dynamic process during which the pH of the gel changes together with the potassium ion concentration. The most positive effect on the separation of the gliadins was generated by a moving front, which is a boundary between regions with a low concentration of K⁺ ions and a low pH, and region with a high concentration of K⁺ ions and a high pH, after optimization of the concentrations of the cations and anions in the electrode solutions. The finding was exploited for the development of an extremely simple electrophoresis system, in which buffers were not needed for obtaining a high resolution. The system was further improved by applying a stacking gel. The advantages of this system are discussed. This new approach may be useful for improving electrophoresis systems for other applications.     

Root and Shoot Development of Phaseolus vulgaris L. (French Beans) as Affected by Soil Moisture and Fertilizer Potassium

The development of an extensive root system enables plants to overcome water stress. However, there is little information on the response of food legumes to soil moisture, especially during early growth, which determines crop establishment. Thus, an experiment was conducted under controlled conditions to identify the effect of soil moisture and fertilizer potassium on root and shoot growth of french beans ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seedlings. The seedlings were grown in a sand medium under a high and low soil moisture regime and with 0.1, 0.8 or 3.0 mM potassium.
Root lengths, dry weights and numbers of root hairs were greater under low soil moisture conditions. Potassium increased root growth irrespective of soil moisture regimes. The impact of potassium on root length was more pronounced under a high soil moisture regime. In contrast, potassium increased root dry weights and root hairs to a greater extent when plants were grown under dry conditions. The lack of adequate soil moisture increased specific leaf weights, and this phenomenon was reduced by the application of potassium. Shoot:root ratios also showed a similar phenomenon. The development of an extensive root system by french bean seedlings under dry conditions to extract a greater quantity of available soil moisture fur establishment and plant growth and the ability of potassium to promote this phenomenon is presented in this study.     

培养基、胚龄和激素配比对棉花胚珠离体培养纤维生长发育的影响

 为建立适合棉花胚珠离体培养纤维生长发育的实验体系，以中棉所49为材料，比较研究了培养基类型、激素种类和配比、胚龄等因素对棉花胚珠培养纤维生长发育的影响，以及棉花胚珠离体培养的基因型差异。结果表明：BT基本培养基较适合于棉花胚珠离体培养；液体培养和固体培养均能诱导棉花离体胚珠产生纤维，但液体培养效果优于固体培养；开花前后的胚珠均能诱导离体纤维的生长，但以开花当天的胚珠为外植体的效果最好。外源激素对于棉花胚珠离体培养纤维生长是必不可少的，GA₃、IAA、NAA、Ethylene和BR均促进离体培养胚珠纤维的生长，且GA₃效果最好；2种激素配合使用效果优于单一激素处理，其中5.0 μmol·L^-1 IAA+5.0 μmol·L^-1 GA₃激素配比效果最佳。棉花胚珠离体培养的纤维生长发育存在显著的基因型差异，不同棉花基因型的最适激素种类及配比具有一定的差异。     

不同钙浓度对烤烟生长及镁吸收的影响

为研究钙浓度对烤烟生长及镁吸收的影响,以烤烟K326为试验材料,采用营养液培养方式,测定不同Ca²⁺浓度下,烤烟各生育时期的农艺性状、生物量、团棵期及现蕾期烟叶钙和镁含量及钙镁比,并对Ca²⁺浓度与烟叶钙镁含量和农艺性状进行相关性分析。结果表明：上、下部叶片镁含量与培养液Ca²⁺浓度呈显著负相关;中部叶片镁含量与烟叶钙含量呈显著负相关。Ca²⁺浓度为12.25mmol/L时烤烟的长势最佳,为11.22mmol/L时最有利于烤烟叶片生物量的积累。烤烟生长的最佳根际Ca²⁺浓度为11.22~12.25mmol/L。     

稀土微肥对烟草镉胁迫的缓解效应

采用添加外源有效态Cd的土壤盆栽试验方法,研究稀土微肥对烟草生长发育及Cd吸收的阻止效应。结果表明：Cd胁迫抑制烟草的生长发育,降低N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Zn的吸收,促进Cu的吸收。施用稀土微肥0.4 g/kg土（相当于900 kg/hm²）,可缓解Cd胁迫对烟草生长发育及养分吸收的抑制作用,降低烟叶Cd含量,当Cd添加浓度为1.2 mg/kg时,中下部烟叶Cd含量较未施用稀土微肥处理降低19.7%。供试土壤条件下（未添加Cd）,施用稀土微肥0.4 g/kg土,降低烟草对Cd、Zn、Cu的吸收,促进烟草对K的吸收,上部烟叶和中下部烟叶Cd含量分别较对照降低23.4%和7.84%,K含量提高14.1%和9.51%。Cd在烟草中的分布规律为中下部叶＞上部叶＞烟秆。