棉田地下滴灌土壤水分变化及需水规律初探

在大田实地观测的基础上,对地下滴灌水分变化、棉花各生育阶段蒸腾量进行测定,同时取棉花根系观察,结果表明：地下滴灌棉田土壤水分变化深度主要在20~60cm;棉花根系分布在10~80cm范围,主要集中在15~50cm,并且有两个明显的根系层;博乐垦区棉花日均耗水量苗期为1.4mm/d,蕾期为2.3mm/d,花铃期为3.8mm/d,絮期为1.5mm/d,并由此制定该地区的灌水制度。     

棉花适宜土壤水分下限和干旱指标研究

通过研究确定了在节水灌溉条件下棉花生育阶段适宜土壤水分下限（为田间最大持水量百分数）苗期为５５％、蕾期为６０％、花铃期为７０％、成熟期为５５％。干旱指标以棉花受旱程度分等，当各生育阶段土壤水分比适宜土壤水分下限值低１０％～１５％时为中等干旱，小于１０％时为轻度干旱，大于１５％时为重度干旱。     

棉花化学调控与产量关系的数学模型研究

适期和适量进行化学调控是棉花达到高产的关键措施之一。本文采用三因子D—饱和最优回归设计方法,研究了一熟春棉从蕾期至花铃盛期3次喷缩节安溶液对产量的影响,建立了缩节安使用时期和用量的优化模型。分析表明,在1990和1991两年不同气候年型条件下,根据模型初步筛选出每公顷皮棉1500公斤左右,株高生长在95cm以下,使用缩节安的最佳用量。1990年因中期雨水偏多,每公顷喷缩节安的综合取值为:蕾期3.0～14.4克,初花期24.9～39.0克,花铃盛期46.5～62.0克。1991年中、后期偏旱,故每公顷喷缩节安的综合取值为蕾期4.5～14.5克,初花期9.0～34.4克,花铃盛期24.5～54.6克。此模型能为获得较理想的棉花株型和群体结构以及最佳产量提供合理调控的定量依据。     

滴灌覆膜棉花种肥同播对肥水利用效率的影响

滴灌棉花基肥种肥同播+滴灌追肥的种植模式，可以显著提高磷肥的利用效率，显著提高棉花产量。种肥（磷酸二铵+有机微生物颗粒+保水剂）+滴肥、种肥（磷酸二铵+有机微生物颗粒）+滴肥、种肥（磷酸二铵）+滴肥、全程滴肥处理磷肥利用率分别为28.1%、19.01%、17.38%、10.51%；种肥（磷酸二铵+有机微生物颗粒+保水剂）+滴肥处理全生育期田间持水量始终保持在65%以上，可有效提高棉花根区土壤的蓄水能力及磷肥利用率及棉花产量。     

滴灌棉花不同生育时期冠层叶片叶绿素含量的高光谱估测模型

【目的】利用高光谱数据对新疆北方地区不同生育时期滴灌棉花冠层叶片叶绿素含量进行估测,建立生长时序的叶绿素含量估算模型。【方法】以新陆早45号为试验材料,测定不同施氮水平和生育时期棉花冠层叶片叶绿素含量及对应的光谱反射率,分析了12种指数与叶绿素含量的关系,构建了滴灌棉花冠层叶片叶绿素含量的估测模型。【结果】棉花的4个生育时期(现蕾期、盛蕾期、花铃期和吐絮期)中冠层叶片叶绿素含量与Vogelmann红边指数1的相关系数都高,分别是0.944、0.907、0.895、0.930;采用多元回归方法建立的模型精度高于单指数线性模型,其决定系数都大于0.8,且均方根误差(RMSE)都较小。现蕾期模型(y=82.509x_1+89.937x_2-94.438)精度最好。【结论】针对不同生育时期建立的模型均可对棉花冠层叶片叶绿素含量进行估测,其中现蕾期模型监测效果最好。     

磷肥滴施对膜下滴灌棉田土壤磷形态及磷肥利用率的影响

【目的】基于水肥一体化技术,研究不同施磷方式的效果,为膜下滴灌棉田合理施用磷肥提供依据。【方法】2021年在新疆棉田以新陆早63号为试验对象,设置不施磷(CK)、基施磷酸一铵(MAP-B,折合P₂O₅用量100 kg·hm^-2,下同)、基施+滴施磷酸一铵(基施50%,蕾期和花铃前期分别滴施25%,MAP-D)、基施+滴施磷酸一铵和聚谷氨酸(基施50%磷酸一铵,蕾期和花铃前期分别滴施25%磷酸一铵和50%聚谷氨酸,MAP-DS)共4个处理,比较分析棉田土壤磷含量、不同形态无机磷含量、土壤磷吸附-解吸特征、磷肥利用率和籽棉产量。【结果】施磷能够增加苗期和花铃期0～40 cm土层有效磷和全磷含量,花铃期MAP-D和MAP-DS处理的土壤有效磷含量明显高于其余处理。与基施相比,磷肥滴施显著提高了花铃期10～20 cm土层二钙磷、八钙磷和铝结合态磷的含量占比,降低了十钙磷的含量占比。苗期和花铃期不同施磷处理下0～40 cm土层磷的等温吸附曲线和解吸曲线呈现相似的变化趋势,即随着平衡溶液磷浓度的增加,土壤磷吸附量呈先快速增加后缓慢上...     

膜下滴灌条件下棉田养分空间分布规律研究

目前,兵团正大面积的推广膜下滴灌技术,滴灌作为一种新技术正展现出强大的优越性。滴灌不仅是一种新的灌水方法,而且是一种能控制土壤水分、肥力的农业新技术。研究在膜下滴灌方式下棉田0～60cm田间养分的变化,能更好地为推广膜下滴灌技术,实现棉田节水、节肥、丰产、高效提供参考。     

谈棉花膜下滴灌技术的应用和发展

滴灌技术是世界上最先进的节水灌溉技术之一,它能将作物生长所需的水分和各种养分适时适量地输送到作物根部附近的土壤,具有显著的节水、增产效果。棉花膜下滴灌技术是滴灌技术与覆膜植棉技术有机结合（优势叠加）的产物,能充分发挥节水、节肥（药）、节机力、节人工、提高土地利用率和增产、增效作用，为干旱地区发展高效节水灌溉技术开辟了一条新路。     

根际启动肥能够提高棉花磷效率和产量

【目的】探索磷肥条施和硫酸铵诱导根际酸化促进棉花根系生长、磷肥利用效率和产量的效应与技术原理。【方法】通过3年田间定位试验,在等量N、P养分投入条件下比较了磷肥全部作基肥、磷肥和硫酸铵作种肥条施、磷肥作种肥条施并配合滴施硫酸铵等调控根际过程的措施对棉花根系长度、根际pH、磷吸收及产量的效应。【结果】与磷肥作基肥、生育期滴施尿素的传统方法(对照)相比,施启动肥(即重过磷酸钙(P_2O_5)34.5kg·hm~(-2)和硫酸铵(N)7.5 kg·hm~(-2)作种肥条施)可促进棉花苗期的根系在施肥区(10～20 cm)增生,根长密度和根表面积分别比对照增加了114.3%和93.7%;同时,硫酸铵诱导根际土壤pH降低了0.41个单位,促进棉花苗期磷吸收和生长。在此基础上,花铃期进一步滴施硫酸铵可促进10～20 cm土层棉花根系生长,根际pH降低0.64个单位,提高了氮、磷的吸收量。3年平均的棉花籽棉产量比对照增加11.9%,氮肥偏生产力和磷肥当季利用率比传统施肥方法分别提高了28.5%和9.2个百分点。增加磷肥作种肥用量对棉花根系生长和菌根侵染无明显促进作用但可提高氮、磷肥效率和棉花产量。【结论】膜下滴灌棉花种植体系中,磷肥和硫酸铵作种肥条施并结合花铃期滴施硫酸铵能有效调节棉花根际pH、提高磷肥效率和棉花产量。     

调亏灌溉对棉花生长发育及其产量和品质的影响

 在移动式防雨棚下,采用子母盆栽土培法,以美棉99B为试验材料进行调亏灌溉（Regulated Deficit Irrigation, 缩写RDI）试验研究,旨在了解RDI对作物不同生育阶段生长发育特性、经济产量（Y）和水分利用效率（WUE）以及经济产品品质的影响,寻求适宜的调亏生育阶段（时期）和调节亏水度,为建立棉花RDI指标与模式提供理论依据。试验采用二因素（水分调亏阶段和调节亏水度）随机区组设计。结果表明,适时适度的水分调亏具有根系下扎的诱导效应,抑制植株营养体冗余生长,促进生殖生长,有利于光合产物向子棉运转与分配,提高经济产量;能够改善部分品质指标。棉花RDI的适宜指标是：苗期轻、中度调亏,0~40 cm土层湿度控制下限为田间持水量的60%FC(Field capacity)或50%FC;蕾期轻度调亏,0~40 cm土层湿度控制下限为60%FC;花铃期不宜调亏,应保证充足供水,0~40 cm土层湿度应不低于75%FC;吐絮期可中度调亏,0~40 cm土层湿度可控制在50%~55% FC。     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Relation between wheat-rye crossability and seed set of common wheat after pollination with other species in the Hordeae

Summary Cultivars of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) of high wheat-rye (Secale cereale L.) crossability set more seed with pollen of other related species than did wheats of low wheat-rye crossability. This was found to be true for pollen parents from the genera Triticum, Aegilops, Secale, Agropyron and Elymus.     

Mechanisms and diversity of resistance to sorghum shoot fly,Atherigona soccata

Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata, is one of the important pests of postrainy season sorghums. Of the 90 sorghum genotypes evaluated for resistance to this pest, RHRB 12, ICSV 713, 25026, 93046 and 25027, IS 33844‐5, Giddi Maldandi and RVRT 3 exhibited resistance in postrainy season, while ICSB 463, Phule Anuradha, RHRB 19, Parbhani Moti, ICSV 705, PS 35805, IS 5480, 5622, 17726, 18368 and 34722, RVRT 1, ICSR 93031 and Dagidi Solapur showed resistance in rainy season, suggesting season‐specific expression of resistance to A. soccata. ICSB 461, ICSB 463, Phule Yasodha, M 35‐1, ICSV 700, 711, 25010, 25019 and 93089, IS 18662, Phule Vasudha, IS 18551 and 33844‐5 and Barsizoot had fewer deadhearts than plants with eggs across seasons, suggesting antibiosis as one of the resistance mechanism. Five genotypes exhibited resistance with high grain yield across seasons. Correlation, path and stepwise regression analyses indicated that leaf glossiness, seedling vigour, trichome density, oviposition and leaf sheath pigmentation were associated with the expression of resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly, and these can be used as marker traits to select and develop shoot fly‐resistant sorghums.     

Reaction of tritordeum to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum

Summary Hordeum chilense is a wild barley extensively used in wide crosses in the Triticeae. It could be a valuable source of resistance to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum. Some H. chilense x Triticum spp. amphiploids, named tritordeums, were more resistant than the parental wheat line to these diseases, others were not. Average contents of ergosterol and deoxynivalenol (DON) suggested that resistance to colonization by Fusarium was the highest for Hordeum chilense, followed by tritordeum and wheat in decreasing order. In particular, the H. chilense genotypes H7 and H17 enhanced the wheat resistance to F. culmorum in its tritordeum offsprings. Resistance to S. nodorum in tritordeum was not associated with tall plant height. There is sufficient genetic variation for resistance to F. culmorum and S. nodorum among tritordeum to allow the breeding of lines combining short straw and resistance to both diseases.     

Breeding apomictic bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flügge) with improved turf traits

The development of a turf‐type bahiagrass could have a remarkable impact on the billion‐dollar turf industry in the south‐eastern United States. The goals of this study were to (i) select bahiagrass genotypes with improved turf attributes and (ii) determine the reproductive mode and seed fertility of selected genotypes. The population included mutants, wild types, hybrids and standard cultivars evaluated at two locations for two years. Morphological variation was observed and clonal repeatability (H²) ranged from 0.27 to 0.90. Flowering was extremely reduced in some mutants, which also exhibited dark green colour, finer texture and reduced canopy height. Cytoembryological observations revealed that diploids reproduced sexually and tetraploids by obligate or facultative apomixis. Genotypes with superior seed fertility were identified, while others were comparable to the standard cultivars. While mutant plants exhibited great morphological variation, the random mutations did not affect their reproductive mode, validating the use of mutagenesis in apomictic species. The high H² indicated that selection for improved turf attributes could be successfully performed with the advantage of clonal seed propagation.     

Disease resistance in protected crops and mushrooms

Summary Cultivars of tomatoes, cucumbers, lettuce and peppers have been bred for resistance to one or more pathogens. Some tomato and cucumber cultivars have resistance to a wide range of diseases. Resistance has been transient in many cases and a succession of cultivars with new genes or new combinations of resistance genes has been necessary to maintain control. There has been a number of notable exceptions and these have included durable resistance to such pathogens asFulvia fulva and tomato mosaic virus. With lettuce the resistance situation is complicated by the occurrence of fungicide resistant pathotypes. There are no strains ofAgaricus bisporus purposely bred for disease resistance.In protected flower crops only resistance to Fusarium wilt in carnations has been purposely bred but differences in disease resistance are apparent in cultivars of many ornamental crops. This is particularly so in chrysanthemums where there are cultivars with resistance to many of the major pathogens. Similar situations occur with other flower crops and pot plants. Cultivars of some species have not been systematically investigated for resistance.The need for genetic resistance will increase with the further reduction, in the limits on pesticide use and an increasing public awareness and importance of pesticide pollution.ADAS is an executive agency of the Ministry of Agiculture, Fisheries and Food and the Welsh Office.     

Inheritance of fruit colour in a wild Russian red raspberry seedling

Summary A new gene, i, from a self-incompatible wild Russian Rubus idaeus seedling is described. The gene i interacts with the fruit colour gene T, Tii plants having apricot instead of red fruits, and spines, leaves and stems pigmented to varying degrees. A deficit of apricot-fruited seedlings in progenies segregating for i could be explained by linkage between i and the self-incompatibility S locus with a crossover value of approximately 26.7%.Segregations for spine colour in crosses and backcrosses of the Russian seedling with two green-spined (ttII) raspberries selected for their yellow fruit colour, showed that both the latter carried the spine colour intensifier gene P. This suggests that earlier authors were incorrect in attributing the apricot fruit colour developed by some tt plants to a pleiotropic effect of P.     

Genetic constitution and diversity in four narrow endemic redwoods from the family Cupressaceae

The genetic constitution and diversity of four relictual redwoods are discussed in this review. These include monotypic genera of the family Cupressaceae: coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum), dawn redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides), and alerce (Fitzroya cupressoides). All four species are narrow endemics, share a number of common phenotypic traits, including red wood, and are threatened species. Fossil history suggests that the ancestors of redwoods probably originated during the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods and flourished thereafter for millions of years. Towards the end of the Tertiary period began their decline and struggle for existence that continued during the subsequent geologic upheavals and climate changes, until the survival of the present-day redwoods in the current restricted locations in the world (USA, China, and South America). Although two species, Sequoiadendron and Metasequoia, are diploids (2n = 22), and the other two are polyploids: Fitzroya a tetraploid (2n = 4x = 44), and Sequoia a hexaploid (2n = 6x = 66); they all share the same basic chromosome number x = 11. The genome size in the hexaploid Sequoia is one of the largest (31,500 MB) in the conifers, while the genome sizes of diploid Metasequoia and Sequoiadendron are about one-third (~10,000 MB) of Sequoia. Genetic diversity in the redwoods is lower than most other gymnosperms, except in Sequoia, which seems to rank near the upper quarter of the coniferous forest trees. Genomic research is sparse in the redwoods, and should be pursued for a better understanding of their genome structure, function, and adaptive genetic diversity.     

The induction in vitro of adventitious shoots in Rosa

Summary Adventitious shoots were formed on excised leaves, roots and callus of Rosa persica x xanthina and on excised leaves of R. laevigata and R. wichuraiana on culture media that included BAP and NAA as growth regulators. Shoots formed freely on freshly cultured callus of R. persica x xanthina but their production declined in successive cultures and ceased after twelve weeks. Transplantation to soil was improved by rooting plantlets in cellulose plugs in vitro and transferring plantlets to soil while still in the plugs.