CALCA 基因遗传变异及其与肉质性状关联分析

旨在分析早胜牛及其杂交牛CALCA基因第4外显子的多态性及其与肉质性状的相关性,发现与肉质性状相关的分子标记,为加快肉牛选育进程提供参考。利用PCR-SSCP 技术对早胜牛、南杂牛、秦杂牛和西杂牛共362个个体的CALCA基因第4外显子进行了遗传变异检测,并运用SPSS 17．0软件对早胜牛（平凉类群）遗传变异与经济性状关联性进行了分析。结果表明,CALCA基因第4外显子存在2个突变位点T3237 A和G3289 A,并检测到AA和AB 2种基因型。相关性分析表明,CALCA基因突变位点与剪切力、眼肌面积、热胴体重和熟肉率显著相关（P＜0．05）,AA基因型个体剪切力、热胴体重和熟肉率显著高于AB基因型个体（ P＜0．05）,而AB基因型个体眼肌面积显著高于AA基因型个体（P＜0．05）,其他性状在各基因型间差异不显著。因此,初步推测CALCA 基因的突变位点可以作为评定早胜牛肉质性状的遗传标记。     

不同月龄乌珠穆沁羊骨骼肌中 Myostatin表达量的分析

为研究自然放牧乌珠穆沁羊成长过程中骨骼肌内M STN基因及其蛋白表达量的变化。分别采用实时荧光定量和ELISA技术测定乌珠穆沁羊生长过程中骨骼肌MSTN基因相对表达量和蛋白表达量。 MSTN基因相对表达量为6月龄＞3月龄＞9月龄＞1月龄＞12月龄＞18月龄,6月龄的基因表达量最高,与其他月龄之间相比有显著差异（P＜0．05）。1,3,9,12月龄之间基因表达量无显著差异（P＞0．05）。 MSTN蛋白表达量为1月龄＜3月龄＜6月龄＜9月龄＜12月龄＜18月龄,1,3,6月龄的表达量之间有显著差异（ P＜0．05）,9,12,18月龄的表达量之间无显著差异（ P＞0．05）。 MSTN基因相对表达水平1～6月龄之间有上升趋势之后又下降。 MSTN蛋白表达水平一直为上升趋势。     

马铃薯StDRO1基因的多态性鉴定及其与根系性状的关联分析

为鉴定与马铃薯根系性状相关联的StDRO1基因单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphism, SNP)位点,本研究对110份同源四倍体马铃薯材料StDRO1基因的编码区进行了克隆和测序,筛选其SNP,并对StDRO1的SNP位点与马铃薯总根表面积、总根体积和平均根系直径等主要根系性状参数进行了关联分析。结果显示,StDRO1第2外显子上检测到1个SNP位点,命名为G64C;第3外显子上检测到10个SNP位点,分别命名为G152A、A214G、A297G、C314T、A337T、T353C、T560A、C577A、C620A和C625A;在第4外显子上检测到1个SNP位点,命名为T793A。关联分析结果表明,StDRO1基因G152A位点在总根体积表现为GA类基因型>GG类基因型(P<0.05);C314T位点在平均根系直径表现为CC类基因型>CT类基因型(P<0.05); A337T位点在总根表面积、鲜重和干重均表现为AT类基因型>AA类基因型(P<0.05),而在平均根系直径则表现为AA类基因型>AT类基因型(...     

日粮中不同比例小麦替代玉米对奶牛氮代谢参数的影响

为研究日粮中不同比例小麦替代玉米对奶牛氮代谢参数的影响,选择8头泌乳天数为84±17 d,体重为569±47 kg的经产中国荷斯坦奶牛作为试验动物,采用重复4×4拉丁方设计,分别饲喂含不同比例粉碎小麦（ GW）和粉碎玉米（GC）的日粮,4个处理组分别为（DM基础）：W0组（0％GW＋27．9％GC）,W9．6组（9．6％GW＋19．2％GC）,W19．2组（19．2％GW＋9．6％GC）和W28．8组（28．8％GW＋0％GC）。结果表明：奶牛的产奶量、乳蛋白率和乳蛋白产量未受影响;随着日粮中小麦比例的增加,奶牛的干物质采食量（DMI）呈二次曲线增加趋势（P＝0．07）,牛奶尿素氮（MUN）浓度线性增加（P＜0．01）,且W28．8组显著高于W0和W19．2组（P＜0．01）;粪氮排出量未受日粮影响,尿氮排出量呈线性增加趋势（P＝0．08）;尿氮（P＝0．02）和总排出氮（粪氮＋尿氮）（P＝0．05）占食入氮的比例呈二次曲线降低;尿素氮产量（P＜0．01）及其占总尿氮的比例（P＝0．03）线性增加,且W19．2和W28．8组的尿素氮产量显著高于（P＝0．01）其他2组;尿中尿囊素（P＝0．05）和总嘌呤（P＝0．09）产量呈线性降低趋势,W9．6组的微生物氮产量显著（P＝0．02）高于W28．8组。结果提示：泌乳盛期奶牛日粮中用9．6％的粉碎小麦替代玉米效果最佳,高比例的小麦替代玉米（ W28．8组）时能够增加尿氮及奶和尿中尿素氮的排出量,降低微生物氮的合成。     

中国西门塔尔牛SCD1基因多态性与肉质性状的相关分析

利用Illumina HD SNP技术对484头中国西门塔尔牛SCD1基因的遗传变异及其与部分肉质性状的相关性进行了分析.结果表明,该群体中存在7个SCD1基因的SNP位点.SCD1基因第4内含子存在A8605G、A9229G与A10050C 3个SNP位点;第5内含子存在1个SNP位点A12304G;3' UTR区存在A13655G、C14790T与A15565G 3个位点.A8605G位点的B等位基因为优势等位基因,频率为0.748,其他位点等位基因频率在0.4 ～0.6之间.x2检验结果显示,SCD1基因的所有SNPs均处于哈代-温伯格平衡状态(P＞0.05).SCD1基因的7个SNPs位点全部为中度多态,杂合度和有效等位基因数均较高.SCD1基因SNP多态性与肉质性状的关联分析表明,SCD1基因对肌内脂肪含量、剪切力、大理石花纹等级和脂肪颜色有一定的影响,可以作为改善牛肉质量进行标记辅助选择的重要候选基因.     

大豆百粒重相关基因的全基因组发掘分析

百粒重是大豆重要的产量性状之一,利用正向和反向遗传学方法鉴定与籽粒大小/粒重相关的基因具有重要的理论和实践意义。利用拟南芥和水稻等模式植物中已明确功能的调控籽粒大小/粒重的基因,基于序列相似和结构域相同的原则,在大豆全基因组内筛选到175个同源基因,通过基因表达谱分析发现有22个基因在大豆种子中特异性表达。利用56份大豆种质资源重测序数据查找这些基因内的SNP位点,共得到2769个SNP位点,从中筛选得到在野生大豆和栽培大豆中分化明显的SNP位点121个。通过扩增测序对其中的16个导致非同义变异的SNP位点进行验证,发现有5个SNP位点在野生大豆中为一种变异,而在栽培大豆中为另一种变异。利用2368份大豆种质资源的重测序数据获得了其中的4个SNP位点的变异数据,结合其中1695份材料的百粒重表型分析,发现每个SNP位点对应的野生和突变基因型材料的百粒重表型间都存在极显著差异,并且每个SNP位点中野生基因型材料的百粒重大部分≥12g,突变基因型材料的百粒重大部分＜12g,因此上述4个SNP位点所在的基因（Glyma.05G019800、Glyma.07G022800、Glyma.13G259700和Glyma.13G261700）可能与大豆籽粒大小/粒重的调控有关。获得了与大豆百粒重相关的4个候选基因,为大豆百粒重QTL的精细定位和功能标记的开发以及调控大豆籽粒大小/粒重的基因的功能研究提供了参考。     

甘蓝型油菜株高、第一分枝高和分枝数的QTL检测及候选基因筛选

株高、分枝数及第1分枝高是油菜重要的农艺性状。本研究利用甘蓝型油菜GH06和P174杂交,F2通过单粒法连续自交至F11构建重组自交系群体,利用油菜60K芯片对该群体进行基因分型,构建高密度遗传连锁图谱。结果表明,该图谱包含2795个SNP多态性标记位点,总长1832.9 c M,相邻标记间平均距离为0.66 c M。在此图谱基础上采用复合区间作图法(CIM),检测到3个农艺性状的24个QTL。其中11个株高QTL分别位于A01、A06、A07、A08、A10和C06染色体,单个QTL解释5.00%~15.26%的表型变异;7个第1分枝高QTL分别位于A06、C05和C06染色体,单个QTL解释5.04%~12.99%的表型变异;6个分枝数QTL分别位于A03、A07、C01、C04和C06染色体,单个QTL解释5.95%~8.14%的表型变异。将156个拟南芥株高相关基因、10个拟南芥第1分枝高相关基因和148个拟南芥分枝数相关基因与QTL对应置信区间序列进行同源比较分析(E1E–20),分别找出了20个株高候选基因、3个第1分枝高候选基因以及12个分枝数候选基因。2个环境中在A07染色体上重复检测到的QTL置信区间检测到与株高相关的候选基因ATGID1B/GID1B和WRI1,A08染色体上重复检测到的QTL置信区间检测到SLR/IAA14和AXR2/IAA72个与株高相关的候选基因。在具有部分置信区间重叠的q2013FBH-C05-1和q2014FBH-C05-2区间均检测到第1分枝高候选基因PHT1;8,在A03和C06染色体上的QTL置信区间内,分别检测到4个分枝数候选基因,匹配E值介于0~3E–56之间。     

皖麦38添加木聚糖酶对鸡表观代谢能值和氨基酸表观消化率的影响

用32只小公鸡进行代谢试验，研究高戊聚糖含量小麦品种皖麦38添加木聚糖酶对鸡表观代谢能值（AME）和氨基酸表观消化率的影响。结果显示，木聚糖酶使鸡的表观代谢能值（干物质基础）提高4．14％（P＜0．05），干物质消化率提高5．98％（P＜0．05），有机物消化率提高5．36％（P＜0．05），粗脂肪消化率提高3．01％（P＞0．05）。氨基酸表观消化率分析表明，木聚糖酶对赖氨酸和天冬氨酸的消化率分别提高5．19％（P＞0．05）和5．00％（P＞0．05）；组氨酸和脯氨酸的消化率分别提高3．67％（P＜0．05）和2．39％（P＜0．05）；亮氨酸、精氨酸、缬氨酸、丙氨酸、胱氨酸的消化率分别提高2．12％－4．18％不等；对其它氨基酸的消化率没有明显影响。     

IGF-1R基因SNPs检测及其与水貂生长性状的关联分析

为了研究胰岛素样生长因子1受体(IGF-1R)基因外显子2和外显子11的单核苷酸多态性,分析该基因变异与水貂生长性状的关联性,以红眼白水貂、金州黑水貂和咖啡水貂共计235个样本的血液基因组DNA为模板,采用PCR产物克隆和Sanger测序技术,筛查IGF-1R基因SNP位点,将差异位点与不同种群的水貂生长性状进行关联分析。结果表明,红眼白、金州黑水貂的外显子2和外显子11上检测到2个SNPs:c. 207G A和c. 1782G A;咖啡水貂在外显子2上检测到2个SNPs:c. 207G A和c. 218T A,在外显子11检测到1个SNPs:c. 1782G A。c. 207G A和c. 1782G A都属于无义突变。c. 218T A位点属于有义突变,氨基酸发生改变,脯氨酸变为精氨酸。关联分析表明:c. 207G A与金州黑水貂和咖啡水貂体长性状显著相关(P 0. 05),其中GG基因型个体为水貂体长的优势基因型; c. 1782G A与咖啡水貂的体长和体质量显著相关(P 0. 05),且与咖啡水貂的体质量呈现极显著差异(P 0. 01),GA基因型作为咖啡水貂的优势基因型,其杂合GA基因型个体的体长、体质量都显著高于纯合GG基因型和纯合AA基因型个体。合并基因型进行关联分析发现:金州黑水貂合并基因型GGGA个体和GGAA个体的体长与GAGA个体体长差异极显著(P 0. 01),基因型GGGA个体和GGAA个体的体长高于GAGA个体体长;金州黑水貂合并基因型GGGA个体体质量与GAGA个体差异显著(P 0. 05),GGGA个体体质量高于GAGA基因型个体。试验可推断得出c. 207G A位点GG基因型是水貂体长的优势基因型;合并基因型GGGA和GGAA可能是影响金州黑水貂体长体质量的有利基因型,认为IGF-1R基因可能是影响水貂生长性状的候选基因。     

草原红牛CAPN3基因多态性及与胴体性状的关联分析

采用PCR-SSCP方法对58头草原红牛钙激活中性蛋白酶3基因(CAPN3)的单核苷酸多态性进行研究分析,发现其外显子1存在三种基因型AA、AB和BB,测序发现,在外显子1的124位存在碱基突变,由原来的A突变为G,氨基酸水平由天冬氨酸Asp变为天冬酰胺Asn,此SNP位点在此前的研究中未见报道.经遗传多样性分析表明,该位点等位基因A占优势地位,且三种基因型分布符合Hardy-weinberg平衡.通过显著性差异检验发现,CAPN3基因此位点的多态性对该牛群的屠宰率、净肉率和大理石花纹这三个性状有显著影响(P＜0.05),这将为CAPN3作为牛肉肉质性状候选基因提供进一步依据.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Variation in forage grasses as hosts of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne naasi (Franklin) and selection for resistance in ryegrass

Summary Reactions of 13 grasses to Meloidogyne naasi varied with species; ryegrasses, fescues and their hybrids were generally susceptible and cocksfoot and timothy resistant. Marked variation in host resistance levels occurred between genotypes within cultivars.Selection of single plants, followed by tests on replicate tillers, identified resistant and susceptible genotypes in both Italian and perennial ryegrass cultivars. Resistant plants had few nematode-induced galls and fewer females and eggs than susceptibles. There was more or less continuous variation, with many genotypes intermediate between extremes of resistance and susceptibility. Selected resistant and susceptible genotypes are of use in assessing variation in nematode populations and as controls for breeding and selection programmes.     

Current and future strategies in breeding lentil for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Lentil production is limited by lack of moisture and unfavorable temperatures throughout its distribution. Waterlogging and salinity are only locally important. Progress has been made in breeding for tolerance to drought through selection for an appropriate phenology and increased water use efficiency and in breeding for winter hardiness through selection for cold tolerance.The diseases rust, vascular wilt, and Ascochyta blight, caused by Uromyces viciae-fabae, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis, and Ascochyta fabae f. sp. lentis, respectively, are the key fungal pathogens of lentil. Cultivars with resistance to rust and Ascochyta blight have been released in several countries and resistant sources to vascular wilt are being exploited. Sources of resistance to several other fungal and viral diseases of regional importance are known. In contrast, although the pea leaf weevil (Sitona spp.) and the parasitic weed broomrape (Orobanche spp.), and to a lesser extent the cyst nematode (Heterodera ciceri), are significant yield reducers of lentil, no sources of resistance to these biotic stresses have been found. Directions for future research in lentil on both biotic and abiotic stresses are discussed.     

Breeding forage grasses for organic conditions

Herbage yield trials are necessary to test if candidate varieties are well suited for organic conditions. In order to elucidate a particular suitability for organic conditions, we run such trials in parallel under both organic and conventional conditions. Here, we report on second and third year results of the sowings 2004 and 2005. These trials are part of a targeted breeding programme for organic conditions. Irregular colonisation of pure grass plots with adventitious plants, in particular white clover, was recognized as a major constraint to the quality of the results obtained under organic conditions. The coefficients of variance in dry matter yield almost doubled when compared to conventional trials, and significant differences in annual yield among varieties were rare. However, when herbage yield was corrected for the estimated fraction of adventitious plant colonization at each cut, the number of instances with statistically significant differences for annual yield among varieties increased more than fourfold. Dry matter yields under organic and conventional conditions were significantly and positively correlated. However, analysis of variance showed a significant culture type by variety interaction for annual dry matter yield in 12 out of 24 trials. When diploid and tetraploid varieties of the same Lolium species were tested in one common trial, only tetraploid varieties were identified as being particularly well suited for organic conditions, while in these trials, the great majority of apparently poorly suited varieties were diploid. This suggests that breeding tetraploid Lolium varieties is promising when aiming at a favourable response to organic agriculture.     

The performance of double or mixed pollinations with compatible and self-incompatible or incongruous pollen of pear and apple

Summary Six pear and five apple trials were carried out to ascertain the outcome of combinations of compatible pollen (C) with self (S) or incongruous pollen (I) as to the pollination index (PI=seeds/pollinated flower). The PI of the mixture C+I (1:5) was consistently depressed as compared to that of the control C. The results of the double pollinations S/C and I/C were affected by the temperature at pollination; their PI's at <15°C were twice as high as those at >15°C, being well above and below the PI of C in the former and latter case respectively. The opposite was true for the C/S combination, the PI of which increased with the pollination temperature; the PI of C/I did not differ much from the PI of C, irrespective of temperature. The conclusion was reached that the interaction previously and presently found between compatible and self-incompatible pollen also exists to a fair extent between compatible and incongruous pollen. However, in pear neither the mentor nor the pioneer pollen technique proved to aid its hybridization with apple, the formation of self seed was not observed either. In apple the production of apple × pear hybrids was likewise doubtful, but the double pollinations S/C and C/S formed 4–10% self seed.