减氮条件下分期施钾对冬小麦籽粒产量和氮素利用效率的影响

为探究钾肥分期施用对冬小麦产量和氮素利用效率的影响,确定减氮条件下冬小麦高产高效的钾肥运筹方案,本试验选用高产强筋冬小麦品种藁优5766作为试验材料,于2018—2020年度冬小麦生长季,采用二因素随机区组设计,设置3个施氮水平:常规施氮水平(240 kg hm^–2, N1)、减氮20%(192 kg hm^–2, N2)、减氮40%(144 kg hm^–2, N3),两种钾肥运筹方案:钾肥全部底施(K1)和分期施钾(底施50%、拔节期追施50%, K2)。结果表明,相同钾肥运筹方案下, N2处理的籽粒产量与N1处理无显著差异, N3处理的籽粒产量比N1处理显著降低,降幅达9.0%～11.6%。在相同施氮水平下,分期施钾可显著提高冬小麦籽粒产量和氮素利用效率。与K1处理相比, K2处理显著抑制硝态氮向深层土壤的淋溶,增加冬小麦植株氮素积累量,提高旗叶光合速率和硝酸还原酶活性、籽粒灌浆速率、穗粒数和千粒重;籽粒产量和氮素利用效率在常规施氮水平下两年度分别提高21.7%和20.2%,在减氮20%水平下两年度分别提高26.9%和...     

高产条件下施氮量对冬小麦氮素吸收分配利用的影响

通过2年田间定位试验,采用15N示踪技术,研究了高产条件下不同施氮量处理对冬小麦氮素吸收、分配、利用及产量和品质的影响。结果表明,在本试验土壤肥力条件下,当施氮量超过150 kg/hm²时,不能显著增加植株氮素积累量,对小麦生育后期植株氮素吸收无显著促进效应。随施氮量增加,氮素在籽粒中的分配比例降低,在茎和叶的分配量及比例显著增加。15N示踪试验指出,施氮量由195 kg/hm²增至240 kg/hm²,植株吸收的肥料氮素增加,吸收的土壤氮素减少,植株总的氮素积累量无显著差异;施氮量增加,开花后营养器官中的氮素向籽粒的转移无显著差异,而转移效率及氮素转移对籽粒的贡献率降低。施氮量增加,氮素吸收效率和氮素利用效率下降,氮肥生产效率降低,氮素收获指数亦降低。施氮量为105～240 kg/hm²时,氮肥当季回收率为36.22%～50.54%,其中追肥氮回收率大于基肥氮;施氮量增加,氮肥回收率先增加后降低,195 kg/hm²处理氮肥当季回收率较高。适量施氮,籽粒产量增加,蛋白质含量提高,加工品质改善;过量施氮,籽粒产量降低,加工品质趋于变劣。本试验条件下,综合考虑产量、品质和氮素利用率,施氮量为150～195 kg/hm²可供生产中参考。     

玉米秸秆还田条件下麦田氮素运转和籽粒产量对氮肥的响应

为给秸秆全部还田条件下豫北麦玉两熟高产地区冬小麦合理施用氮肥提供理论依据,以周麦18和济麦22为试材,于2011-2013年研究了不同施氮处理(小麦全生育期不施氮肥,及底施纯氮120 kg/hm2基础上拔节期分别追施0,60,100,140,180,210 kg/hm2)下麦田土壤和植株氮素含量的动态变化,分析了不同追氮量对植株氮素吸收、麦田氮肥利用率和籽粒产量的影响。结果表明,小麦植株氮素吸收积累和籽粒产量随施氮量的增加呈单峰曲线变化,周麦18和济麦22分别在220,260 kg/hm2和120,180 kg/hm2施氮量下植株氮素吸收积累达到峰值,籽粒产量较高。麦田氮流失量随施氮量增加呈先升后降变化趋势。秸秆还田配施适量氮肥能够显著提高氮肥偏生产力、氮肥农学利用率;随着施氮量的持续增加氮肥偏生产力、氮肥农学利用率显著降低。综合来看,玉米秸秆还田条件下兼顾氮肥效率和籽粒产量,豫北麦玉两熟区周麦18适宜的氮肥配施量为220~260 kg/hm2,种植济麦22适宜的氮肥配施量为120~180 kg/hm2。     

施氮量对小麦花后氮素分配及氮素利用的影响

为研究黄淮海麦区化肥投入不断增加,而产量却徘徊不前的问题,以当地主栽品种矮抗58和周麦22为材料,采用4个施氮水平（0、120、240、360kg/hm ²）和品种的二因素分析方法研究了施氮量对小麦植株地上部各器官氮素分配及氮素利用的影响。结果表明：开花期至成熟期小麦植株地上部各营养器官氮含量和氮素积累量均下降。施氮量对开花期和成熟期小麦植株地上部各器官氮含量的影响均达显著水平,增加氮肥能显著促进小麦营养器官氮素向子粒转运和花后氮同化。开花期周麦22叶片氮素转运量优于矮抗58。矮抗58和周麦22花后氮同化量均以施氮量360kg/hm ²最高,花前氮素积累转运量对子粒贡献率达60.25%~97.55%,子粒氮收获指数为59.82%~79.48%,随施氮量的增加而呈下降趋势。施氮量120kg/hm ²处理的氮素养分利用效率、农学利用效率及生产效率均最高。增施氮肥对小麦子粒产量有显著促进影响,矮抗58在施氮量为360kg/hm ²时有最大子粒产量,周麦22在施氮量为240kg/hm ²时有最大子粒产量。推荐矮抗58和周麦22在黄淮海麦区的施氮量为240~360kg/hm ²。     

不同强筋小麦品种产量、品质和氮素利用的差异

在高土壤肥力条件下,设置不施氮肥和施氮240 kg/hm22个处理,研究了6个强筋冬小麦品种的产量、品质和氮素利用的差异。结果表明,在施氮与不施氮的条件下,8901和济麦20两个品种均表现为高产、优质和高的氮素利用效率;施氮有利于进一步改善8901小麦的品质,提高济麦20的子粒蛋白质含量。两种处理下,淄麦12亦表现为产量较高,品质较优,但该品种氮素利用效率低,施氮后氮素利用效率进一步下降。烟农15的氮素利用效率亦较低,但施氮后氮素收获指数和氮素利用效率降低较少,子粒品质得到明显改善。与上述4个品种比较,济南17和烟农19的产量、品质和氮素利用效率居中;施氮后济南17的子粒产量显著提高,但两品种的品质均未得到显著改善。     

不同施氮量对饲用燕麦光合特性及氮素光合利用效率的影响

为探明不同施氮量下饲用燕麦在晋北地区光合特性及氮素光合利用效率的差异,以4个国内外具有代表性的饲用燕麦品种为试验材料,研究其生物产量、光合特性及氮素光合利用效率的变化特点。结果表明,4个参试品种的干草产量均随着施氮量的增加呈递增趋势,均在施氮量180kg/hm²时最高;随着施氮量的增加,各品种净光合速率和氮素光合利用效率呈持续增加的趋势。综合各项指标可知,晋北地区蒙燕1号、甜燕麦、KONA和坝燕7号4个燕麦品种生产时,田间施氮量可控制在180kg/hm²水平。     

施氮量对酿造高粱产量和氮素利用率的影响

为了实现酿造高粱氮肥合理高效利用,以晋杂22号为试验品种,研究了6种氮肥施用量(0,75,150,225,300,450 kg/hm~2)对酿造高粱产量和氮素利用率的影响。结果表明,在施氮0~450 kg/hm~2,施用氮肥有效地增加了高粱产量和净利润,但随着施氮量的增加产量先升高后降低,其关系可表示为y=-0.037x~2+17.759x+5 874.41(R2=0.878 1)。随着施氮量的增加高粱氮肥偏生产力和氮肥利用率显著降低;氮素吸收效率逐渐降低;氮素利用效率大体呈下降趋势;当施氮量为225 kg/hm~2时,高粱产量、净利润最大,极显著高于不施氮处理,增产率达37.64%;氮肥农学利用率和氮肥偏生产力分别为9.96,36.42 kg/kg,氮肥利用率可达到38.70%,且氮平衡为3.07,大体上满足氮素平衡。综合分析各项指标,施氮量为225 kg/hm~2是酿造高粱晋杂22号实现高产、高效益、较高氮肥利用率的适宜氮量。     

华北农牧交错区两种土壤类型下青饲玉米的施氮效应

针对华北农牧交错区饲草量少质差的现实问题, 在区域草甸栗钙土和沙质栗钙土条件下, 研究了氮肥不同施用量对青饲玉米产量与品质形成及肥水利用效果的影响。结果表明, 草甸栗钙土田和沙质栗钙土田施氮比不施氮青饲玉米生物产量分别增加36.1%和106.0%, 植株氮素含量分别提高108.0%和81.9%, 且在草甸栗钙土田出现氮素的奢侈吸收现象; 施氮使草甸栗钙土田玉米植株磷素含量提高10.9%, 但沙质栗钙土田玉米磷素含量降低; 玉米植株粗蛋白、粗脂肪的含量和产量均随施氮量增加而显著增加, 草甸栗钙土田分别增产1.60倍和2.10倍, 沙质栗钙土田分别增产2.74倍和1.36倍; 施氮显著提高青饲玉米的水分利用效率, 草甸栗钙土田增幅为27%~45%, 相当于多供水82.5~135.7 mm; 沙质栗钙土田增幅为95%~97%, 相当于多供水294.9~258.5 mm。故华北农牧交错区青饲玉米施氮是快速提高饲草产量和营养品质以及高效利用肥水资源的有效技术手段, 草甸栗钙土田不超过200 kg hm^-2、沙质栗钙土田不少于135 kg hm^-2, 是兼顾玉米产量、品质与肥水高效利用的适宜施氮量。     

施氮量对垄作小麦氮肥利用率和土壤硝态氮含量的影响

以平作为对照,研究了垄作种植方式下施氮量对冬小麦氮肥吸收利用、0~100 cm土层土壤硝态氮含量以及产量的影响。在一定范围内增加施氮量,小麦的氮肥利用率降低,土壤氮的贡献率降低,小麦植株内的氮素积累量增加,收获指数提高,产量增加。低氮(0~66 kg hm^-2)条件下,小麦生育期间土壤硝态氮淋洗损失的可能小,小麦收获后0~100 cm土体内不会累积大量硝态氮。施氮量在165~264 kg hm^-2时,60~100 cm土体内土壤硝态氮含量增加,出现硝态氮下移趋势。种植方式影响小麦的氮肥利用效率,垄作种植小麦氮肥利用率和产量均高于平作小麦。垄作种植麦田60~80 cm土体内土壤硝态氮含量相对较高,而平作种植麦田80~100 cm土层硝态氮含量相对较高。种植方式对氮肥利用率的影响大于施氮量的影响, 但施氮量对氮素收获指数、籽粒产量以及经济系数的影响大于种植方式的影响。本试验条件下,2种种植方式在施氮量为纯氮165 kg hm^-2时可以获得较高的氮肥利用率和氮素收获指数,平作小麦氮肥利用率为35.75%~36.41%,而垄作小麦为45.32%~47.25%; 但2种种植方式的小麦都是施氮量为纯氮264 kg hm^-2时获得最高产量, 平作和垄作小麦的最高产量分别达8 078.31 kg hm^-2和
8 212.27 kg hm^-2。     

土默川平原麦后复种饲用玉米‖油菜模式的增产优势及氮素利用效率

为探究饲用玉米|油菜的间作优势及不同施氮水平对饲草产量、氮素吸收利用的影响,以饲用玉米品种伊单76和饲用油菜品种饲油2号为研究对象,试验于2019-2020年进行。采用双因素随机区组设计,种植模式因素包括玉米单作、油菜单作及玉米油菜间作3个模式,施氮肥因素包括不施氮(N0)、施氮量120kg/hm²(N1)和施氮量210kg/hm²(N2)3个水平。结果表明,饲用玉米‖油菜间作土地当量比为1.08～1.14,该模式具有产量优势。收获期饲用玉米在间作中占竞争主导地位,氮肥的加入强化了这种优势。施肥增加了间作的氮素吸收量,间作的氮素利用效率显著高于单作,虽然N2处理产量及氮素吸收量最高,但除2019年间作模式的氮肥利用率外,N1处理下各种植模式的氮肥偏生产力和氮肥利用率均高于N2处理,且2年N1处理下种间相对竞争力A_mo和相对拥挤系数(0.092和1.160)均高于N2(0.062和1.019),说明综合饲草产量和氮素利用率2个方面,施氮量120kg/hm²适合内蒙古土默川平原地区饲用玉米‖油菜的种植,...     

水稻氮高效基因型及其评价指标的筛选

以48份不同水稻基因型为供试材料，研究了它们的氮素吸收和利用率，及其与主要农艺性状之间的关系。结果表明，水稻基因型在氮素吸收利用率方面间存在明显差异，从现有的材料中可筛选出氮高效基因型。长伦占不论在低氮处理还是高氮处理均表现出氮高效利用特性，为典型的氮高效基因型。此外，还筛选了适于低氮条件种植的广恢128和茉莉占选；适于高氮条件种植的97香、2466和银花占。低氮高效型适合在贫瘠地区种植，而高氮高效型适合在肥沃地区种植。结果表明，水稻氮素利用率与抽穗期及乳熟期倒2、倒3叶的叶绿素含量呈显著或极显著负相关；与收获指数、稻谷产量和穗数之间均呈极显著正相关，它们可作为水稻氮素利用效率的评价指标。但是水稻氮素吸收率与利用率之间存在极显著负相关，因此，如何协调二者关系，既能提高稻谷产量和氮素利用率，又减少施氮量是急需解决的问题。     

Genetic diversity and path analysis for nitrogen use efficiency in popcorn inbred lines

Popcorn inbred lines with more efficient nitrogen use are better able to uptake nitrogen from the soil and convert it into higher grain yield, resulting in lower environmental and economic impacts caused by nitrogen fertilization. The objectives of this study were to (i) identify inbred lines superior in nitrogen use (ii) assess the genetic diversity between popcorn inbred lines under high and low N conditions and (iii) investigate the causal effects of several traits in nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). We evaluated 25 popcorn inbred lines under high and low N, and several traits related to NUE and its components were measured. Efficient and inefficient inbred lines under both N levels were identified and can be useful for generating a segregating population for quantitative trait loci mapping. The genetic diversity assessment based on phenotypic traits grouped the inbred lines into four clusters under both N levels, and the efficient inbred lines were grouped together, as were the inefficient lines. The most divergent inbred lines under high N were classified as efficient and intermediate and can be useful to generate a divergent breeding population with a high frequency of favorable genes for NUE. Nitrogen uptake efficiency (NUpE) was considered the most important trait for NUE. To improve the accuracy of selection for NUE, a selection index involving the total root length (TRL), daily growth and NUpE traits under both N levels is recommended, as these traits had high correlations with and direct effects on NUE.     

Variation for nitrogen use efficiency traits in current and historical great plains hard winter wheat

Wheat genotypes that efficiently capture and convert available soil nitrogen into harvested grain protein are key to sustainably meeting the rising global demand for grain protein. The purposes of this study were: to characterize the genetic variation for nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) traits within hard winter wheat adapted to the Great Plains of the United States and evaluate trends in the germplasm with year of release; to explore relationships among traits that may be used for selection within breeding programs; and to identify quantitative trait loci associated with NUE traits in this germplasm. NUE traits were measured in a panel of 299 hard winter wheat genotypes, representing historically important and contemporary germplasm, from across the growing region. Trials were grown in two years at two levels of nitrogen fertility. Genotype and genotype × year interaction effects were highly significant for NUE traits, while genotype × nitrogen rate interactions were non-significant. Strong genetic correlations of plant height and flowering date with NUE traits were observed. Wheat breeders have improved NUE: the subset of 183 genotypes that were released as cultivars after 1960 demonstrated significant trends with year of release for improved grain N yield, grain yield, nitrogen harvest index, nitrogen uptake efficiency, nitrogen utilization efficiency, and post-anthesis nitrogen uptake. In genome-wide association analyses, plant height and flowering date were important covariates in the mixed models, and plant height and flowering date substantially explained the variation in NUE traits in this germplasm. Marker-trait associations were identified that may prove useful in breeding.     

施氮量对不同水稻品种氮肥利用率与农艺性状的影响

为探明施氮量对不同水稻品种产量、氮肥利用率和农艺性状的影响,以适合江苏省种植的12个中粳稻（含籼/粳杂交稻）品种为材料,大田种植,设置0N（全生育期不施氮）、200N（全生育期施纯氮200kg/hm ²）和360N（全生育期施纯氮360kg/hm²）3个施氮量处理,研究各品种产量、氮肥利用率和一些农艺性状的差异。结果表明：甬优2640在3个施氮水平产量均最高,库容量大是其高产的主要原因。其他品种产量对氮肥响应的表现不一。在较低氮（0N、200N）条件下,淮稻13号和武运粳30的产量较高,宁粳1号和扬粳4038的产量较低。在高氮（360N）条件下,宁粳1号和扬粳4038产量较高。在较低施氮量条件下,产量和氮肥利用率较高的品种具有较高的干物质积累量、茎蘖成穗率、叶面积指数、粒叶比及群体生长速率,这些指标可作为筛选氮高效品种的农艺性状指标。     

Inheritance of evapotranspiration and transpiration efficiencies in diallel F1 hybrids of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum)

Inheritance of water use and transpiration efficiency was studied in diallel F₁ hybrids from six cultivars of T. durum, selected for their different responses to drought stress. Plants were grown in 10 l pots at optimal (control) and low soil moisture levels in the glasshouse. GCA and SCA effects were significant at both soil moisture levels. Results demonstrated that evapotranspiration (ETE) and transpiration efficiency (TE) were under additive and dominant gene control. Interactions of GCA and SCA with moisture levels were also highly significant. GCA effects were the major components of the genetic variance of the biological and generative measures of ETE and TE. Narrow sense heritabilities for both ETE and TE based on grain yield were higher at the soil stress moisture level. Heritability estimates of ETE and TE based on the total biological yield, however, declined under the lower soil moisture level. Measures of ETE and TE showed significantly high and positive genotypic and phenotypic correlations among them as well as with grain yield and harvest index. In most cases, genotypic correlations were higher than phenotypic correlations. The results suggest that selection for high ETE and TE in terms of grain yield should be undertaken under both stress and optimal conditions. Selection in early segregating generations may lead to effective identification of desirable recombinants. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

不同氮素利用效率型小麦品种的生理差异分析

以不同氮素利用效率型小麦品种（2个氮高效、2个氮低效和2个中间型）为材料,分别在灌溉及雨养条件下测定其花后旗叶氮素同化及转运相关酶等生理性状的动态变化,同时在开花期和成熟期测定氮素积累及转运相关性状。结果表明,氮高效型品种晋麦54和晋麦66具有更高的植株氮素积累总量、氮素籽粒生产效率、氮素干物质生产效率、花后氮素转运量、花后氮素转运效率和单株产量,以及更低的花前氮素转运量和花前对籽粒氮积累的贡献率。同时,氮高效型品种的各酶活性及可溶性蛋白质含量高于其他4个品种,而中间型品种晋麦73和泰麦269又高于氮低效型品种晋麦61和泰农18。相关性分析结果显示,参试小麦品种多数关键酶活性与氮素籽粒生产效率、氮素干物质生产效率、花后氮素转运量、花后氮素转运效率、花后对籽粒氮积累的贡献率和单株产量呈显著正相关;与花前对籽粒氮积累的贡献率和花前氮素转运量呈显著负相关。     

绿色超级稻品种的农艺与生理性状分析

探明绿色超级稻的农艺与生理性状,对于培育和选用绿色超级稻品种有重要意义。本研究以4个绿色超级稻品种为材料,1个超级稻品种和1个非超级稻品种为对照,观察了绿色超级稻的农艺与生理表现。结果表明,与对照品种相比,绿色超级稻品种具有较高的产量和氮素利用效率。绿色超级稻品种较高的产量得益于总颖花数和结实率的同步提高,较高的氮素利用率主要在于较高的植株氮素籽粒生产效率(氮素内部利用效率)。绿色超级稻具有较高的茎蘖成穗率和粒叶比,抽穗期较高的糖花比,灌浆期较高的作物生长速率、净同化率、根系氧化力和茎中同化物向籽粒的运转率和成熟期较高的收获指数。这些性状与产量及植株氮素籽粒生产效率均呈极显著的正相关。建议将上述性状作为培育和选用绿色超级稻品种的参考指标。     

不同氮肥用量对秋播黑芝麻‘赣芝8号’生长发育及产量的影响

为探讨黑芝麻新品种‘赣芝8号’在红壤旱地上的合理氮肥用量,笔者研究了6种氮肥用量(0、60、90、120、150、180 kg/hm² N)下‘赣芝8号’的产量、植株性状、氮肥农学利用率。结果表明,不同施氮量对芝麻产量影响显著。在所有处理中均以N120的产量、单株蒴数、每蒴粒数最高,其产量高达 1172.22 kg/hm²。而N0处理表现最差,其产量仅为672.78 kg/hm²。收获指数与产量的表现不一,与N0相比,N60、N90、N120、N150、N180的收获指数分别增加了15.99%、14.91%、38.82%、25.68%、17.07%,其中以N90处理的收获指数最高。在氮农学效率方面,表现出N120处理较高,为4.16 kg/kg。通过方程拟合发现,‘赣芝8号’获得高产的合理施氮范围在80~120 kg/hm²之间。     

Selection for biomass yield in wheat

Summary Biomass (above ground plant parts) yield may be a useful selection trait for yield improvement in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). This study was conducted to estimate realized heritability of biomass yield and to determine the response to selection for high and low biomass yield in 8 genetically diverse populations of spring wheat under two production systems. Selections were made among the F₃ lines. Progenies of the selected lines were evaluated in replicated field tests in the F₄ generation under high fertility and low fertility production systems at Rampur, Nepal, in 1991. Fertility level had a significant effect on biomass yield, grain yield, effective tiller number, number of kernels per spike, thousand kernel weight, and harvest index. Selection in the F₃ for high and low biomass yield was effective in identifying F₄ lines with high and low biomass yield, respectively. Biomass yield differences between high and low selection groups in the F₄ generation, expressed as percent of the mean of the low selection group and averaged over the eight populations, were 53.9 and 36.5% higher than the mean of the low selection group under the high and the low fertility production systems, respectively. The corresponding figures for grain yield were 48.8 and 34.9% under the high and the low production systems, respectively. Also, selection for high biomass yield resulted in higher effective tiller number, and number of kernels per spike, but lower harvest index. Realized heritability estimates for biomass yield were greater at high fertility (range 0.49 to 0.85) than at low fertility (range 0.22 to 0.44). Biomass yield showed positive genotypic correlations with grain yield, effective tiller number, and number of kernels per spike but a negative correlation with harvest index. The results indicated that selection for high biomass yield should bring about positive improvements in biomass yield, grain yield, effective tiller number, and number of kernels per spike. The correlation between F₃ and F₄ generations suggested that biomass yield in the F₃ generation was a good predictor of biomass yield and grain yield in the F₄ generation. Selection for biomass yield in wheat should be made under the standard production system to obtain a realistic response.     

播种方式与种植密度互作对大穗型小麦品种产量和氮素利用率的调控效应

为探明实现冬小麦进一步增产增效的调控途径,于2015—2016年和2016—2017年连续两个生长季,选用大穗型品种泰农18,设置2种播种方式(宽幅播种和常规条播)和7个种植密度(130×10~4、200×10~4、270×10~4、340×10~4、410×10~4、480×10~4和550×10~4株hm~(–2)),研究了播种方式与种植密度互作对大穗型小麦品种产量和氮素利用率的调控效应。结果表明,与常规条播相比,宽幅播种配合增密能够有效缓解单位面积穗数增加与单穗粒重降低、氮素吸收效率提高与氮素内在利用效率下降之间的矛盾,通过增加单位面积穗数和氮素吸收效率协同提高籽粒产量和氮素利用率。宽幅播种条件下获得最高产量和氮素利用率的密度为410×10~4株hm~(–2),显著高于常规条播条件下的最优密度(340×10~4株hm~(–2)),且其增产增效幅度亦显著高于常规条播。综上所述,宽幅播种配合合理密植具有进一步协同提高大穗型小麦品种产量和氮素利用率的潜力。在本试验条件下,宽幅播种(苗带宽8～10cm)与410×10~4株hm~(–2)密度相匹配是大穗型小麦品种泰农18获得更高产高效的最优组合。