基于生理发育时间的棉花生育期模拟模型

棉花生育期模拟是研究棉花生长与环境因子关系的重要内容。通过分析春播中(中早)熟常规棉、中(中早)熟转基因抗虫棉和夏播早熟短季棉三种类型16个品种(系)的生育期与环境因素的动态关系,建立了以棉花生理发育时间(PDT)为基础的棉花生育期模拟模型。模型考虑了热效应、光周期效应、品种早熟性及地膜覆盖地积温对气积温的补偿效应。利用不同年份、生态区、基因型品种、栽培措施的试验资料对模型进行了检验,结果表明不同品种生育期模拟值与观测值的符合度较好,各生育进程的RMSE在1.4～4.9d。模型既有较强的机理性,又有较好的适用性。     

油菜光合作用与干物质积累的动态模拟模型

以生理生态过程为基础,构建了油菜光合作用与干物质积累的模拟模型。模型针对油菜特有的生态冠层结构,采用“三层模型”法,即通过对花、角果、叶三层分别计算光能截获和光合作用,利用高斯积分法计算每层的光合量而得出每日的冠层总同化量。模型充分量化了油菜生理年龄、温度、氮素、水分等因子对最大光合速率的影响,同时考虑了维持呼吸与生长呼吸的消耗。利用不同品种、不同播期、不同氮素水平下的干物质积累动态对模型进行了初步验证,结果表明模拟值与观测值吻合度较好,模型具有较强的机理性和预测性。     

基于春化效应的高山萝卜生育期模拟模型研究

为避免因抽薹而降低萝卜的食用性与商品性,有必要做好抽薹期预测。根据萝卜发育对低温春化的反应特点,2009—2013 年在鄂西南高山地区海拔400、800、1200、1600、1800 m高度对‘短叶13’、‘雪单一号’2 个萝卜品种进行了不同海拔、播期的田间试验及小气候对比观测;引入温度热效应、低温春化效应、光周期敏感性的作物发育速率影响函数,建立了萝卜抽薹生育期的数学模拟模型,并对所建模型进行了校正和检验。结果表明：播种至抽薹生育期所需天数的模拟值与实测值之间平均绝对误差(mean bsolute error,MAE）‘短叶13’与‘雪单一号’分别为2.4、2.7 天,平均相对误差（mean absolute percentage error,MAPE）分别为6.87%、3.26%;与有效积温法（MAE 分别16.9、16.0 天）和PAR日积分法（MAE 分别14.7、13.4 天）发育期模型相比,2 个品种的精度分别提高28%、14.6%以上;模型可以用于高山萝卜错季抽薹期实际预测。     

棉纤维品质指标形成的动态模拟

棉纤维品质形成的准确模拟对构建棉花生长模拟系统及优质高产管理决策具有重要意义。本文以棉铃发育的生理生态过程为基础，采用生理发育时间作为定量发育进程的尺度，通过量化品种效应及水分、日均温和日温差等生态因子对棉纤维品质指标形成的影响，构建了预测棉纤维伸长、比强度增加和纤维素积累的模拟模型。利用不同生态点不同日均温和日温差条件以及不同水分处理的试验资料对模型进行了检验。结果显示，纤维长度、纤维比强度、纤维素含量模拟值与观测值之间的根均方差（RMSE）分别为1.15 mm，1.03 cN·tex^-1和4.37%，表明模型具有较好的预测性和适用性。     

热带区域冬玉米物候发育的模拟与模型检验

为探索热区环境下冬播玉米物候发育的温度效应,建立具有较好解释性的冬玉米物候发育模拟模型。基于云南陇川、瑞丽、芒市三试点分品种和播期的3年试验资料,比较不同模拟方法对冬玉米物候期的预测效果。结果显示以0℃、6℃、8℃、10℃为下限温度的积温模型,预测精度均不高,根均方差(RMSE)为7~11天。因此本研究在WOFOST模型基础上,以日最高温、日最低温2个驱动变量取代日均温,为不同物候期分别设置基点温度,基于物候期分段函数、建立了新的冬玉米物候发育模拟模型。模型采用独立试验数据进行检验,对两供试品种物候期预测的RMSE分别为4.42天和4.19天。模型体现了日温变化对发育速率的影响,体现了不同物候期温度效应的差异,具有较好的机理性,模型预测精度较高。     

油菜生长发育模拟模型研究

以2002—2005年中国长江中游地区田间试验为基础,结合相关文献资料,借鉴R/WCSODS思路,建立油菜生长发育模拟模型,包括油菜发育期、叶龄、干物质、叶面积及分枝数动态模型,并确定参数、检验与验证。例如,中双9号与中油杂2号在武汉和芜湖生育期观察值与模拟值平均绝对误差－0.9～－0.3 d,相关系数0.9996～0.9997,差值标准误2.2～2.3 d,最大绝对误差4 d。干物质与叶面积指数实测值与模拟值平均绝对误差分别为7.3 g·m^-2和－0.1043,差值标准误分别为59.13 g·m^-2和0.1506,相关系数分别为0.9916和0.9583,最大绝对误差分别为98.8 g·m^-2和－0.27。油菜发育期和叶龄模型以温、光为主要驱动因子,油菜生长发育全过程划分为播种至出苗、出苗至抽薹、抽薹至初花以及初花至成熟4个生育阶段,精度较高,适用性好,通用性强,更符合管理要求且易掌握;春化模型同时考虑冬性、半冬性及春性品种,更为全面;油菜群体动态模拟模型初步考虑了绿色茎与角果光合;讨论了油菜模拟优化决策系统的结构与功能。     

冬小麦产量形成模拟模型研究

根据小麦生理生态学理论，建立了冬小麦产量形成及最终产量模拟模型（WYSM），作为小麦生长模型的子模型。模型较为全面地考虑了孕穗期水分、低温霜冻、高温及生长后期干热风对冬小麦粒数的影响，将灌浆期分成3个阶段，引入3个品种参数，考虑每个阶段最大灌浆速率，并利用温度、水分、籽粒体内N/C比等因子进行修正，考虑源库限制，最后采用产量构成因素方法建立小麦最终产量模型。利用北京地区和河南地区不同年份和不同品种的试验资料对模型进行了验证。结果表明，WYSM模型对小麦产量构成因子及最终产量的模拟效果很好，模拟值与实测值吻合度高，粒数、粒重、产量及灌浆过程模拟的相对均方差（NRMSE）为4.2%～10.9%，相对误差（RE）绝对值的平均值为2.9%～6.7%，决定系数R2为0.88～0.99，说明模型不仅具有较强的机理性而且具有较高的预测性和适用性。     

小麦春化基因的遗传效应研究

为了解小麦春化基因Vrn-1的遗传效应,以15个不同类型的小麦品种为试材,研究了不同春化处理对小麦发育进程的影响,并采用分子标记鉴定了上述品种的Vrn-1等位基因组成.结果表明,不同Vrn-1等位基因组合的小麦品种抽穗期存在很大差异；3个显性Vrn-1等位基因的遗传效应表现为Vrn-A1＞Vrn-D1＞Vrn-B1；春...     

甘蓝型冬油菜(Brassica napus)干物质积累、分配与转移的特性研究

采用不同的模型, 定量地研究了不同播期不同基因型油菜干物质积累、分配与转移规律. 结果表明: 油菜总干物质积累动态可拟合成Logistic模型. 油菜根、茎枝、叶干物质分配呈现出多项式函数的变化规律, 角果干物质分配表现为Logistic曲线的变化特征. 晚播油菜干物质冬前优先分配给叶, 角果发育成熟期优先分配给角果并主要给籽粒     

以光周期处理与分期播种试验综合鉴定大豆品种的光温反应

设置短日照(12 h)和长日照(16 h)两种光周期处理,并以春播模拟低温、夏播模拟高温条件,形成长日+低温、长日+高温、短日+低温、短日+高温4种光温组合。2007年对近年育成的10个北方春大豆[Glycine max (L.) Merr.]品种(系)和18个黄淮海夏大豆品种(系)进行了光温反应特性鉴定。2008年对50份材料进行了光周期反应鉴定。结果表明,不论在低温(春播)还是高温(夏播)条件下,短日照均加快大豆的发育进程,导致开花提前;不论在长日照还是短日照条件下,高温均减少出苗至初花的日数。光周期和温度对大豆的发育存在明显的互作,随着温度的升高,短日照促进大豆发育的效应有所加强;随着日照的缩短,高温加快发育的作用也有所增大。供试大豆品种生态类型在光周期反应敏感度(PRS)、温度反应敏感度(TRS)及光温综合反应敏感度(PTCRS)等方面均存在显著差异。北方春大豆品种的上述3个指标均小于黄淮海夏大豆品种,但前者在不同光照条件下的温度反应敏感度差值和在不同温度条件下的光周期反应敏感度差值均较后者高,说明北方春大豆品种光温互作效应较强。     

小麦主茎总叶数的变异

小麦主茎总叶数是重要的植株性状。它也具有变异性。春型品种的主茎叶数少,冬型品种的主茎叶数多,过渡型品种居中。在不同播期中,强春性小麦的主茎叶数相近,一般春性品种变化不大。随着播期的推迟,过渡型和冬型品种的主茎总叶数逐渐发生变化,冬型品种的变化幅度大。冬播期中,在翌春出苗的情况下,所有品种的主茎总叶数都较少,     

大麦春化效应的研究

在杭州春夏播条件下,冬春性不同的大麦品种间生长发育差异明显。春化处理效应因品种和播期而异。未抽穗植株幼穗发育的停滞时期有随播期推迟,品种冬性增强而提前的趋势,作者认为生长锥伸长是春化阶段结束的标志的传统说法不够确切。明确了根据分期春播各品种抽穗性的差异,是鉴定大麦品种春、冬性强弱的简单可靠的好方法。本文     

江苏太湖地区不同生育类型粳稻品种产量对不同播期气候因子的响应

光、温、水等气候因子是影响水稻产量形成的重要因素。为明确江苏太湖地区不同生育类型水稻产量对不同播期下气候因子变化的响应,以期为该地区不同生育类型品种合理安排播期提供依据,2018—2019年在苏州市农业科学院试验农场内以优质早熟品系苏1785和晚熟品种苏香粳100为材料,采用分期播种方法研究了2种不同生育类型水稻产量及其构成对不同播期气候因子的响应特性。结果表明,不同生育期类型品种随着播期推迟产量降低,晚熟品种产量在播期间和年度间产量变异较早熟品种大,稳产性较差。2个不同生育期类型品种有效穗、每穗总粒数随播期推迟均呈降低趋势,而结实率和千粒重播期间的差异因生育类型不同而异,早播使早熟品种结实率显著下降,迟播则使晚熟品种千粒重显著下降。迟播对早熟品种抽穗前光合势的影响程度高于晚熟品种,对抽穗后干物质积累量和群体生产率的影响则相反,迟播条件下晚熟品种茎鞘物质输出率和运转率下降迅速,不利于茎鞘物质的转运和灌浆物质的积累。相关分析表明,日照时数是影响水稻产量的首要气候因子,日均气温和有效积温对产量的影响因品种生育类型不同存在差异,日均气温和有效积温与早熟品种的产量呈显著正相关关系,而日均气温与晚熟品种的产量相关不显著,气候因子对产量的影响表现为:日照时数>日均气温,有效积温>降雨量。     

基于顶端发育的小麦产量结构形成模型

小麦产量由单位面积穗数、每穗粒数与粒重构成。本研究以试验资料为基础,通过定量分析小麦茎顶端发育过程及其与环境因子和品种特性的动态关系,构建了小麦穗粒发育与结实的模拟模型,包括对叶原基数、叶片数、小穗原基数、小穗数、籽粒数及籽粒重的预测;进一步结合茎蘖发生与穗数决定模型,最终建立了小麦产量结构形成的模     

Multivariate analysis of traits determining adaptation in cultivated barley

Thirty‐nine barley varieties of different origin, representing different growth types, were included in a series of experiments aimed at analysing the variability in vernalization response, photoperiod sensitivity and earliness per se and establishing the types of ecoclimatic adaptability using multivariate analysis. In the case of spring barley varieties there was no correlation between any of the three traits. For winter barleys, a negative correlation was found between photoperiod sensitivity and vernalization response and between photoperiod sensitivity and earliness per se. Vernalization response and earliness per se showed a positive correlation. Among the winter barley varieties large variations were apparent in photoperiod sensitivity, vernalization response and earliness per se, which resulted in a tremendous variation in flowering patterns and frost tolerance. Between the spring barley varieties only wider variations in photoperiod sensitivity were detected. Based on the cluster analysis, the 39 varieties could be separated into seven groups. The spring barley varieties were placed in two groups, and the winter barleys in five groups representing different adaptational types. Among these five groups two represented the two opposing extreme combinations of photoperiod sensitivity and vernalization response. The combination of large photoperiod sensitivity and no vernalization response resulted in better frost tolerance than did the combination of photoperiod insensitivity and large vernalization response.     

The physiology of variation in the time of ear emergence among wheat varieties from different regions of the world

Summary Differences in response to photoperiod and vernalization and genetic variation independent of photoperiod and vernalization (earliness per se), affecting time of ear emergence of wheat, were identified in controlled environment experiments with 33 varieties of diverse geographical origin. The results were compared with an analysis of time of ear emergence of 10409 T. aestivum accessions from the USDA Small Grain Collection grown from autumn sowings in Pendleton, Oregon, and spring sowings in Fargo, North Dakota. The effect of differences in photoperiod and vernalization sensitivity on time of ear emergence was similar to the effect of earliness per se, both under controlled environment conditions and in the field. Most of the accessions from low latitude regions reached ear emergence rapidly owing to their insensitivity to photoperiod and vernalization and earliness per se factors accelerating ear emergence. Lateness was common among accessions from Northern Europe, Afghanistan and Turkey, which was due to sensitivity to photoperiod and vernalization, and to earliness per se factors delaying ear emergence. The physiological basis of earliness per se is discussed.     

Genetic control of flowering time and its component processes in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.)

Summary The inheritance of flowering time and its component processes, vernalization and photoperiod response, were studied in two crosses of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) using a field sowing and four controlled environment sowings with different combinations of vernalization and photoperiod. Time to flowering was under polygenic control and was highly heritable. For both vernalization and photoperiod response, there was dominance for a low response, or earliness. A simple genetic control was indicated for photoperiod response. The results for vernalization response were not clear cut, although the character appeared to be under polygenic control. An interaction between vernalization and photoperiod response was evident in three of the four cultivars studied. This made it impossible to separate the effect of these two component processes and complicated the study of their inheritance. Node of first flower on the main stem was closely related to flowering time and its use led to similar conclusions in the inheritance studies.     

播期对川中丘陵区油菜倒伏性状的影响

油菜机械化生产中,植株倒伏是影响机械化收获的重要因素。为探讨不同播种期对川中丘陵区油菜倒伏性状的影响,以川油36和蓉油18为供试材料,分别设置9月22日、9月29日、10月6日、10月13日和10月20日5个播期处理,分析不同播期条件下油菜生育期气象因子、倒伏性状指标的变化情况。结果表明,随播种期推迟,油菜生育期内的降水量、积温、日均最高气温、日均最低气温和日照时长均逐渐下降,生育期逐渐缩短,成熟期植株株高、分枝部位、根颈粗、茎秆粗降低,倒伏系数增加。油菜抗倒伏能力在9月22-29日播期处理之间最强。因此,川中丘陵区油菜的适宜播期为9月下旬。     

Latitude and Date of Sowing Influences Phenology of Photoperiod‐Sensitive Sorghums

Matching phenology with prevalent abiotic and biotic conditions is a prerequisite for varietal adaptation to the environment. That is particularly important in the context of climate change because an increase in temperature is most likely to modify the precocity of the varieties. The forecast of flowering time in photoperiod‐sensitive sorghum is complex as flowering depends on temperature, day length and soil fertility. The objectives of this work were to quantify effects of latitude on the development of selected sorghum varieties and to verify the precision of our models to predict sorghum maturity. A field experiment at three locations along the latitudinal gradient in Mali with staggered sowing dates (SDs) was conducted. Seven sorghum cultivars covering a wide range of the diversity of cultivated sorghums in Mali were sown on the 10 of June, July and August in 2009 and 2010. Duration of the vegetative phase strongly decreased with latitude. Although the maximum day length difference between locations was < 8 min, for some varieties, we observed a reduction in crop duration of up to 3 weeks. Some varieties were photoperiod insensitive at one location but became photoperiod sensitive at another. The effect of latitude on the phenology is underestimated by the existing models. To determine the optimal areas for the varieties in West Africa and to forecast the effects of climate change, a correction of the simulation coefficients taking account of latitude is proposed. But, in the end, it will be necessary to develop a new model that will be able to predict the effects of both SD and latitude. More research is needed to understand physiological response mechanisms of the pronounced latitude effects on sorghum phenology.