甜椒雄性不育两用系小孢子发育的显微观察

以甜椒雄性不育两用系为试材,对不育株与可育株花粉母细胞减数分裂过程中染色体行为、花药和小孢子发育过程进行了研究。结果表明,不育株花粉母细胞减数分裂染色体行为未见异常,败育发生在四分小孢子形成之后。导致小孢子败育的原因与四分体胼胝质壁不适时解体和绒毡层细胞发育异常、延迟解体有关。     

美女樱雄性不育系小孢子发生的细胞学观察

采用常规显微制片法,在光学显微镜下观察了美女樱雄性不育系B-58及其可育系的小孢子发生过程和各时期的形态特征。结果表明:可育系小孢子发育经历了造孢细胞、小孢子母细胞、四分体等时期,最后发育成花粉,期间小孢子发育靠绒毡层不断自我解体而提供营养。雄性不育系B-58小孢子败育发生在四分体时期,其主要特征是绒毡层细胞提前液泡化,四分体胼胝质壁不能适时降解,致使四分体持续时间较长,四分孢子核质收缩降解,形成形状不规则空瘪的小孢子。     

水稻小孢子形成和发育过程中胼胝质的动态变化

利用活体荧光显微术,PEG切片荧光显微术,半薄切片光学显微术和透射电镜观察了粳稻台中65小孢子形成和发育过程中胼胝质的动态变化。结果发现,胼胝质最早于小孢子母细胞形成期出现于花粉囊中。进入小孢子母细胞减数分裂期,胼胝质首先在小孢子母细胞靠近药室中央的初生细胞壁上沉积,并于减数分裂Ⅰ终变期形成完整的胼胝质壁;随后胼胝质在小孢子母细胞中央开始沉积,并向四周扩展形成第1个赤道板,随后形成第2个赤道板;减数分裂后,四分体周围的胼胝质解体释放出小孢子。小孢子早期,绒毡层细胞中积累胼胝质类物质,小孢子核周围也开始沉积胼胝质,逐渐形成完整胼胝质壁;小胞子晚期,绒毡层细胞开始解体,药室内壁细胞开始加厚,其加厚的物质为胼胝质类物质。二胞花粉早期,小孢子进行不均等分裂,形成营养细胞和具有胼胝质壁的生殖细胞,随后营养细胞的细胞质中积累胼胝质,生殖细胞的胼胝质壁开始解体;二胞花粉晚期,药室内壁加厚完成,营养细胞的细胞质中继续积累胼胝质,花粉成熟期,营养细胞的细胞质中积累了大量胼胝质。对胼胝质在小孢子形成和发育过程中的功能进行了讨论。     

遗传工程法改造绒毡层的遗传组成定向培育植物雄性不育系的现状及展望

植物的雄性不育系在品种的群体改良及杂种优势的利用户具有重要的应用价值。随着分子生物学研究的不断深入，现在不仅从拟南芥植物克隆了雄性不育基因（Aarts等，1993），并且通过遗传工程法改造花药绒毡层的遗传组成，定向培育出了油菜、”玉米、棉花等多种重要农作物的核雄性不育系，为雄性不育系的产生提供了一条新途径。1绒毡层提早解离与雄性不育1.1雄性不育系的培育实验证明，花药中的绒毡层对小孢子的发育起了很大的作用。绒毡层的提早或延迟解体往往导致小孢子不正常发育而表现雄性不育。为此，比利时植物遗传系统公司（PlantGene…     

高粱非迈罗型A2细胞质雄性不育系A2V4小孢子败育过程的细胞学研究

高粱非迈罗型细胞质雄性不育(CMS)系A2V4,具有来源于IS12662C不育细胞质和Chicklett细胞核背景,以A2V4组配的杂交种已用于生产。以A2V4/B2V4为材料,对A2CMS的花药发育及小孢子败育过程进行了细胞学观察研究。结果发现,在A2V4雄性不育系的花药发育过程中有大量异常现象。药室的绒毡层细胞不形成或提前解体;药室内的花粉母细胞不发育或小孢子液泡化;绒毡层细胞发育异常,出现巨型化而挤满整个药室;绒毡层细胞虽发育正常,但花粉母细胞发育异常,在造孢细胞时期即开始出现变形现象,随后发生粘连退化;绝大部分花粉母细胞不能完成正常的减数分裂过程形成四分体,导致小孢子退化。     

小麦D型细胞质雄性不育系和保持系小孢子发育的超微结构观察研究

对小麦D型细胞质雄性不育系和保持系小孢子发育的超微结构观察发现,D型不育系小孢子在“小液泡期”即表现出败育迹象．花粉败育过程中,小孢子液泡膜和细胞质膜断裂破碎,细胞质解体,线粒体、质体、内质网等细胞器解体或退化,绒毡层持续不解体,并缺少乌氏体的分泌。小孢子细胞解体顺序为：细胞膜首先断裂,细胞质分解变稀     

芹菜雄性不育花药发育的细胞学观察

对芹菜花药发育过程的细胞学观察表明,雄性不育系花粉母细胞的减数分裂行为正常,可以形成单核小孢子并从四分体中释放出来,这以后由于绒毡层细胞提前解体,使小孢子得不到充足营养而发生败育。     

植物花粉发育的基因工程研究进展

植物花粉发育过程极其复杂,众多基因参与其中并对花粉发育的正常进行发挥着重要作用。植物花粉发育的基因工程研究是将花粉发育的分子水平研究和植物个体发育调控研究联系起来的中间环节,有助于全面认识植物花粉发育的机理。综述了植物花粉发育相关基因的分离、表达及其调控的研究进展,探讨了利用基因工程创造雄性不育的几种方法,并对今后的应用前景进行了展望。     

棉花晋A细胞质雄性不育系小孢子发生的显微和超微结构观察

研究了棉花晋 A细胞质雄性不育系的细胞学特征。结果表明 ,1晋 A不育系雄性败育的主要时期是在造孢细胞增殖——小孢子母细胞形成时期。大部分小孢子母细胞在形成过程中退化解体 ;少数小孢子母细胞能进一步发育并开始减数分裂 ,但都仅停留在减数分裂前期 ,该不育系绒毡层提早解体与小孢子母细胞解体有关。 2小孢子母细胞和绒毡层细胞中的线粒体异常 ,对晋 A不育系小孢子败育有直接的影响。线粒体异常表现的特征为 :线粒体肿胀破裂 ,内嵴溶解、消失     

洋葱63A细胞质雄性不育与绒毡层的提早衰退有关

细胞质雄性不育（CMS）机理的细胞学研究在许多作物上已有报道，如拟南芥、大豆、水稻、小麦等，但在国内至今未见关于洋葱的此类报道。利用光镜和透射电镜对洋葱不育系63A和保持系63B进行花药发育过程中显微结构和超微结构观察，结果表明，不育花药花粉母细胞时期，花粉母细胞发育正常，花粉囊形状不规则，绒毡层发育迟缓。四分体时期，四分体形成正常，中层严重退化，绒毡层与药室壁完全脱离，细胞质浓缩、空泡化。利用DNA梯度技术发现不育系绒毡层细胞提早发生程序性死亡。小孢子发育时期，小孢子细胞质发生浓缩、降解，绒毡层完全解体。推测不育系小孢子败育与中层、绒毡层提前衰退有关。     

化学杂交剂诱导油菜雄性不育机理的研究——Ⅰ.杀雄剂1号对甘蓝型油菜花药毡绒层和花粉粒形成的影响

研究揭示了甘蓝型油菜花药壁发育类型属双子叶型,毡绒层为同型单起源毡绒层,又可称为分泌型腺质毡绒层。用0.03％杀雄剂1号处理9个不同发育时期的甘蓝型油莱,研究其诱导雄性不育的效果,结果表明:造胞细胞时期以前处理都是无效的,花粉母细胞以后处理才有效,尤以单核期处理效果最好,不育株率接近100％。这是由于杀雄剂1号诱导甘蓝型油菜花药毡绒层偏离了正常的发育方式,而形成异常的毡绒层,表现为毡绒层增厚,提早解体,与药壁中层分离,并由此产生各种形状的败育花粉。花粉中出现细胞质收缩、空秕,无花粉壁和药中无花粉等现象。文中还对杀雄剂1号诱导甘蓝型油菜雄性不育的作用机制进行了讨论。     

甘蓝型油菜温敏细胞核雄性不育系160S花药败育的形态学特征和细胞学研究

明确甘蓝型油菜温敏核雄性不育系160S花器形态变化、花药败育的时期和细胞学特征,初步探究败育的原因,为深入研究不育系160S的内在分子调控机制提供理论基础,也对其在油菜两系杂交育种中的实际应用具有指导意义。本研究在15℃和28℃条件下培养试验材料160S,利用体式显微镜分别观察花发育形态特征;采用醋酸洋红染色方法观察各时期小孢子发育形态;通过石蜡切片和苏木精-伊红染色对可育植株(MaleFertile/160S-MF)和不育植株(MaleSterile/160S-MS)花药细胞学特征进行显微观察;TUNEL染色法检测花药发育各时期绒毡层细胞凋亡情况。160S-MF在15℃表现为可育,雄蕊正常发育,成熟的花药呈黄色,形态饱满,正常开裂,表面一层有活性的花粉附着在上面;28℃条件下, 160S-MS花朵的雌蕊、萼片与160S-MF花朵无差异,但花瓣变小,花丝变短,雄蕊明显退化,花药干瘪呈黄褐色,无花粉粒附着在花药上,表现出雄性完全不育。160S-MF的小孢子能正常发育为成熟有活力的花粉。而160S-MS由于雄蕊完全败育,未观察到小孢子和花粉粒。160S-MS花药在造孢时期和花粉母细胞时期与160S-MF无明显差异,但在减数分裂期,160S-MS花药绒毡层形态和结构出现异常,绒毡层细胞排列不整齐,细胞空泡化,伴随提前解体。同时花粉母细胞发育受阻,无四分体结构形成,最终在减数分裂期完成前形成空的花粉囊。TUNEL检测发现, 160S-MS花药绒毡层细胞在减数分裂期开始凋亡。本研究结果表明, 160S属花粉母细胞败育型不育系,败育时期发生在减数分裂期,绒毡层异常降解,绒毡层未向腺质型转化,不能提供花粉母细胞发育所需要的营养物质,致使花粉母细胞发育受阻无法形成四分体结构,从而导致小孢子无法形成,花药形成空的花粉囊,产生雄性不育。     

Characterization of transgenic male sterility in alfalfa

Dependable male sterility would help to make hybrid cultivar development a reality in alfalfa once higher levels of heterosis are attained. Alfalfa plants obtained by genetic transformation with a construct containing the Barnase gene under the control of a tobacco anther tapetum specific promoter were studied. Vacuolization and degeneration of the tapetal cell cytoplasm at a premeiotic stage of development were observed in all five transformed plants (T₀)examined, but the severity of the abnormalities varied greatly among pollen sacs of a genotype. During the meiotic stage, some pollen sacs showed reduction in size, and the tapetum generally appeared thinner when compared to those of the non transgenic plants; tapetal cells showed abnormal vacuolization and signs of cytoplasm degeneration. Despite this, some microspores were formed and some pollen grains were shed in all the T₀ plants, but these were highly variable in size and had very low in vitro germinability. Self-fertility was negligible. The T₀ plants were crossed with one or two unrelated non transgenic male-fertile plants. Mendelian segregation was observed with two exceptions. Instability of the trait in F₁ progenies was noticed, varying for different T₀ parents. F₁ plants exhibiting higher sterility than the primary transformants were observed, indicating that it should be possible to obtain good male sterile plants by backcrossing this trait into different genetic backgrounds. The possible use of this transgenic male sterility in alfalfa breeding is briefly discussed. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

小麦新型化学杂交剂的筛选

为拓展小麦化控两系途径的药剂种类,降低化学杂交剂(CHA)成本,利用西农1376检验15种化学药剂、4个浓度、3个施用时期(小麦不同发育时期)的诱导不育效果, 并对花药败育的机制进行了研究。结果表明,各处理诱导小麦花粉败育效果差异较大,Feek’s 7.5和9.5时期,15种药剂各浓度处理诱导植株营养生长发育异常或花粉败育不明显;Feek’s 8.5时期,T6药剂0.24 kg hm^-2诱导雄性不育率为93.33%,植株表型及雌蕊发育正常,对其饱和授粉,能获得杂交种子,且饱和授粉结实率较高。石蜡切片观察该处理诱导雄性不育花药的绒毡层细胞降解过程异常,自单核早期绒毡层细胞核明显降解,单核中后期花粉内核也开始降解,直至三核期,绒毡层细胞及花粉内核及营养物质基本消失,仅剩少量花粉壁残留,最终导致花粉败育。因此认为,T6诱导的小麦生理型雄性不育与绒毡层的异常降解直接相关。     

A comparative study of microsporogenesis and anther wall development in different types of genic and cytoplasmic male sterilities in chives

A new cytoplasmic and two genic male sterilities in chives are compared with male‐fertile counterparts for anther development and microsporogenesis. The genic male sterilities (wi and st1) fail to produce viable pollen, since microsporogenesis is stopped around the stage of tetrads. Compared with a previously described cytoplasmic male sterility, CMS₁, which also shows alterations during this stage, wi‐ and st1‐sterile plants fail to produce pollen walls. The last two male sterilities are very similar in development but can be distinguished by the missing breakdown of callose in st1‐sterile plants. In contrast to the sterilities described above, the second cytoplasmic male sterility, CMS₂, is caused by functional damages to sporophytic tissues, such as no degeneration of mesothecium cells and no thickening of the endothecial cell walls. These alterations prevent the release of pollen, although they are normally developed.     

Male gamete development and early tapetal degeneration in cytoplasmic male-sterile pepper investigated by meiotic, anatomical and ultrastructural analyses

Cytoplasmic male‐sterile (CMS) pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is a useful germplasm for heterosis breeding, however, the process of male gamete development and the sterility mechanism is unclear. In the present study, the developmental sequence in CMS pepper and the causative factors responsible for pollen abortion were investigated through combined meiotic analysis, paraffin section observations, and transmission electron microscopy. Results from meiotic analysis showed that meiosis in a male‐sterile inbred line, CMS 21A, was normal, and uni‐nucleate pollen could be released from the tetrads of both CMS 21A and the fertile maintainer line 21B. However, only the uni‐nucleate pollen from CMS 21B could develop into functional gametes, while the uni‐nucleate pollen from the 21A went through a process of rupture, and the cellular components were released into the anther sac. Observations of paraffin sections viewed with the light microscope showed that the tapetum of CMS 21A at the uni‐nucleate stage swelled abnormally and was pressed against pollen grains of the locule. Further observations with transmission electron microscopy revealed that the mitochondria in CMS 21A tapetum were highly vacuolated, and there was no accumulation of sporopollenin on the surface of CMS 21A pollen, suggesting a close relationship between early degeneration of tapetum and CMS.     

Influence of cytoplasmic-nuclear male sterility systems on microsporogenesis in pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.)

Influence of a range of cytoplasms on microsporogenesis and anther development in pearl millet was studied using six isonuclear A-lines having five cytoplasms (A₁, A₂, A₃, A₄ and A_v) and the nuclear genome of 81B. 81B was used as a male-fertile control. Microsporogenesis and anther development were normal in 81B. However, pollen mother cell (PMC)/microspore/pollen degeneration in the six A-lines occurred at different stages of anther development. Each cytoplasm had its unique influence on microsporogenesis and anther development as evidenced by different developmental paths followed by them leading to pollen abortion. The cause of pollen abortion differed from line to line, from floret to floret within a spikelet, from anther to anther within a floret, and in some cases even from locule to locule within an anther. Events that led to male sterility included anomalies in tapetum and callose behaviour, persistence of tapetum, endothecium thickness, and other unknown causes. The present study also indicated that anther/pollen development was more irregular in Pb 406A₃. In 81A₄ and 81A₁ > 95% of anther locules followed a definite developmental path to pollen abortion. In the other A-lines many developmental paths were observed within the line and pollen degeneration occurred at various stages. This could be one of the reasons for greater instability of male sterility in the A₂ and A₃ systems and greater stability of male sterility in the A₁ and A₄ systems. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

棉花雄性不育研究和应用进展

综述了棉花雄性不育类型、不育机理和雄性不育系杂种优势利用状况,着重讨论了棉花雄性不育的细胞学、生理生化和分子生物学研究进展。并对本领域研究和应用中存在的问题及发展前景提出了看法。