黄土丘陵区华北落叶松人工林生态系统生物量与养分循环特征

通过样地调查观测和室内样品分析,对位于山西吉县的23年生华北落叶松人工林生态系统中13种元素的循环特征进行研究。测算得到研究区域人工林生态系统的生物量在各器官的空间分布,结合林木各器官养分含量,得出养分元素在空间变异上的积累与分布;测算四大分室(林木、土壤、枯落物和大气)中其余分室的养分含量和养分积累与分布,得到养分循环过程中华北落叶松人工林养分年归还量134.719kg/(hm~2·a),年存留量53.409kg/(hm~2·a)和年吸收量188.129kg/(hm2·a);最后综合上述的各分室养分循环状况,得出反映该森林生态系统的养分生物循环特征的参数和指标。研究区华北落叶松人工林生态系统内N,P,K的循环系数均值(0.68),表明研究区生态系统循环速率较快;利用系数偏小,储存效率慢,土壤养分利用效率较高;养分元素通过林冠后均明显增加(林冠截留量142.1mm),并且对降水量(587.8mm)要求一般。较高的富集系数使其适应瘠薄自然环境,养分消耗量低。总体来看,华北落叶松是很有潜力的森林更新和荒山造林树种。     

农牧交错区小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla)人工灌木林土壤碳氮磷化学计量特征

研究小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla)人工灌木林土壤化学计量特征,有助于阐明林下土壤养分分配及限制因素,为人工灌-草生态系统物质平衡和稳定维持提供理论依据。以内蒙古中部农牧交错区天然草地为对照(CK),比较相同林龄不同密度人工小叶锦鸡儿灌木林下0~50 cm土层土壤有机碳、总氮和总磷含量及其化学计量特征。结果表明(1)与天然草地相同,小叶锦鸡儿人工灌木林土壤SOC和TN在0~5 cm出现明显地"表聚性",且随着土壤深度的增加逐渐降低。(2)该研究区土壤释放P素能力较强且含量相对稳定,但C素和N素含量总体偏低;其间,C/P受控于土壤SOC含量,N/P受控于TN含量,C/N受林分密度影响较小,相对稳定。(3)在土壤养分平衡过程中,该地区低密度林(1200棵hm^-2)各土层C、N、P含量均显著高于中、高密度林,促进了土壤C素和N素的积累与循环,有助于改善土壤环境。     

子午岭不同林地土壤有机碳及养分储量特征分析

采用野外调查、取样和室内实验分析相结合的方法,研究了黄土高原子午岭林区3种林地土壤有机碳和全量养分储量的分布特征及相关关系.结果表明:(1)研究区3种林地土壤有机碳含量为3.9^37.6g/kg,平均含量为13.02g/kg,辽东栎林地最高,其次为柴松林,人工油松林地最低;(2)土壤有机碳含量随深度增加而递减,其中柴松林地的垂直变化幅度最大,达88.86%.3种林分土壤碳密度差异显著,其各土层变化范围为1.063.67kg/m2,土壤碳密度亦随深度增加而减少.对于整个土层(0-90cm)而言,各林分土壤碳密度为9.3811.43kg/m2;(3)不同养分储量在3种林分之间表现的规律性及相关性不同.有机碳和各全量养分储量随土壤深度增加均呈减小趋势,有机碳和全氮表现尤其明显.     

西藏“玉米田养鹅”模式下养分吸收与养分平衡特征

农田生态系统养分吸收与养分平衡是影响系统生产力和环境质量的关键因素之一。本研究通过分析玉米田养鹅和常规玉米种植生产方式下玉米植株与籽粒的养分分配状况,以及系统中养分的输入和输出状况,对比评价各处理下养分的吸收和利用效率以及养分盈余和亏缺状态。结果表明,玉米田养鹅处理下玉米籽粒和秸秆的氮(N)、磷(P)和钾(K)含量与对照相比无显著差异;玉米田养鹅处理各养分的吸收量与产量的相关性大小依次为PKN,其中P和K养分与产量的相关性显著(p0.05);对照为PNK,其中P和N养分与产量的相关性显著(p0.05);玉米田养鹅处理和对照的N、P2O5和K2O养分收获指数、吸收效率和利用效率之间均无明显差异;不同处理均存在较低的养分投入和较高的养分产出的情况,系统养分失衡,尤其是N和K元素在产出后严重亏缺,与玉米田养鹅处理相比,对照的N和K养分亏缺量分别高出39.0%和34.90%,处理间差异显著(p0.05),对照P素的亏缺较小,但玉米田养鹅处理P素出现少量盈余,处理间差异极显著(p0.01);从经济效益来看,玉米田养鹅处理虽存在玉米减产的问题,但其经济产量损失的部分可由肉鹅的经济产出得以补偿并获得了更高的经济效益。总体而言,玉米田养鹅处理对养分吸收和利用无明显影响,养分平衡状况较好,经济效益较高。     

养分化学计量比对稻田土壤葡萄糖矿化及其激发效应的影响

选择13C-葡萄糖作为稻田土壤典型易利用态外源有机碳,通过室内培养试验,研究不同C/N/P/S计量比条件下,葡萄糖分解矿化的动态规律及其激发效应。结果表明,稻田土壤中葡萄糖-碳(C)快速矿化,60 d培养实验后,有65.5%~74.6%的葡萄糖-C矿化。养分元素的添加使土壤中葡萄糖-C快速转化碳库的比例逐渐由58%增加至65%,从而使葡萄糖-C矿化率提高了3.9%~12.5%,养分元素的添加量与葡萄糖-C快速转化碳库的比例和矿化率均表现出显著的正相关关系(R2=0.63,p0.05;R2=0.83,p0.05)。葡萄糖-C矿化过程中,导致稻田土壤碳的累积负激发效应为-370~-570 mg kg-1,养分元素添加比例越大,其负激发效应越强,二者呈显著的负相关性(R2=0.66,p0.05)。研究表明,稻田土壤中易利用态碳的矿化受C/N/P/S元素计量比的影响,高比例养分元素的添加,促进土壤中易利用态碳的矿化,抑制土壤原有有机质的分解,增强负激发效应。本研究可为深入了解稻田生态系统碳循环、实现农田土壤肥力提升和温室气体减排提供理论依据。     

森林凋落物分解研究进展

 森林凋落物分解是森林生态系统养分生物循环的重要环节,而分解过程中所释放的CO2是全球碳素收支的重要组分,开展森林凋落物分解研究是充分认识森林生态系统结构和功能的基础。研究认为:凋落物分解的预测指标可分为3类,即环境指标(如实际蒸散量)、凋落物物理质量(如叶抗张强度)和化学质量指标(如C/N比、木质素/N比和C/P比等);凋落物分解过程中养分释放机制极其复杂,养分动态模式主要有淋溶—释放、淋溶—富集—释放和富集—释放3种,并因凋落物种类、分解阶段和元素本身性质的不同而异;凋落物混合分解并非单一树种分解的简单叠加,因树种组成和比例不同,基质的化学组成会发生变化,从而影响分解者的多样性、丰富度和生理活性,进而直接和间接地影响其分解速率;凋落物混合分解中可能存在无效应、促进效应和抑制效应;现有的研究结果显示,凋落物混合分解的适宜比例应与群落中不同树种的种群比例相一致;CO2浓度升高不仅影响凋落物的化学性质,而且与分解环境中土壤的生物活性密切相关,但CO2浓度升高并不改变凋落物质量与分解速率之间的关系;越来越多的研究显示,CO2浓度升高的环境下,植物群落的物种组成会产生变化,这种变化对养分循环速率的影响远大于单纯大气CO2浓度变化的影响。     

密云水库北京集水区油松水源保护林主要养分元素积累与分配研究

对密云水库北京集水区油松水源保护林主要养分元素积累与分配的研究结果表明:29年生油松林的生物量为92 627 kg/hm².油松林不同器官中各养分元素的含量差异较大,在叶、枝和干中各养分元素的含量顺序分别为N(K)>K(N、Ca)>Ca(K)>Mg(P)>P(Mg).根系中的养分元素随着根系直径的增加呈各养分元素的含量降低.油松林生态系统5种养分元素的贮存量为695.17 kg/hm².若以各养分元素在油松林生态系统中的贮存量来计,则N的贮存量最大,P的最小,不同养分元素贮存量的顺序N>Ca>K>Mg>P.油松林生态系统对N元素的富集能力最强,不同器官中各养分元素的富集系数排序均为N>P>K>Ca>Mg.油松林每积累1 t干物质需N、P、K、Ca和Mg等5种养分元素共计7.51 kg.     

红壤侵蚀区崩岗土壤养分化学计量特征分异规律

以福建省西南部长汀县濯田镇黄泥坑崩岗群内植被盖度分别为2%,20%和95%的3处相邻崩岗为研究对象,对各崩岗内集水坡面、崩壁(顶部、中部及底部)、崩积体(上部和下部)和沟道出口7个典型部位0—10,10—20,20—30cm土壤基本理化性质进行测定,分析了各植被盖度崩岗不同深度及部位土壤化学计量比的空间分异规律。结果表明:随着植被盖度的升高,土壤养分含量及化学计量比显著增加(除全磷含量和P/K以外);随着土壤深度的增加,有机碳、全氮和全钾含量以及C/N、C/P、C/K和N/P总体上呈减少趋势,全磷含量以及N/K和P/K基本维持稳定;沿集水坡面→崩壁→崩积体→沟道出口,有机碳、全氮和全钾含量以及C/N、C/P、C/K、N/P和N/K基本表现为先减少再增加最后亦降低的变化趋势,全磷含量和N/P无明显差异;土壤化学计量特征与土壤养分含量、粉粒含量、容重、含水量和pH具有较强的相关关系。崩岗系统土壤物理结构较差,养分含量普遍较低,其中有机碳、全氮和全磷含量存在不同程度的限制。     

固沙林恢复土壤酶化学计量特征与养分限制效应

[目的]探究土壤胞外酶及酶化学计量比对沙漠化土地植被恢复过程的响应特征及其养分限制效应，可深入揭示人工固沙林重建植被过程养分转化能力与机理。[方法]基于时空替代法，以榆林毛乌素沙区的半固定沙地为(0 a)对照、选择恢复25～56 a灌木与乔木固沙林时间序列样地，测定分析了0—10 cm和10—20 cm土层的胞外酶活性、酶生态化学计量的演变特征及其限制微生物养分需求效应。[结果]随着植被恢复年限增加，两种林地土壤β-葡萄糖苷酶(BG)、β-1,4-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)、亮氨酸氨肽酶(LAP)和碱性磷酸酶(AP)活性在不同土层均呈显著升高趋势。但酶活性的不均衡变化也显著改变了土壤酶化学计量特征，56 a植被恢复过程中，土壤酶C∶N,C∶P,N∶P呈增加趋势。土壤胞外酶化学计量比也表明植被恢复期间微生物生长受N限制显著增加，P限制并不明显，仅在乔木林恢复25 a时10—20 cm土层中出现P限制。[结论]固沙林植被恢复显著提升了土壤酶活性，增强了土壤碳氮代谢的能力，且在恢复过程中土壤微生物活动主要受到N养分的限制。     

黄土丘陵区人工林养分循环特*征

通过对山西省吉县蔡家川流域人工刺槐林和人工油松林养分元素积累与分布和生物循环进行研究,结果表明:(1)黄土丘陵区人工林乔木层不同器官养分元素含量以树叶为最高,树干最低;各器官中养分元素含量N最高,P最低,凋落物层养分含量总计约占整个林下层养分含量的26.69%～37.36%;(2)黄土丘陵区人工林生态系统养分总贮量为3 238.548 kg/hm2,乔木层、灌木层、草本层和凋落物层分别72.24%,12.31%,8.70%和6.74%,说明该地区人工林群落结构简单,乔木层树种单一;(3)黄土丘陵区人工林年吸收量、归还量、存留量分别为256.825,110.328,146.497 kg/(hm2.a),年归还量占年吸收量的42.96%,凋落物的回归量不到吸收量的1/2。(4)循环系数为0.364～0.398,循环速率依次为PMgKCaN。     

Nutrient Dynamics and Eutrophication Patterns in a Semi-Arid Wetland: The Effects of Fluctuating Hydrology

A three-year study was carried out in Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park, a Spanish semi-arid wetland, to describe eutrophication patterns and the responses of the main primaryproducers in contrasting inundation years. Total and dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus, phytoplankton chlorophyll-a(monthly) and emergent macrophyte cover (yearly) were measured together with water levels. Water balances were taken to assessphosphorus and nitrogen annual nutrient budgets. The wetland could be termed hypertrophic. Nutrients displayed distinct seasonality because nitrogen peaked both in winter and summer,whereas phosphorus did so in late spring and early summer. A reduction in both total nitrogen and phosphorus in humid yearsdue to higher water levels was also observed. An important spatial heterogeneity in nutrient content occurred throughout the study, part of which could be ascribed to hydrological fluctuations since the input site showed higher mean values in rainy years. Mass balances suggested that sedimentation played a key role in nutrient dynamics, with macrophyte leaching and waterfowl additions being minor sources. Internalloading was much higher than external loading in this wetland,thereby being responsible for higher sedimentation rates.Phytoplankton chlorophyll-a displayed seasonality, withpeaks in late summer, when macrophyte activity was decreasing.No relationship between either chlorophyll-a and nutrients or hydrological conditions could be ascertained formost sampling stations and years of study. However, the waterlevel-dependent, emergent macrophyte sawgrass (Cladium mariscus) presented a statistically significant relationship with both nitrogen and phosphorus. Our results demonstrate thatmacrophytes must be taken into account in wetland eutrophicationmodels. A conceptual model comparing the responses of primary producers to eutrophication in lakes and wetlands is outlined.     

Effect of land management and soil texture on seasonal variations in soil microbial biomass in dry tropical agroecosystems in Tanzania

Soil microbes are an essential component of most terrestrial ecosystems; as decomposers they are responsible for regulating nutrient dynamics, and they also serve as a highly labile nutrient pool. Here, we evaluated seasonal variations in microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and nitrogen (MBN) as well as microbial activity (as qCO₂) for 16 months with respect to several factors relating to soil moisture and nutrients under different land management practices (plant residue application, fertilizer application) in both clayey (38% clay) and sandy (4% clay) croplands in Tanzania. We observed that MBC and MBN tended to decrease during the rainy season whereas they tended to increase and remain at high levels during the dry season in all treatment plots at both of our test sites, although soil moisture did not correlate with MBC or MBN. qCO₂ correlated with soil moisture in all treatment plots at both sites, and hence soil microbes act as decomposers mainly during the rainy season. Although the effect of seasonal variation of soil moisture on the dynamics of MBC, MBN, and qCO₂ was certainly greater than that attributable to plant residue application, fertilizer application, or soil texture, plant residue application early in the rainy season clearly increased MBC and MBN in both clayey and sandy soils. This suggests that plant residue application can help to not only counter the N loss caused by leaching but also synchronize crop N uptake and N release from soil microbes by utilizing these microbes as an ephemeral nutrient pool during the early crop growth period. We also found substantially large seasonal variations in MBC and MBN, continuously high qCO₂, and rapid turnover of soil microbes in sandy soil compared to clayey soil. Taken together, our results indicate that soil microbes, acting as both a nutrient pool and decomposers, have a more substantial impact on tropical sandy soil than on clayey soil.     

Energy or nutrient regulation of decomposition: Implications for the mineralization-immobilization response to perturbations

A model developed previously to describe the turnover of forest soil nitrogen is modified here to explain the effects of carbon and nitrogen additions on their dynamics. The model, which is structurally very simple, seems to explain correctly, among other phenomena, the negative correlation between N mineralization and CO₂ evolution observed in many experimental situations. An important variable used to explain this behaviour is the deficiency factor, which is related to the critical C-to-nutrient ratio and which gives a measure of the C or nutrient deficiency in the substrate with respect to the needs of the decomposers. Ways are discussed in which the model output can be used to explain the observed retention in the soil of fertilizer N added to mature forest soils.     

气候变化对农田生态系统碳氮过程的影响及其对生产的启示

从农田生态系统过程角度综合分析了气候变化（[CO2]增加、温度升高）对土壤碳库、氮供给生物化学过程的综合影响和长期效应。总结指出,[CO2]增加、温度升高对农田生态系统过程的影响具有明显的时间效应,短时间尺度上加快农田土壤养分周转,改变碳氮组分,长时间尺度上导致土壤养分有效性降低;[CO2]增加、温度升高和养分管理对农田生态系统过程的影响具有显著的交互作用,土壤养分有效性制约着气候变化对农田生态系统生产力和碳汇功能的影响。因此,气候变化（[CO2]增加、温度升高）情景下对农业生产管理包括施肥运筹及秸秆还田策略等的启示在于：根据气候变化背景下土壤养分的周转规律有效管理农田土壤养分、保持农田土壤肥力,从而保障农业高产的可持续性以及农田碳汇的生态服务功能。     

Short- and long-term effects of nutrient enrichment on microbial exoenzyme activity in mangrove peat

Mangroves receive increasing quantities of nutrients as a result of coastal development, which could lead to significant changes in carbon sequestration and soil subsidence. We hypothesised that mangrove-produced tannins induce a nitrogen (N) limitation on microbial decomposition even when plant growth is limited by phosphorus (P). As a result, increased N influx would lead to a net loss of sequestered carbon negating the ability to compensate for sea level rise in P-limited mangroves. To examine this, we quantified the short- and long-term effects of N and P enrichment on microbial biomass and decomposition-related enzyme activities in a Rhizophora mangle-dominated mangrove, which had been subjected to fertilisation treatments for a period of fifteen years. We compared microbial biomass, elemental stoichiometry and potential enzyme activity in dwarf and fringe-type R. mangle-dominated sites, where primary production is limited by P or N depending on the proximity to open water. Even in P-limited mangroves, microbial activity was N-limited as indicated by stoichiometry and an increase in enzymic activity upon N amendment. Nevertheless, microbial biomass increased upon field additions of P, indicating that the carbon supply played even a larger role. Furthermore, we found that P amendment suppressed phenol oxidase activity, while N amendment did not. The possible differential nutrient limitations of microbial decomposers versus primary producers implies that the direction of the effect of eutrophication on carbon sequestration is nutrient-specific. In addition, this study shows that phenol oxidase activities in this system decrease through P, possibly strengthening the enzymic latch effect of mangrove tannins. Furthermore, it is argued that the often used division between N-harvesting, P-harvesting, and carbon-harvesting exoenzymes needs to be reconsidered.     

Legume–grass species influence plant productivity and soil nitrogen during grassland succession in the eastern Tibet Plateau

In recent years, numerous studies have evaluated the effect of plant function diversity on ecosystem functions such as productivity and soil nutrient status. We performed a redundancy analysis (RDA) to examine the relationship between plant functional diversity, productivity and soil nitrogen in a chronosequence of abandoned fields in sub-alpine meadow in the eastern part of the Tibet Plateau, China. We found that along the secondary succession sequence, legume richness and aboveground biomass significantly increased and both were positively correlated with total species richness (S) and aboveground biomass (T-bio). This pattern suggests that legume richness increases community productivity. In addition, we found that total aboveground biomass, legume and grass richness were positively correlated with soil microbial nitrogen (MBN), the ratio of microbial nitrogen to soil total nitrogen (MBN/TN) and the ratio of soil organic carbon and soil total nitrogen (C/N), whereas they were negatively correlated with soil total nitrogen (TN), organic carbon (C_org), and microbial carbon (MBC). Contrary to our predictions grasses such as Stipa grandis, Scirpus tripueter, Koeleria cristata were more closely associated with MBN, MBN/TN than legumes such as Oxytropis ochrocephala, Thermopsis lanceolate and Astragalus polycladus. The late-successional grass Kobresio humilis had a stronger positive correlation with NH₄-N as compared to the legumes and NO₃-N was not associated with any legume species. This suggests that the grasses and legumes have a synergetic positive influence on the ecosystem properties, especially nitrogen. Therefore, in this N-limited, plant community diversity of both legumes and grasses has a strong influence on ecosystem changes during succession.     

Coupling among applied,soil, root,and top components for forage crop production

Abstract

This analysis establishes linkage among (a) applied nutrients nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K), (b) available soil nutrients, (c) root dry matter and nutrient content, (d) top dry matter and nutrient content, and (e) leaf area and carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration. It was previously shown that (a) and (d) are coupled by logistic equations with a common response coefficient c between dry matter and plant nutrient uptake with each applied nutrient. As a consequence of the common c, it has been shown that dry matter and plant nutrient removal are coupled by a hyperbolic equation. Furthermore, a model has been developed which includes N, P, and K as inputs. In the present work, (a) and (b) were coupled by a logistic equation as were (a) and (c). It was then shown that plant nutrient removal was coupled to available soil nutrients through a hyperbolic equation. The hyperbolic relationship was also shown to link dry matter between roots and tops, as well as plant N removal between roots and tops. As a consequence of the results above, it was then concluded that root nutrient content is related to available soil nutrient through a hyperbolic equation. The detailed mechanism of this coupling was not identified. Leaf area of soybeans followed a hyperbolic relationship with CO₂ concentration in the canopy.     

菌剂配施有机肥下植物-土壤-微生物生态化学计量特征及内稳性——以内蒙矿区排土场中药复垦模式为例

生态化学计量学是研究生态系统与多重化学元素平衡的有效方法,明确不同施肥制度对植物—土壤—微生物连续体碳、氮、磷含量及其生态化学计量比的影响,可为揭示生态系统养分循环、实现矿山复垦农业系统元素平衡及可持续发展提供参考依据。以武家塔露天煤矿排土场复垦地为研究对象,设置微生物菌剂配施不同有机肥(A1B0、A2B0、A3B0、A1B1、A2B1、A3B1) 6个施肥处理,结合苦参的种植,研究其植物—土壤—微生物碳氮磷特征及内稳性。结果表明：(1)与单施有机肥相比,有机肥配施微生物菌剂对茎叶磷、土壤碳氮磷和微生物量氮影响显著(p<0.05),但对根系养分影响不显著。其中,微生物菌剂与A1有机肥配施下对土壤全磷影响最大,增加90.06%;与A2有机肥配施下,对土壤有机碳和生物量氮影响最大,分别增加104.60%和71.95%;与A3有机肥配施下,对茎叶全磷和土壤全氮影响显著,茎叶全磷减少183.96%,土壤全氮增加29.14%。(2)施肥处理下,相比于茎叶和微生物,苦参根系内稳性较弱,对于外源养分的输入比较敏感。(3)施肥处理下,植物根系养分与土壤及土壤微生物之间相关性较强,因此可通过根系敏...     

Nutrient limitations to bacterial and fungal growth during cellulose decomposition in tropical forest soils

Nutrients constrain the soil carbon cycle in tropical forests, but we lack knowledge on how these constraints vary within the soil microbial community. Here, we used in situ fertilization in a montane tropical forest and in two lowland tropical forests on contrasting soil types to test the principal hypothesis that there are different nutrient constraints to different groups of microorganisms during the decomposition of cellulose. We also tested the hypotheses that decomposers shift from nitrogen to phosphorus constraints from montane to lowland forests, respectively, and are further constrained by potassium and sodium deficiency in the western Amazon. Cellulose and nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, and combined) were added to soils in situ, and microbial growth on cellulose (phospholipid fatty acids and ergosterol) and respiration were measured. Microbial growth on cellulose after single nutrient additions was highest following nitrogen addition for fungi, suggesting nitrogen as the primary limiting nutrient for cellulose decomposition. This was observed at all sites, with no clear shift in nutrient constraints to decomposition between lowland and montane sites. We also observed positive respiration and fungal growth responses to sodium and potassium addition at one of the lowland sites. However, when phosphorus was added, and especially when added in combination with other nutrients, bacterial growth was highest, suggesting that bacteria out-compete fungi for nitrogen where phosphorus is abundant. In summary, nitrogen constrains fungal growth and cellulose decomposition in both lowland and montane tropical forest soils, but additional nutrients may also be of critical importance in determining the balance between fungal and bacterial decomposition of cellulose.