垄栽稻萍鱼技术研究与应用

本文着重阐明了潜育性稻田水稻起垄栽培,形成垄面种稻,水面养萍、水中养鱼的立体种养结构模式,对土壤理化性状,土壤微生物活动和水稻,红萍,鱼类生长的影响及其经济效益。     

娄底地区潜育性稻田低产原因及其改良措施

通过对潜育性低产稻田的调查及理化性状分析，找到了水渍这一主要障碍因素，提出了以工程改良治本为主的综合治理观点，可有效地指导潜育性低产稻田的改良。     

关于稻田施用石灰的研究

本文对稻田施石灰的研究进行了综述。内容包括稻田水—旱轮作和施石灰对土壤pH、Eh和氧化还原物质的影响;施石灰对土壤微生物和有机质、氮、磷、钾及微量元素转化的影响;施石灰对土壤物理性质及大、小麦和水稻生长发育的影响。提出稻田土壤pH值达5.6及其以上不必对水稻施石灰,土壤pH在5.5以下,可根据土壤的缓冲性能在水稻移栽前结合稻草还田或翻压绿肥施石灰。最好在稻田轮作的旱作期将石灰施在旱作物(如大、小麦)上。     

关于南方稻田生物多样性问题的分析

南方稻田连作模式单一,盲目使用农药,稻田周边湿地淤积、废弃和填埋,致使面源污染消纳系统衰退,破坏了稻田生物多样性的发展空间。而生物多样性的破坏,已成为诱发稻田生物灾害的因素之一。目前,保护稻田周边湿地,构建稻田污染消纳系统;利用田埂荒地,构建生物群落;丰富连作模式,避免生物物种单一,对重建南方稻田的生物多样性具有十分重要的意义。     

稻田甲烷排放的研究进展

稻田是甲烷的重要排放源之一。文章对稻田甲烷的最新研究进展作了较为详尽的综述，包括稻田甲烷和的机理，规律；重点分析了影响稻田甲烷排放的因素以及控制稻甲烷排放的措施。最后指出了今后的研究重点应以现有的田间数据为基础，建立稻田温室气体排放的综合模型，预测稻田温室气体排放变化。     

水文因素影响稻田氮磷流失的研究进展

水文因素为农田氮磷元素的迁移提供了动力和载体,对稻田氮磷元素的流失具有重要影响。利用新型的稻田水分管理模式以代替传统的水分管理模式,对于有效控制面源污染具有重要意义。在综合调研国内外已有研究成果和最新进展的基础上,阐述了稻田氮磷流失特征、传统水分管理模式的弊端,并从新型稻田水分管理模式的种类、削减氮磷流失的效果与机理、与水平衡模型、营养负荷模型等结合应用等几个方面综述了国内外水文因素影响稻田氮磷流失的研究现状。进行稻田土壤吸附氮磷容量及人工调节机制的研究,在部分地区开展流域化水分管理系统研究,以及适用于我国稻田的水平衡模型和营养负荷模型的建立和深入研究应为今后我国关于水文因素影响稻田氮磷流失方面研究的一些方向。     

论南方稻田耕作制度的调整与改革

本文在比较全面、系统地总结改革开放１５年来，南方稻田耕作调整与改革所取得的成效的基础上，指出了目前南方稻田耕作制度的存在的问题，提出了在新形势下南方稻田耕作制度调整与改革的对策思路，对指导目前南方稻田制度的改革具有重要参考价值。     

中国稻田甲烷排放研究进展

本文简要地介绍了我国稻田甲烷排放研究的最近进展。分析稻田甲烷排放观察结果表明，在我国冬季排水良好的稻田中，冬季降水量与稻田甲烷排放量存在极显著的指数关系。将我国稻田划分成冬季排水良好与冬季灌水二类，并分别估计其甲烷排放量为4.21和3.39TgCH4，面积占12%的冬灌田排放的四烷占总排放量（7.60TgCH4）的45%，文章提出了今后我国稻田甲烷排放研究应加强的几个问题。     

稻鸭、稻鱼复合生态系统土壤微生物多样性特征分析

21世纪以来,由于其良好的生态环境效应、及市场对绿色安全稻米的需求,稻田种养复合生态系统的应用范围不断扩大,模式多种多样,在我国南方地区主要以稻田养鸭、养鱼、养虾为主。同时对稻田种养复合生态系统的机理及其效应也进行了较为广泛的研究。相关研究表明:稻鸭共生可利用鸭子的活动、觅食产生中耕除虫的效果[1,2],减少农药对环境的污染;稻鸭共生有利于稻田通风透光,改善水稻群体结构;提高土壤肥力[3~5];还能减少稻田中的产甲烷菌数量,减少甲烷排放[6~9]等方面作用。然而对于稻田养鸭、养鱼后对土壤微生物数量及多样性方面的研究还很少,甘德欣等[10]研究表明稻田养鸭后能增加土壤微生物的数量,但对土壤微生物     

藻类在稻田生态系统中的作用及其对氨挥发损失的影响

本文在总结已有稻田藻类研究结果的基础上,结合温室盆栽试验的初步结果,阐述了藻类对稻田氨挥发损失过程的影响,及其在稻田土壤N素转化、供应与调节中所起的重要作用。提出了减少N素氨挥发损失和合理利用稻田藻类的方法。     

Studies on the volcanic ash soils in the environs of Mt. Daisen

The environs of Mt. Daisen, Tottori Prefecture, are generally mountainous or hilly, and apart rom small areas of alluvial and coastal flats there is little level ground. The volcanic ash soils derived from the quartz biotite hornblende andesitic ejecta occur on the gently undulating foot-hill and on the level ground with exception of alluvial flats. Considering the fact that these soils were formed from not only volcanic ash but the coarser materials, they may be properly called volcanogenous soils. The volcanic ejecta have been deposited on the soils from diluvial series, andesite, basalt, granite, and tertiary sedimentary rocks. It was recognized that in an eruption the large ejecta, such as fine porous pumiceous lapiili descended first, then the smaller Particles such as sands, and finally the smallest, as ashes. All of these deposits have been highly weathered, but the quartz and hornblende remain in a fresh state¹⁾. The author has studied some characteristics of these volcanic ash soils.     

湖南水田耕整机的发展与前景分析

本文从湖南近几年水田耕整机的发展过程和现状出发,采用指数平滑法预测“八五”期间湖南的耕整机发展趋势。结合长沙地区的大量实测综合数据,进行了耕整机与畜力的比较效益及其作业的规模效益分析,运用单项经济效益替代数学模型,对耕整机技术发展的经济界限进行了探讨。为今后湖南乃至南方各省进行重点推广提供了理论依据。     

不同施用量石灰和生物炭对稻田镉污染钝化的延续效应

为筛选适用于西南地区稻田土壤及农作物Cd污染的修复技术,采用田间小区试验比较了单施石灰、生物炭以及复合施用石灰+生物炭及其不同用量对Cd污染稻田的土壤基本理化性质、稻米Cd含量及其水稻各部位富集转运的影响。结果表明:第1年修复试验中,单施石灰和生物炭以及复合施用均可降低稻米Cd含量以及水稻各部位富集和转运系数,且随着施加量的增加稻米Cd含量呈降低趋势,土壤至水稻根系Cd富集系数呈先降低后增加趋势,复合施用(石灰(1.5 t/hm^2)+生物炭)效果优于单施石灰和生物炭,与对照相比,稻米Cd含量降低57.14%~88.57%,土壤至水稻根系富集系数降低22.06%~32.96%;施用石灰可显著提高土壤pH和降低土壤有效态Cd含量。第2年修复剂施用延续效应试验中,石灰在短时间内降低土壤有效Cd和稻米Cd的效果较好,但其长效性和稳定性不及生物炭,与对照相比,单施石灰和生物炭以及复合施用土壤有效Cd分别降低2.97%~25.19%,13.94%~23.41%,1.93%~21.41%,稻米Cd含量分别降低0.72%~34.87%,12.11%~49.14%,36.55%~51.71%。总体来看,设定试验条件下,复合施用(石灰(1.5 t/hm^2)+生物炭(3.0 t/hm^2)),效果最优。     

稻田养鱼对水稻生长发育的效应试验初报

对稻田养鱼(垄稻沟鱼)后的稻田土壤、田水、水稻植株、稻米蛋白质等进行了测定。结果表明:土壤和田水的氮,磷、钾含量均有明显提高,土壤的通透性得到改善;水稻的根系活力增强,分蘖增多,稻株的氮、磷、钾含量,叶片叶绿素含量,叶面积指数和干物质的累积均有明显增加,稻米的蛋白质含量也有所提高;稻田杂草基本根除,同时获得明显的经济效益。     

水稻田中氮肥损失研究进展

综述了水稻田中氮肥损失及减少氮肥损失的措施。主要涉及稻田中氮肥的损失途径、损失程度、测试方法及减少氮肥损失的主要措施。这些措施有实施生态农业政策、优化氮肥管理，包括确定适宜的施氮量，氮肥深施，根据水稻生育期需肥特点合理运筹，平衡施肥，控施(缓施)肥料的应用等。     

Identification of vivianite formed on the roots of paddy rice grown in pots

Abstract

An understanding of the phosphate (P) dynamics in paddy rice fields is the basis for improving P fertilizer efficiency and reducing P loss from paddy fields. During the ripening stage of rice plants cultivated in pots, we identified vivianite on the roots. We placed 3?kg of air-dried soil in a pot with coated urea (1?g N), coated potassium sulfate (1?g K₂O) and granular superphosphate (1?g P₂O₅) as basal fertilizers. Three rice seedlings were transplanted into each pot and grown until the ripening stage under submergence outdoor conditions. The bulk soil showed a black color indicating the formation of amorphous FeS. According to the soil analysis data, the oxalate-extractable Fe content was much greater than the labile S and P contents, indicating that enough Fe(II) can be supplied to the S and P for the reaction. Bluish vivianite particles were observed on the roots using an optical microscope. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the vivianite was an aggregate of platy crystals, and an energy dispersive X-ray analysis showed that Fe and P were the major elements in the crystal aggregates. The diffraction peak positions by the X-ray microdiffractometer were very close to the reported pattern for vivianite. Future research on the dynamics of P is expected based on vivianite formation in paddy field soils.     

红壤区旱地和水田土壤磷素状况及其流失风险

红壤一般偏酸且铁铝富集,磷与铁、铝形成Fe-P、Al-P,降低了红壤磷的有效性。施磷提高红壤供磷能力,但是未被作物利用的磷积累在土壤中,对水体环境构成威胁。研究红壤磷素状况对于提高作物产量和保护环境具有重要意义。已有很多关于红壤磷素状况方面的报道,但是很少将红壤磷素状况与水体磷进行关联分析。在典型红壤区江西省余江县布点采集了旱地和水田土样各54份,周边水样24份,分析了土壤有效磷(Olsen-P和Bray-P)含量、水溶性磷(CaCl2-P)含量和水样总磷含量。结果表明,以Olsen-P为指标,11%的旱地和39%的水田土壤缺磷,61%的旱地和39%的水田土壤磷适合作物生长,11%的旱地和11%的水田土壤处于高磷状态。以Bray-P为指标,11%的旱地和33%的水田土壤缺磷,6%的旱地和33%的水田土壤磷适合作物生长,77%的旱地和6%的水田土壤处于高磷状态。Olsen-P、Bray-P与CaCl2-P三者之间具有极显著相关关系,对Olsen-P与Ca Cl2-P、Bray-P与CaCl2-P分别进行回归分析,求得土壤磷流失突变点的Olsen-P和Bray-P含量分别为56.31和118.4 mg·kg^-1。依据这两个标准,水田土壤有效磷均未超过磷流失突变点,旱地土壤Olsen-P和Bray-P超过突变点的样品比例分别为50%和33%。水田周边排水沟渠水的总磷含量均低于《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅱ类水标准。总之,调查的红壤区水田土壤整体较为缺磷、磷流失风险低,旱地土壤有效磷含量和磷流失风险都较高。     

Persistence of CaCl2 washing effect for amelioration of a Cd-contaminated paddy field soil

Abstract

Soil washing is one of the methods used to remediate soil contaminated with heavy metals, and when the contaminated elements have been effectively removed the washed soil can be used for agriculture. Soil washing was conducted using 0.5 mol L^?1 CaCl₂ solution at pH 4 as an extracting agent to remediate a paddy field soil contaminated with Cd. Dolomite powder was applied to neutralize the soil to the original pH 6.2. After CaCl₂ washing, the content of Cd extractable in 0.1 mol L^?1 HCl decreased from 2.4 to 0.8 mg kg^?1. Subsequently, a pot experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of soil washing on Cd concentration in polished rice (Cd_pr) for three successive years. Using the washed soil, Cd_pr was ≤ 0.2 mg kg^?1 with and without a treatment that simulates midseason drainage, whereas it was > 0.5 mg kg^?1 in the unwashed soil with the midseason drainage treatment. The reasons for low Cd_pr growth in the washed soil were the low content of exchangeable Cd in the soil and the resultant high soil pH (> 7). To evaluate the effect of soil pH on Cd_pr in the fourth year, we adjusted soil pH to 5 with H₂SO₄ before transplanting rice seedlings. The Cd_pr in the washed soil with the midseason drainage treatment increased to 0.47 mg kg^?1, whereas it was less than 0.2 mg kg^?1 under continuous flooding. Thus, high pH or whole season flooding are important to keep Cd_pr at ≤ 0.2 mg kg^?1 even after soil washing. With the application of dolomite and other ordinary fertilizers, soil properties were little affected by the present soil washing procedure because the difference in rice yield between the washed and unwashed plots was not significant within each year.