含2.5%基质材料尿素的氮缓释特性及其与作物生长吻合性

【目的】在尿素中添加由改性蒙脱石和有机聚合粘结剂等组成的基质材料 (> 5%) 生产的尿素具有缓释效果。本试验研究了将基质材料降低到国家标准允许的最高限量 (2.5%) 时肥料的缓释效果,为新型肥料的生产提供理论依据。【方法】于2016和2017年在合肥进行水稻和玉米田间试验。设置无氮对照、常规尿素和缓释尿素 (含N 45.2%和基质材料2.5%) 3个处理。调查了水稻抽穗期和玉米吐丝期株高、叶面积、根系表面积,分析了叶片叶绿素含量、硝酸还原酶和谷氨酰胺合成酶活性,产量及其构成因素,并分析了水稻抽穗期和玉米吐丝期土壤矿质氮含量,评估了肥料氮素淋溶与氨挥发风险。利用室内淋溶实验模拟了缓释肥料氮素的淋出量变化。【结果】基于两年试验结果的平均值进行分析:与常规尿素相比,缓释尿素处理水稻植株增高了4.5%,玉米增高了12.4%;水稻叶面积提高了9.8%,玉米提高了11.5%;水稻根系表面积提高了9.5%,玉米提高了5.0%;叶片叶绿素含量水稻提高了18.5%,玉米提高了7.8%;叶片硝酸还原酶活性水稻提高了19.6%,玉米提高了20.3%;叶片谷氨酰胺合成酶活性水稻提高了17.7%,玉米提高了11.5%。与普通尿素相比,缓释尿素处理水稻增产17.2% (P < 0.05),玉米增产6.6% (P > 0.05)。缓释尿素处理可提高水稻单位面积有效穗数,但降低穗粒数;缓释尿素处理有提高玉米穗粒数和千粒重的趋势。通径分析表明,缓释尿素处理提高水稻产量的原因主要是提高了亩穗数,提高玉米产量的主要原因是提高了穗粒数。肥料氮素损失过程可以用逻辑斯谛方程拟合 (P < 0.01),缓释尿素比常规尿素具有较低的氮素淋溶和氨挥发风险。在水稻抽穗期,缓释尿素处理的土壤矿质氮含量比常规尿素处理提高9.2% (P < 0.05);在玉米吐丝期,缓释尿素处理的土壤矿质氮含量比常规尿素处理提高18.1% (P < 0.05)。缓释尿素处理较低的氮素损失风险和较高的土壤矿质氮含量是其改善作物生长的重要原因。【结论】2.5%基质改性缓释尿素具有减少氮素损失、提高土壤矿质氮含量、改善植株形态生长和生理活性、提高水稻与玉米产量的作用,在水稻和玉米栽培中具有一定应用前景。     

包膜尿素的养分释放特征及其肥效

应用固-液反应包膜工艺，采用4种改性的无机包膜材料，试制出了成本较低的包膜缓释尿素，用水中溶出率法测定了包膜缓释尿素的养分释放特征，应用盆栽水稻评价了包膜缓释尿素的肥效，并与国外的有机缓释氮肥（Methylene Urea）和高聚物包膜复合肥（Osmocotte）进行了比较，表明固-液反应型包膜尿素具有较好的养分缓释效果，4种包膜尿素与等氮和等重常规尿素相比，栽培水稻都有一定的增产作用，并提高了肥料利用率，其中LU增产最显著，比等氮和等重尿素处理分别增产41．5％和35．7％，肥料当季利用率达到43．9％，好于国外的有机缓释氮肥和高聚物包膜复合肥。养分释放特征与水稻氮素营养特征较为接近，可为水稻一次性施肥所用。     

生物质炭包裹缓释肥料的制备及养分释放特性

为探讨生物质炭作为膜材料制备包裹缓释肥料的可行性,以生物质炭(碳化稻壳)为包裹材料制备3种不同包裹厚度的包裹型缓释肥料,采用恒温土柱淋洗试验方法对肥料氮素释放特性进行分析。结果表明:包裹层越厚缓释效果越明显,包裹材料用量占被包裹肥料重量20%的肥料(SRF20)明显好于占15%和10%的肥料(SRF15、SRF10);Logistic曲线能很好地描述生物质炭包裹缓释肥料的氮素释放过程,其方程参数可以描述氮素释放特性,R值越大,肥料氮素释放越快,R值大小为SRF10>SRF15>SRF20;a值越大,说明包裹层越密实,肥料缓释效果越好,a值大小为SRF20>SRF15>SRF10;生物质炭(碳化稻壳)可以用来制备包裹型缓释肥料。     

淹水条件下氨酸法生产颗粒有机无机复混肥养分缓释特性

采用直接淋洗和淹水培养间歇淋洗两种方法评价氨酸法生产颗粒有机无机复混肥的养分缓释特性。结果表明,对氨酸法生产有机无机复混肥造粒,有直接减缓其有机和无机养分释放的效应。在等氮水平下,不同种类有机无机复混肥累积淋失的氮量明显不同,且与淋失的有机碳量没有明显的相关关系,表明有机与无机养分的配比比例影响肥料的氮释放特性。在本研究中,造粒对氨酸法生产的有机和单一无机氮复混肥中氮养分的缓释效果最差,而对氮钾比为2∶1的两种肥料中有机和无机养分的缓释效果均相对较好。     

日本包膜缓释肥料养分释放及微结构研究

采用恒温水培试验,研究了日本生产的五种包膜肥料(LP40、LPS40、SC60、LPSS和LPSS100)氮素释放特性,用一级反应动力学方程进行拟合,并用扫描电镜观察了包膜肥料水培前后膜的微观结构。结果表明,包膜肥料的膜材料不同,氮素释放量也不同;包膜肥料的氮素释放率随着时间的延长而增加;这五种包膜肥料的氮素释放特征均可用一级反应动力学方程来描述,氮素释放速率常数与氮素释放率成正比,与氮素溶出的半时值成反比;扫描电镜的图像分析结果显示,水培后LPSS、SC60的膜外表面完整性要好于LP40,LPSS的膜剖面结构很紧实,阻水性能好。     

以有机无机涂膜材料包裹尿素研制缓释肥料的研究

以天然高分子化合物溶液为粘结剂,添加无机矿物材料制成涂膜材料;用该涂膜材料包裹尿素制成了缓释肥料。通过土柱淋洗试验对该缓释肥料的养分释放特性进行评价,结果表明有机无机涂膜材料包裹尿素类化学肥料,制成的包膜肥料具有良好的缓释性能,且这种缓释性能与涂膜材料中有机高分子化合物的浓度有关;随着有机化合物浓度增加,肥料的有效成分释放速度变缓,且最大释放速率出现时间后移、峰值变小,表现出了较好的可控制性。     

番茄专用基质缓释肥料研制及其生物学效应

应用不同的胶粘剂制备了三种基质缓释肥料，通过缓释效果和安全性评价，筛选出基质缓释肥料2作为番茄专用基质缓释肥料。研究了番茄专用基质缓释肥料的生物学效应，结果表明：番茄专用基质缓释肥料提高了各个生育时期尤其是结果后期番茄植株的根系活力；增加了后期产量所占比例，极显著地提高了果实产量；既提高了果实糖／酸比和维生素C含量，又降低了果实硝态氮含量；同时，大幅度提高了氮素的利用率。     

不同无机矿物应用于包膜复合肥的氮素释放特征及其评价

探讨了不同无机矿物用于膜材料后的包膜复合肥氮素养分释放特性、生物效应和评价方法。采用了土壤淋溶和土壤盆栽试验两种方法。试验方法的不同造成土壤盆栽与淋溶试验中各处理养分释放拟合曲线的差异 。两种方法的试验结果都能说明:无机矿物材料能有效地保持Ｎ素养分较长时间处于NH4＋-N形态,减少了因转化为NO3－-N形态造成的养分淋溶损失,但是各种材料彼此间存在一定的差异。盆栽试验中养分累计释放量与释放速率虽然快于作物的生理需求,但是受矿物材料和土壤缓冲作用的影响,作物氮素供应状况良好。与普通复合肥相比,各无机矿物用于包膜肥后能显著提高氮素利用率。蒙脱土效果最好,其次为高岭土,且差异显著。滑石粉、硅粉、硅藻土与前两者相比效果稍差,差异显著,但三者间差异不显著。无机矿物材料的耐水程度,养分吸附、固定能力和离子交换量等理化性质会影响包膜肥的养分释放性能。对于膜层疏松、耐水性差、主要靠养分吸附和固定机理控释的包膜肥来说,采用土壤作为养分释放介质更接近真实释放性能。评价包膜肥料的性能应该充分考虑养分形态、膜材特性、包膜工艺、土壤环境、供试作物等各方面因素,重点在“肥料–土壤–作物”系统中考查,从多种角度制定不同方案、通过多种方法综合评价其缓释效果。     

缓控释肥料缓释期的快速测定研究

采用25℃水浸提法和高温快速浸提法,研究了3种不同类型的缓控释肥料缓释期快速测定的最佳温度,测定三者在25℃下的缓释期,并对其在缓释期最佳测定温度和25℃下达到相同氮素累积释放率所需时间进行相关分析.结果表明:微溶性二价金属磷酸铵钾盐为包裹层的多层包裹粒状水溶性肥料(1#)肥料缓释期最佳预测温度为40℃,热塑性树脂包膜...     

砂质土壤pH对中性缓释复合肥养分释放特性的影响研究

采用连续恒温培养研究了30℃条件下砂质酸性、中性土壤对2种不同剂型中性缓释复合肥养分释放特性的影响.研究结果表明,中性缓释复合肥的养分累积量、拟合动力学方程参数b值及养分平均释放相对百分率的变化趋势,受砂质土壤pH的影响基本一致.随砂质土壤pH升高,两种中性缓释复合肥氮素和磷素释放速率、累积量和相对百分率变大;砂质土壤pH降低,中性缓释复合肥钾素释放速率、累积量和相对百分率变大.两个中性缓释复合肥的养分释放速率对于砂质土壤pH变化响应一致,均表现为SRF1(有机无机型)＜SRF2(无机型).     

Study the N Turnover of Legume Seed Meals for Designing a Slow-Release Nitrogen Fertilizer

To mitigate environmental problems and synchronize releasing nitrogen (N) with crop demand, slow-release N fertilizers can be a solution. In this research, the mechanism of the N immobilization in stable sources (not unstable sources such as microbial biomass and extractable organic N) for finding an appropriate compound in designing a slow-release N fertilizer was investigated. The experiments were carried out in a randomized complete block design using an incubation chamber to study the N mineralization in coarse and fine fractions of yellow lupin, blue lupin, and faba bean. The results showed that the major N immobilization occurred at 10 to 17 days after incubation. At this phase, only the polyphenols had a significant correlation coefficient with the N immobilization (r = 0.80). At 17 to 31 and 31 to 61 days after incubation, the N immobilization had significant relationship with cellulose (r = 0.96) and hemicellulose (r = 0.89), respectively. It seems that with advancing incubation time, cellulose and hemicellulose were released from cell walls, and similarly to polyphenol were bound to nitrate N (NO₃^?-N), ammonium N (NH₄⁺-N), or extractable organic N through different interactions. Although the main mechanisms of N immobilization in soil after adding plant materials with a high carbon (C)/N ratio are described in the literature, the available data do not yet present an appropriate composition of targeted, innovative, and slow-release N fertilizers. According to the obtained results, tests are suggested to find the optimum nitrification inhibitor using the powder of plant residues with different ratios of these compounds incorporated with inorganic fertilizers.     

Rice productivity and profitability with slow-release urea containing organic-inorganic matrix materials

Applying slow-release fertilizers is possible means for reducing nitrogen(N) loss in rice production. Matrix-based fertilizers represent novel slow-release fertilizers. To date, there is little consensus about the effect of combined addition of organic and inorganic matrix materials on rice production. We developed a slow-release urea fertilizer with selected organic and inorganic matrix materials. The study aimed to: i) determine the effect of the slow-release urea on rice yield, profit, and agronomic efficiency and ii) elucidate its possible mechanisms. A two-year field experiment was conducted during 2015–2016. Besides,laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the potential N loss risk. Three treatments were set up: control without N application(CK), regular urea treatment(RU, 150 kg N ha~(-1)), and slow-release urea treatment(SU, 150 kg N ha~(-1)). The results showed that rice biomass and grain yield were significantly higher in SU than in RU(P 0.05). The higher panicle density in SU was largely responsible for the greater grain yield. Net profit in SU was US$450 ha~(-1), higher than in RU. Agronomic efficiency was significantly greater in SU than in RU(P 0.05). Rice height, root area, leaf chlorophyll, leaf nitrate reductase activity, and leaf glutamine synthetase activity were larger in SU than in RU. Less N loss and greater soil N availability were partly responsible for the improvements in rice growth traits and physiological parameters in SU. Overall, the slow-release urea is a promising fertilizer for rice production.     

Influence of manure and inorganic fertilizer on yield and quality of pistachio

Economically valuable pistachio nut trees are extensively grown in the Southeastern part of Turkey. A great percentage of the total annual pistachio nut yield in Turkey is obtained from this region. However, fertility aspects of these pistachio trees have not been studied in detail. Thus, there is a need to determine the optimum fertilizer rates to increase the yield and quality of pistachio nuts. Fertilizer trials were conducted on an established 37 year‐old‐pistachio orchard. Inorganic nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizers were applied in three and two rates, respectively. Potassium (K) was added to all trees as a basal rate. In addition, selected trees received air‐dried sheep manure, and additional inorganic macro‐ and micro‐nutrients as a foliar application at three different times during the course of experiment. Fertilizer treatments influenced the fruit yield, productivity, fruit size, percentages of dehisced fruit shell, and nutmeat. Positive effects of these treatments on leaf element content, N, P, and K, were also obtained. Fruit protein and oil contents were not influenced by addition of organic and inorganic fertilizers.     

Assessment of urea coated with pomegranate fruit powder as N slow-release fertilizer in maize

It has been hypothesized that plant polyphenol plus lignin, cellulose, and hemicelluloses can immobilize/remineralize inorganic fertilizers, such as urea, better than polyphenol alone. To test this hypothesis, urea was coated with pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) fruit powder (containing polyphenol+lignin+cellulose) at rates of 0%, 30%, 70%, and 100% (w/w) of fertilizer urea. Fertilizer nitrogen was applied at 100 and 200 mg kg^?1 soil in a clay loam soil. This natural coating material, particularly at the rate of 100% (w/w), improved the distribution of mineral nitrogen (N) and available phosphorus (P) in soil during both early and advanced growth stages of maize and significantly increased total crop N and P uptake at both rates of fertilizer nitrogen compared to urea alone. The results suggest that urea coated with the powder of pomegranate fruit could potentially be an N slow-release fertilizer for use in better synchronizing crop N demand with soil N supply.     

Theoretical analyses of interactions between inorganic nitrogen and soil organic matter

The organic matter of the soil has a large potential to retain inorganic nitrogen by means of both biotic (microbially mediated) and abiotic (chemical) reactions. We derive one equation with which we analyse the nitrogen retention due to these mechanisms in terms of organic matter properties. We first of all show how to separate gross mineralization from immobilization. We then show that our equation can reproduce studies of microbially–mediated or purely inorganic immobilization. We then apply the theory to soils of different characteristics (typical agricultural and forest soils) and find that the major factor determining the fraction of added inorganic nitrogen that is immobilized is the ratio between soil carbon and inorganic nitrogen concentration.     

天然木粉在包裹控释尿素上的应用

为探究木质纤维素类有机物在缓/控释肥上的应用效果,采用静水浸泡法,研究了3种天然木粉包裹控释尿素(CRU20、CRU25、CRU30)在常温条件下的养分释放规律,以及不同温度、pH值和水肥比对控释尿素养分释放规律的影响。结果表明:1)包裹控释尿素的缓释期随着包裹量的增大而变长,CRU20、CRU25、CRU30的理论缓释期分别为36、54,121d,不同的包裹量表现出不同的释放曲线模式。2)氮素释放速率受温度和pH值的影响较大,不同水肥比的差异不明显。3)包裹控释尿素释放机理为"崩溃"机制。天然木粉包裹控释尿素具有很好的推广应用价值。     

脲酶—硝化抑制剂缓释肥对不同土壤氮素释放特性及黄瓜NPK吸收利用的影响

为了提高黄瓜氮素利用率,减少氮肥对环境污染,采用恒温培养和土培试验研究了专用脲酶硝化双抑制剂缓释肥(CSRF1和CSRF2)在酸、碱、中性土壤中的氮素释放特性以及对黄瓜生长、NPK吸收利用的影响,其中缓释肥中包含抑制剂N-丁基硫代磷酰三胺(nBPT)、氢醌(HQ)、双氰胺(DCD)。结果表明:在酸、碱、中性3种不同土壤中,氮素释放累积量均表现为普通复合肥(OCF)商品缓释肥(MSRF)自制专用肥(CCF)自制专用脲酶硝化双抑制剂缓释肥1(CSRF1)自制专用脲酶硝化双抑制剂缓释肥2(CSRF2);不同施肥处理对于3种土壤类型影响下的氮素累积释放量顺序为碱性土最大,中性土次之,酸性土最小。铵态氮、硝态氮的累积量大小顺序也为碱性土最大,中性土次之,酸性土最小。不同形态氮在3种土壤中的累积释放量动态以应用一级动力学方程拟合最好(r=0.952**~0.993**)。通过一级动力学方程,反映了3种形态氮素的最大释放量N0值大小顺序:总N最大,NH_4~+-N次之,NO_3~--N最小,此结果与土壤中不同形态的氮素累积释放特性变化规律相一致。2种专用脲酶硝化双抑制剂缓释肥(CSRF1和CSRF2)显著提高了黄瓜产量(果实干物质量),较OCF、MSRF和CCF处理分别增加了59.1%,30.3%,33.8%(CSRF1)和46.2%,19.7%,22.9%(CSRF2)。与普通复合肥相比,2种专用脲酶硝化双抑制剂缓释肥处理的NPK相对养分利用效率增加了18.52%~24.20%(N),19.27%~20.02%(P),28.54%~35.69%(K)。相较于普通复合肥,黄瓜专用脲酶—硝化抑制剂缓释肥的施用能够延缓肥料中的氮素释放,提高黄瓜NPK养分利用率和黄瓜产量。     

胶基有机复混颗粒肥养分缓释特性的研究

采用颗粒肥的静态水浸法和动态淋溶法,研究了自行开发研制的PVA改性淀粉粘结剂和DPS-2改性淀粉粘结剂生产的有机复混颗粒肥(A、B)及传统无机粘结剂硅酸钠作为对照生产的有机复混颗粒肥(C)的养分缓释特性。试验结果表明:在静态水浸条件下,3种颗粒肥均具有缓释效果,颗粒肥A和B的缓释效果均优于颗粒肥C,以颗粒肥A的缓释效果最为显著,7d内全氮、全磷及全钾的累积溶出率分别为36.3%、4.5%及31.4%。动态的养分淋溶试验结果显示颗粒肥的养分释放速率快于静态条件下养分释放,当淋溶液为500 ml时,颗粒肥B的全氮、全磷及全钾的累积溶出率为72.3%、18.5%和69.9%,其缓释效果最优,其次是颗粒肥A和C。3种颗粒肥的养分初级溶出率和微分溶出率分别在3.2%~24.7%和0.2%d-1~4.5%d-1之间。由此可以看出,改性淀粉粘结剂生产的颗粒肥具有缓释效果,用它代替传统的无机粘结剂生产高浓度的胶基有机复混颗粒肥是可行的。     

The principles of fertilizer use for sports turf

Abstract. Fertilizer application to sports turf has a significant effect on the playing characteristics of the surface as well as its aesthetic appearance. Nutrient availability affects leaf and root density, infestation by weed species, resistance to fungal pathogens, tolerance to wear, drought and cold in the turf grasses and surface hardness. The increasing use of high sand content, free-draining root zones for sports areas is leading to a larger demand for nitrogen and also to an increased interest in the use of slow-release nitrogen fertilizers. The optimum nutrient application rates are examined, particularly for nitrogen and the direction in which research on fertilization practice should take is considered.