Re‐evaluation reveals weaknesses of DRIS and sufficiency range diagnoses for wheat,corn, and alfalfa

Abstract

In prescient diagnostic analysis, conclusions about the need for fertilizer application based upon nutrient diagnostic methods are compared to independently‐determined correct diagnoses based upon yield responses to nutrient application. If a nutrient is diagnosed as being required (i.e., deficient or insufficient), the diagnosis is positive; no requirement is a negative diagnosis. Diagnoses are verified and classified as either true or false by their agreement with observed presence or absence of significant yield increases in response to application of the nutrient in question, A diagnostic method is considered acceptable only if: 1) at least 50% of all verifiable diagnoses are correct; 2) positive diagnoses are true more often than false; and 3) the net yield effect attributable to indicated nutrient treatments is positive. Using this approach, previously published Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) and published or derived concentration‐based diagnoses of wheat, corn and alfalfa were evaluated. DRIS and sufficiency range (SR) diagnoses for. wheat were acceptable based upon the above criteria for N, P and K, but only DRIS diagnosed S requirements satisfactorily. DRIS diagnoses of P and K in corn were acceptable, but N and S diagnoses exhibited marginal to unacceptable accuracy and yield responses; SR diagnoses were equal for P and K, and superior for N and S. For alfalfa, false positive N and K diagnoses at one location and false positive K and false negative P diagnoses at another location made accuracy and yield effects of DRIS unacceptable. These results demonstrate that neither SR nor DRIS diagnoses are consistently superior or even acceptable for wheat, com and alfalfa nutrient diagnoses.     

Foliar diagnosis of soybean by dris

Abstract

The Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) has proven useful in the interpretation of tissue elemental analyses for many crops, and research was undertaken to apply the same method for foliar diagnosis of soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.). Using a data bank in excess of 3500 tissue samples, reference values for evaluating the status of soybean with respect to N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mo, B and Al were derived. DRIS diagnoses generally agreed with those obtained by the sufficiency range method. In addition, DRIS assessed the nutrient balance in plant tissue, and identified not only the most‐limiting element, but the order in which other elements would likely become limiting. Further, DRIS was able to diagnose plant nutrient needs earlier in the life of the crop than the sufficiency range method (5 weeks compared to 10 weeks), which would allow remedial steps to be taken earlier. Treatments indicated by DRIS to be needed gave greater yield increases than those indicated by the sufficiency range approach. Geographic differences in DRIS norms were identified, and indicate that regional derivation of diagnostic values may be necessary.     

Verifying critical values from DRIS norms in sweet cherry and hazelnut

Abstract

Previously published DRIS norms for sweet cherry and hazelnut were used to calculate DRIS indices for N, K, P, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Cu, B, and Zn on over a thousand leaf sample analyses for each crop. A nutritional imbalance index (NII) was obtained by adding the values of DRIS indices irrespective of sign. The sample with the lowest NII for each crop was assumed to have “ideal”; levels of elements and these “ideal”; levels were used to create an artificial data base to determine which critical values would be most consistent with DRIS evaluations. By maintaining all but one element concentration at “ideal”; levels and artificially varying another, the concentration of a given element that was associated with the onset of severe imbalances could be identified. In addition to providing ratio‐based diagnoses, DRIS norms provide a means of independently evaluating current sufficiency ranges for elements that DRIS diagnoses as relatively deficient or excessive.     

An evaluation of mineral analysis of ‘Verna’ lemons by DRIS

Abstract

The Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) norms of ‘Verna’ lemon [Citrus limon (L) Burm f.] trees were obtained from field data. DRIS diagnoses agreed with sufficiency range in leaves sampled at a similar period as those of the norms. DRIS determinations were affected by rootstock and sampling date of the leaves. This approach failed to reveal under saline conditions if a nutrient deficiency is induced by an excess of salinity or by a deficient fertilization.     

Monitoring Nutrient Status of Guava Fruit Trees in Punjab,Northwest India through the Diagnostic and Recommendation Integrated System Approach

Abstract

The Diagnostic and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) was employed for interpreting nutrient analyses of leaf tissue of guava fruit trees (Psidium guajava L.) cultivated in Punjab, northwest India. Standard reference DRIS norms were established for various nutrient ratios and used to compute DRIS indices, which assessed nutrient balance and order of limitation to yield. The DRIS evaluation and sufficiency range approach were equally effective and in agreement for diagnosing deficiencies of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), sulfur (S), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu). The results also show that the position of leaf tissue sampled does not have a major effect on the DRIS diagnosis. Nutrient sufficiency ranges derived from DRIS norms were 1.41–1.65, 0.10–0.17, 0.51–0.97, 1.16–2.12, 0.31–0.51, 0.18–0.28% for N, P, K, Ca, magnesium (Mg), and S and were 105–153, 58–110, 15–29, and 6–16 mg Kg^?1 for iron (Fe), Mn, Zn, and Cu, respectively. According to these sufficiency ranges 35, 62, 51, 75, 70, and 68% of samples were sufficient, and 4, 29, 36, 9, 10, and 22% of samples were low in N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S, respectively. More than 50 and 2% of the guava trees selected for sampling was found to deficient in N and P, respectively. For micronutrients, 15, 6, and 7% of samples were found to be low in Mn, Zn, and Cu.     

DIAGNOSIS AND RECOMMENDATION INTEGRATED SYSTEM APPROACH FOR NITROGEN,PHOSPHORUS, POTASSIUM,AND ZINC FOLIAR DIAGNOSTIC NORMS FOR AONLA IN CENTRAL INDO-GANGETIC PLAINS

A survey was conducted for the nutritional status of aonla orchards in the state of Uttar Pradesh lying in Central Indo-Gangetic plains. Preliminary diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (DRIS) norms were established for different nutrient ratios and used to compute the DRIS indices, which assessed the nutrient balance and order of limitations to yield. Maximum fruit yield of 40.2 kg plant^?1 was recorded for the plants at the age group of 10–15 years and lowest yield was recorded 28.3 kg plant^?1 in the age of above 20 years. Nutrient sufficiency ranges for aonla derived from DRIS norms were 1.30– 1.64, 0.054–0.092, 0.40–0.64%, and 32.4–45.9 ppm for nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and zinc (Zn), respectively. On the basis of these sufficiency ranges 33, 51, 47, and 46% of samples were found sufficient whereas 34, 22, 18 and 27% of samples were low and 26, 8, 1 and 17% deficient in N, P, K, and Zn, respectively. When compared age wise, a relative deficiency for N, P, and K corresponding to relative sufficiency for Zn was detected by DRIS technique for the plants above the age group of 15 onwards. For the younger orchards (5yrs old) a relative deficiency of N, Zn, and K corresponding to the relative sufficiency of P was detected. Nitrogen was found most limiting elements in all age group of plant. When the DRIS indices were compared on basis of soil pH, Zn and K was found to be relatively lesser in order of requirement than N and P.     

Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System Norms,Sufficiency Range,and Nutritional Evaluation of Arabian Coffee in Two Sampling Periods

ABSTRACT

The objective of this work was to establish and compare Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) norms with the sufficiency range approach, and apply these methods on nutritional diagnosis of Arabian coffee, in field samples collected in summer and winter in Southern Brazil. DRIS norms and sufficiency range were established in groves with average biennial yield equal or above 3000 kg ha^{? 1}. The “t” test was used to verify the differences between the sufficiency range and the DRIS norms. The foliar concentrations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) were higher in summer, and iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn) in winter. The reference values should be specific for the period of the year. There were differences in the foliar nutritional diagnosis, between the DRIS method and the sufficiency range approach. In samples during the summer analyzed with DRIS, copper (Cu), S, potassium (K), and zinc (Zn) were considered more limited nutrients and Mn, S, K, and calcium (Ca) when the sufficiency range was used.     

Comparison of DRIS and alternative nutrient diagnostic methods for soybean

The Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) provides advantages over the Sufficiency Range (SR) approach to diagnosing the nutrient status of soybean (Glycine max L.). However, a number of modifications to DRIS have been proposed, including the use of only one method for calculating nutrient indices, and incorporating nutrient concentrations. In previous research, the author found that derivation and interpretation of DRIS diagnoses could be simplified by: 1) using a logarithmic transformation of nutrient ratio data; 2) using population parameters rather than high‐yield subpopulation values; 3) using a single index calculation method; and, 4) incorporating a measure of the probability of yield response to a treatment. Diagnoses by the SR approach, DRIS, three revisions of DRIS, and two new concentration‐based diagnostic methods were compared using diagnostic norms derived from a data base of over 4000 soybean tissue analyses and yield observations. Virtually all diagnoses of the most limiting nutrient were the same, except that the SR method did not make diagnoses on 5 week‐old samples. Traditional DRIS diagnoses were the least conservative, indicating only the order in which N, P and K would likely limit yield. Revised methods, particularly the concentration‐based methods, indicated fewer limiting nutrients, and agreed well with the SR method. Yields in the test data set increased with nearly every nutrient application, so the least conservative DRIS showed the greatest yield advantage. No diagnostic method consistently identified the nutrient causing the greatest yield response as most limiting.     

Evaluating soy‐dris for predicting manganese deficiency and sufficiency

Abstract

Better diagnostic tools are needed to predict Mn deficiency and sufficiency to ensure maximum yield with the minimum of fertilizer inputs. An alternative to the sufficiency range method (SRM) is to use the balance of nutrients approach as in the DRIS (Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System) method. A computer program has been developed as a diagnostic tool with plant nutrient levels as inputs and plant indices as outputs that indicate which element is most deficient. This program, SOY‐DRIS, was evaluated for Mn predictions using plant data from four field experiments. Data for check plots (0 Mn) for each non‐Mn treatment were used as input for the program and the Mn index indicating deficiency or sufficiency was the output. The predicted deficiencies and sufficiencies were tested against yield responses to Mn. Of 74 check plots, SOY‐DRIS correctly diagnosed the Mn nutrient status in 62 cases. There were 32 true positives (Mn deficient) and 30 true negatives (Mn sufficient) indicating that both deficiency and sufficiency were accurately predicted. If borderline cases and cases where insufficient Mn was added to give a yield response were eliminated, only one incorrect diagnosis was made giving a 99% correct diagnosis by the SOY‐DRIS program. The SRM gave results nearly identical tothe SOY‐DRIS progam.     

Preliminary nutrient diagnosis norms and optimum ranges in potted ornamental plants grown under saline conditions

Abstract

Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) norms for nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sulfur (S), chlorine (Cl) and sodium (Na) and nutrient sufficiency ranges for Aloe vera, Kalanchoe blossfeldiana, Lavandula multifidi, and Rosmarinus officinalis were based on two experiments. DRIS norms and nutrient ratios were computed and selected. Nutrient sufficiency ranges were developed using the data of the whole population according to the DRIS approach. The development of DRIS norms revealed that only K. blossfeldiana and R. officinalis showed limiting nutrients. The nutrient sufficiency ranges for each species expressed in mg g^?1 were: A. vera (N (9–28), P (1–3), K (37–48), S (8–10), Cl (47–50), Na (17–37)), K. blossfeldiana (N (16–22), P (2–3), K (35–39), S (7–10), Cl (45–54), Na (7–19)), L. multifida (N (15–16), P (1–7), K (18–37), S (7–8), Cl (41–60), Na (21–49)), R. officinalis (N (9–23), P (2–5), K (31–48), S (7–8), Cl (36–40), Na (7–12)). The establishment of these DRIS norms will useful to manage the nutritional status of the species studied under saline conditions.     

DIAGNOSIS AND RECOMMENDATION INTEGRATED SYSTEM (DRIS) FOR EVALUATING NUTRIENT STATUS OF COTTON (GOSSIPIUM HIRSUTUM)

Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) approach was employed to monitor the nutrient status of cotton (Gossipium hirsutum) in southwestern districts of Punjab, North-West India. DRIS norms for macro, secondary and micro nutrients in cotton plant are developed. Considering these DRIS norms, the most limiting nutrient for cotton plant in the region is identified along with the order in which the other nutrients become limiting. The DRIS approach indicated that 11, 3, 8, 5, 2, 4, 2, 3, 6 and 2 percent of the total cotton leaf samples collected were low in nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu), respectively. Leaf tissues of cotton plant were also found to contain high to excessive content of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Mn Zn and Cu in 11, 7, 15, 19, 25, 18, 66, 33, 9 and 25 percent samples, respectively. DRIS derived sufficiency concentration ranges obtained from survey of cotton fields in this region were 2.22 to 5.20% N, 0.20 to 0.47% P, 1.05 to 2.14% K, 1.66 to 2.86% Ca, 0.34 to 0.57% Mg, 0.65 to 1.11% S, 106 to 172 mg kg^?1 Fe, 35 to 68 mg kg^?1 Mn, 18 to 33 mg kg^?1 Zn, and 5 to 8 mg kg^?1 Cu. The results elucidate that DRIS technique can be used for macro, secondary and micro nutrients indexing of cotton crop irrespective of its cultivar.     

Monitoring Nutrient Status for Maize in Northwestern India through Diagnostic and Recommendation Integrated System Approach

Diagnostic and recommendation integrated system (DRIS) norms were established for various nutrient ratios obtained from the high-yield population of maize cultivated in submountainous areas of Punjab and were used to compute DRIS indices. Nutrient sufficiency ranges derived from DRIS norms were 1.67–3.12, 0.23–0.43, 0.89–2.56, 0.21–0.50, 0.1–0.32, and 0.10–0.20% for nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sulfur (S) and were 181–278, 27–75, 14–29, and 4–8 mg kg^?1 for iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu), respectively. According to these DRIS-derived sufficiency ranges, 95, 94, 95, 87, 90, and 86% of samples were sufficient whereas 4, 3, 4, 2, 2, and 2% of samples were low in N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S, respectively. In micronutrients, 80, 90, 85, and 68% of samples were sufficient, whereas 36 17, 10, 14, and 31% samples had excessive Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu, respectively. Thus, the DRIS approach can be employed to obtain the fertility status of the soil, and the amount of each nutrient can be computed for balanced utilization of fertilizers.     

Dris evaluation of n,p, k status of determinent soybeans in Brazil

Abstract

The Diagnois and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) has advantage over the critical value method to assess the state of nutrient balance of plants because it utilizes nutrient ratio relationships. The DRIS method was evaluated utilizing 3 data sets of N, P, and K foliar analyses of determinent soybeans from P‐response experiments in Brazil. Evaluation of data sets collected at growth stage R‐2 resulted in lowest calculated DRIS sum, an indication of highest degree of nutrient balance, to conform to highest yield. The DRIS method proved useful as a analytical tool to evaluate responsiveness of soybeans to phosphorus fertilizer materials. Foliar analyses of plants approaching maturity, R‐7, would indicate a different order of nutrient requirements than when collected at growth stages R‐2 or R‐5. This would suggest that DRIS, as a nutrient status evaluation instru‐ ment, also has limitations as to plant age. The order of requirement appears to account for judgement of high and low levels of nutrients, but needs some additional interpretation with respect to sufficiency of nutrients. Because DRIS can be used to diagnos nutrient balance and imbalance, refinement of the method for use with annual crops should be encouraged.     

Identifying nutrient imbalances in pomegranate (Cv. Bhagwa) at different phonological stages by the diagnosis and recommendation integrated system

The diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (DRIS) approach was used to interpret nutrient analyses of leaf tissues from pomegranate cv. Bhagwa orchards grown in southwestern Maharashtra, India. The DRIS norms were established for three growth stages,viz. 50% flowering, fruit development and first harvesting of pomegranate. Various nutrient ratios were obtained from high-yielding population and were used to compute DRIS indices for diagnosing nutrient imbalances and their order of limitation to yield. Nutrient sufficiency ranges at 50% flowering derived from DRIS norms were 1.32–2.15% nitrogen (N), 0.18–0.24% phosphorus (P), 1.29–1.99% potassium (K), 0.64–1.20% calcium (Ca), 0.23–0.45% magnesium (Mg), 0.16–0.26% sulfur (S), 103.04–149.12 mg kg^?1 iron (Fe), 39.60–72.85 mg kg^?1 manganese (Mn), 15.99–26.10 mg kg^?1 zinc (Zn), 6.16–9.32 mg kg^?1 copper (Cu), 23.38–39.88 mg kg^?1 boron (B) and 0.29–0.47 mg kg^?1 molybdenum (Mo). Similarly, the sufficiency range at fruit development and first harvesting was developed for computing DRIS indices. The requirement of Fe, Mg, S, Zn and N by the pomegranate plant was higher at 50% flowering and fruit development stages. According to these DRIS-derived indices, 87.85, 73.83, 70.09, 69.16 and 65.42% orchards were deficient in Fe, S, Mg, Zn, and N, respectively, at 50% flowering, while 70.03, 66.36, 63.55, 61.68, and 68.22% orchards were found to be deficient in respective nutrients during the fruit development stage.     

Effect of corn leaf sampled on N,P, K,Ca and Mg content and calculated DRIS indices

Abstract

The indices calculated from the Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) are used to interpret previously published data on the variation in N, P, K, Ca and Mg content in corn leaves. The results indicate that the DRIS approach is able to make consistent diagnoses of the order of requirement of the above elements by the plant irrespective of position of the leaf on the plant and portion of leaf sampled within certain limits. The diagnoses are completely consistent if any whole leaf from the middle of the plant is sampled.     

Evaluation of diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (DRIS) on early maturing soybeans

Abstract

The Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) appears to be a more sensitive tool in the early detection of mineral deficiency in soybeans (Glvcine max. L.) than the sufficiency range approach. A small data bank based on information collected in a survey over a two‐year period on early maturing soybeans grown in Quebec was used to calculate new modified DRIS norms. Remedial measures predicted by DRIS gave greater yield increases than those with the sufficiency range approach. Regional deviation in norms were identified and were more important with ? related ratios     

SUGARCANE NUTRITIONAL DIAGNOSIS WITH DRIS NORMS ESTABLISHED IN BRAZIL,SOUTH AFRICA,AND THE UNITED STATES

ABSTRACT

The Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) approach evaluates plant nutritional status. The Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System is based on a comparison of crop nutrient ratios with optimum values from a high-yielding group (DRIS norms). Several researchers affirm that once DRIS norms based on foliar composition have been developed for a given crop, they are universal and applicable to that particular crop grown at any place and at any stage of its development. But different diagnoses with DRIS norms established for the same crop but under different growth conditions have been found. The objectives of this study were (i) to evaluate the confidence intervals of three DRIS norms of sugarcane crop, (ii) to compare sugarcane nutritional diagnosis with three DRIS norms, and (iii) to evaluate the universal use of DRIS norms in sugarcane crop. Sugarcane DRIS norms were tested. Means for nitrogen (N)/phosphorus (P), N/calcium (Ca), N/copper (Cu), manganese (Mn)/N, N/zinc (Zn), Ca/P, Cu/P, Mn/P, Zn/P, potassium (K)/Ca, K/Cu, Mn/K, Zn/K, Mn/Ca, Zn/Ca, Cu/magnesium (Mg), Mn/Mg, Zn/Mg, Mn/Cu, Zn/Cu, and Zn/Mn of these three DRIS norms were significantly different (?p<0.05). The sugarcane nutritional diagnosis derived from norms published in the literature was different. These three DRIS norms were not universally applicable to the sugarcane crop. Therefore, in the absence of DRIS norms locally calibrated, norms developed under one set of conditions only should be applied to another if the nutrient concentrations of high-yielding plants from these different set of conditions are similar.     

Proposed modifications of the diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (DRIS) for interpreting plant analyses

Abstract

The Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) is a unique method of interpreting plant analyses. DRIS includes a number of assumptions which distinguish it from “critical concentration”; approaches, the most important being that ratios of nutrient element concentrations are often better indicators of nutrient deficiency than are simple nutrient element concentrations. Though several workers have shown that DRIS often produces more accurate diagnoses of nutrient element deficiency than conventional approaches, the complexity of the DRIS methodology has discouraged its use. This paper offers three modifications of the DRIS methodology which can simplify its use and interpretation. These include simplified calculation of intermediate functions, modified parameter selection, and modified criteria for predicting response to additional fertilizer.     

Dris calculation methods for evaluating the nutritional status of oil palm in the Eastern Amazon

This study aimed to evaluate six Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) calculation methods, including two ways to choose the nutrient ratio [F (Letzsch) or R (Nick) values] combined with three functions (Beaufils, Jones, or Elwali and Gascho), and to generate nutritional diagnoses for oil palm. A total of 144 foliar samples in 33 plots in the Eastern Amazon, Brazil, were used. Except for potassium (K) in all calculation methods, the DRIS indices showed no correlation with soil nutrients. Regardless of the formula, the nutritional balance index correlated with the productivity (significant r values) and similar diagnostics were obtained. These diagnoses were reliable according to the chi-square test (χ2), and most observed frequencies presented χ2 calculated less than χ2 tabulated. The average frequencies of samples with nutrient deficiency were 51%, 42%, 37%, 35%, 32%, 30%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 12%, and 12% for samples with nitrogen (N), boron (B), manganese (Mn), sulfur (S), K, copper (Cu), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), and magnesium (Mg), respectively. All tested DRIS methods may be used, and their diagnoses indicate the most common nutritional deficiencies in oil palm.