打顶后涂抹生长素对棉花功能叶营养物质及脱落酸和细胞分裂素含量的调节作用

为了解新疆棉花栽培中打顶措施与棉花早衰间的关系,在盆栽条件下研究了氮(150mg.kg-1)和高氮(500 mg˙kg-1)条件下,不打顶、打顶和打顶后涂抹生长素处理对棉花内源激素含量的影响.结果表明,低氮水平下,棉花打顶后功能叶片细胞分裂素(CTK)和可溶性蛋白质含量降低,而脱落酸(ABA)和丙二醛(MDA)含量增加;打顶后涂抹生长素处理CTK和可溶性蛋白质含量均比打顶和不打顶处理高,而ABA含量低于打顶处理,但仍比不打顶处理高.打顶处理ABA/CTK的比值均高于不打顶处理,而打顶后涂抹外源生长素又使ABA/CTK比打顶处理有所降低.叶片MDA含量对不同打顶处理的响应与激素比值的响应表现出相似趋势.高氮水平下,打顶或打顶后涂抹生长素处理的ABA含量高于不打顶处理.打顶处理在低氮条件下叶绿素含量均高于高氮条件.试验结果表明,高氮处理的施氮量超过了棉花植株生长需要,出现了ABA累积,对植株生长产生抑制.低氮条件下,打顶提高了棉花叶ABA的绝对含量、ABA/CTK和MDA含量,表明打顶促进了棉花衰老,而打顶后涂抹生长素在一定程度可延缓衰老进程.     

Interactions between a plant growth‐promoting rhizobacterium and smoke‐derived compounds and their effect on okra growth

Plant growth‐promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are used in agriculture to improve crop yield. Crude smoke–water (made by bubbling plant‐derived smoke through water) stimulates germination and improves seedling growth. Some active compounds have been isolated from smoke with karrikinolide (KAR₁) stimulating plant growth and trimethylbutenolide (TMB) being inhibitory. These smoke compounds have great potential in agriculture but their interaction with PGPR is unknown. In the present study, a two‐factorial pot trial with three replicates per treatment was designed to investigate the interactions between Bacillus licheniformis and two concentrations each of smoke–water, KAR₁, and TMB on okra (Abelmoschus esculentus). Growth and physiological parameters (chlorophyll, carotenoid, protein, sugar and α‐amylase) of okra as well as bacterial abundance in the rhizosphere were measured after 5 weeks. Application of B. licheniformis and 10^?7 M KAR₁ significantly improved the shoot biomass and 10^?7 M KAR₁ also significantly improved leaf area of okra. However, when 10^?7 M KAR₁ was applied in combination with B. licheniformis, there was an antagonistic effect on plant growth. While TMB had a negative effect on plant growth, a combination treatment of TMB and B. licheniformis overcame the inhibitory effect of TMB resulting in plant growth similar to the control plants. All treatments had no effect on chlorophyll, carotenoid, protein and sugar concentrations, while α‐amylase activity was significantly elevated in okra root treated with 1:500 (v/v) smoke–water. Determining the rhizobacteria populations at harvest showed that all treatments had no significant effect on the rhizosphere microbial abundance. The modes of interaction between PGPR and smoke‐derived compounds need to be further elucidated.     

不同配方生物炭改良盐渍土对小白菜和棉花生长及光合作用的影响

针对盐渍土壤理化性质差、肥料利用率低和作物长势弱的问题,利用不同配方生物炭进行土壤改良。采用盆栽试验的方法,以小白菜和棉花为研究对象,设置5个不同的处理:不施肥(对照CK0)、常规施肥(CK)、常规施肥+生物炭(C1)、常规施肥+生物炭+硝化抑制剂(C2)和常规施肥+生物炭+硫酸钙(C3),研究不同配方的生物炭处理对小白菜和棉花生长及光合作用的影响。结果表明,与常规施肥比较,C3处理效果更明显。小白菜的株高和株重分别增加32.7%和112.0%,叶绿素含量与净光合速率分别提高45.5%与32.9%;胞间CO_2浓度和蒸腾速率分别下降15.0%和59.2%。光谱分析表明,C3处理反射率更高,叶片组织更完好。与CK比较,生物炭处理同样促进棉花生长,显著提高叶绿素含量,降低叶片中丙二醛含量和过氧化氢酶活性,增强抗逆性,减少棉花损伤。同时,降低了棉花叶片中胞间CO_2浓度,提高水分利用率。土壤分析表明,生物炭配施改良剂能显著改善土壤理化性质,与常规施肥相比,C2处理的土壤有机质、速效磷和碱解氮含量分别提高57.3%,22.9%和40.8%,而对土壤速效钾和pH影响较小,C3处理对土壤电导率有较大提高。因此,实践中在改良盐渍土壤时,需注意改良剂的合理施用,防止土壤盐分的进一步积累。     

Photosynthesis and metabolic changes in leaves of rapeseed grown under long‐term sulfate deprivation 1

The effect of prolonged sulfur (S) deficiency on photosynthesis and S‐containing compounds in leaves of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) plants, grown in nutrient solution, was studied under greenhouse conditions. The rate of photosynthetic activity and stomatal conductance of water and CO₂ in treated plants decreased significantly after 3 months of treatment. The total chlorophyll content decreased after one month of S deprivation, after which it remained constant. The total S. content and both the water‐soluble and non‐protein soluble S fractions in the leaves showed a marked decrease. Whereas, the total protein soluble S remained unaffected during the period of observation. In the treated plants, the content of two major S compounds, e.g., cysteine and glutathione, were as a result of deprivation, although in the control it showed a trend to increase. Sulfur deficiency also decreased appreciably the activity of ATP sulfurylase. After the three‐month period of S deprivation, this enzymatic activity was about four times lower than that in the control plants. The data reported in this paper suggested that plants grown under S deficiency were capable of adjusting their S metabolism to maintain a sufficient protein and glutathione synthesis by lowering their photosynthetic activity.     

硼氮配施对棉花产量、叶柄环带以及养分吸收的影响

通过田间试验研究了硼、氮配施对棉花产量及其构成因子、叶柄环带及养分吸收的影响。结果表明:硼、氮在棉花上,有一定的交互作用,在相同施氮量下,棉花叶柄环带出现率、株环带叶数和叶环带圈数均随施硼量的增加而显著降低;施硼量从0 kg/hm~2增至13.5 kg/hm~2时,叶片的氮、磷、硼和叶绿素含量增加,棉花的株高、分枝数、铃数、铃重、衣分和产量均显著提高。施硼量从13.5 kg/hm~2增至27 kg/hm~2时,两个氮水平下的叶片磷、钾、硼和叶绿素含量没有显著变化,270 kg/hm~2氮水平下棉花叶片的氮含量、株高、铃重和铃数降低,产量没有变化,而在375 kg/hm~2氮水平下棉花叶片氮含量、株铃数、铃重、衣分和产量显著增加。对相同量硼处理,增施氮肥提高了棉花叶柄环带出现率、株环带叶数和叶环带圈数、叶片氮和叶绿素含量,而对叶片磷、钾、硼和产量没有显著影响。在施硼肥13.5 kg/hm~2,施氮量为270 kg/hm~2时,棉花产量达到最高值3 592 kg/hm~2。说明湖北天门地区棉田适当增加硼肥的同时减少氮肥用量可有效缓解棉花缺硼症状和提高产量。     

营养液漂浮育苗对棉苗生理生化特性的影响

以农杂66为材料,研究了棉花营养液漂浮育苗对棉苗生理生化特性的影响及营养液漂浮育苗移栽棉的植物学形态特征。结果表明,与营养钵育苗相比,营养液漂浮育苗的棉苗素质优于对照。营养液漂浮育苗能提高棉苗根系的TTC还原强度,使棉苗叶片的叶绿素、可溶性蛋白质和可溶性糖含量增加,叶片光合效率得到改善。营养液漂浮育苗棉苗从1叶1心至5叶1心叶片的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）活性均有不同程度的提高,而膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛（MDA）在叶片中的积累量呈下降趋势,表明营养液漂浮育苗能起到保护膜结构的完整性和提高棉苗抗逆性的作用。同时,营养液漂浮育苗棉苗叶片的游离脯氨酸含量也逐渐增加,棉苗叶片硝酸还原酶活性明显高于对照。营养液漂浮法育成的棉苗移栽大田后,主根发达、明显,在各生长发育时期的株高、茎叶鲜重及干重、根系鲜重及干重和根体积均高于相应的营养钵育苗移栽棉株。     

RELATIONSHIP OF SOIL EXTRACTABLE AND FERTILIZER BORON TO SOME SOIL PROPERTIES,CROP YIELDS,AND TOTAL BORON IN COTTON AND WHEAT PLANTS ON SELECTED SOILS OF PUNJAB,PAKISTAN

Boron (B) is an essential microelement, which is necessary for reproductive organs including pollen tube formation in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and flowering and boll formation in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) The study was associated with wheat-cotton rotation in 80 farm fields, belonging to different soil series, in four districts of cotton belt of Punjab, Pakistan to assess concentrations of extractable B in soils [0.05 M hydrochloric acid (HCl) extractable B], and added fertilizer B and their relationship to some soil physico-chemical properties [pH, organic matter (OM), calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) and clay content], yields and total B concentrations in wheat and cotton plants. All soils had alkaline pH (7.45 to 8.55), high CaCO₃ content (2.14 to 8.65%), less than 1.0% OM (0.33 to 0.99%), low plant available-P (Olsen P less than 8 mg kg^?1 soil) and medium ammonium acetate extractable potassium (K) (< 200 mg K kg^?1 soil). Of the 80 soil samples, 65 samples (81%) were low in available B (<0.45 mg B kg^?1, ranging from 0.11 to 0.43 mg B kg^?1) Of the corresponding 80 plant samples, leaves B concentrations were below critical levels (<10 mg B kg^?1 for wheat; <30 mg B kg^?1 for cotton) for all the tested samples for wheat and cotton. The regression analysis between plant total B concentrations and soil extractable B concentrations showed strong linear positive relationships for both wheat (R² = 0.509***, significant at P <0.001) and cotton (R² = 0.525***, significant at P <0.001). Further regression analysis between extractable soil B and wheat grain yield as well as between wheat leaves total B and wheat grain yield also depicted strong linear relationships (R² = 0.76 and 0.42, respectively). Boron fertilizer demonstration plots laid out at farmers’ fields low in extractable B, in each district not only enhanced grain yields of wheat crop but also contributed a significant increase towards seed cotton yield of succeeding cotton crop through residual B effect. In conclusion, the findings suggest that many soils in the cotton belt of Punjab may be low in extractable B for wheat and cotton, especially when these crops are grown on low OM soils with high CaCO₃ content.     

The influence of nitrogen nutrition on plant response to greenbug infestation 1

The influence of nitrogen nutrition and greenbug (Schizaphis graminum Rondani) infestation on growth, chlorophyll content, soluble amino acids, and soluble protein of barley plants (Hordeum vulgare L.) was studied in growth chamber experiments. Plants were grown for 21 days using complete or minus nitrogen nutrient solution. First leaves were then fitted with cages containing eight apterous adult greenbugs. After 7 days, the greenbugs were removed and the plants harvested. The plants given complete nutrient solution grew more rapidly than those given minus nitrogen. Plants grown with minus nitrogen had fewer greenbugs per plant but had much higher numbers of greenbugs per square centimeter of total plant leaf area than plants given complete nutrient solution. All leaves of infested plants grown with minus nitrogen had decreased dry weight, decreased chlorophyll, and increased soluble amino acids when compared with minus nitrogen uninfested plants. Infestation of first leaves of plants grown on complete nutrient solution increased soluble amino acids in all leaves. However, there was little change in the dry weight or chlorophyll level in leaves other than the first leaf. It is concluded that adequate nitrogen nutrition produces plants that can better withstand localized greenbug feeding damage than plants deficient in nitrogen.     

INFLUENCE OF SODIUM CHLORIDE AND CALCIUM FOLIAR SPRAY ON HYDROPONICALLY GROWN PARSLEY IN NUTRIENT FILM TECHNIQUE SYSTEM

The effects of salinity [30 or 90 mM sodium chloride (NaCl)] and calcium (Ca) foliar application on plant growth were investigated in hydroponically-grown parsley (Petroselinum crispum Mill). Increasing salinity reduced fresh weight and leaf number. Calcium alleviated the negative impacts of 30 mM NaCl on plant biomass and leaf fresh weight but not in case of 90 mM. Plant height, leaf and root dry weight and root length did not differ among treatments. Total phenols increased with calcium application, chlorophyll b reduced by salinity, while total carotenoids increased with salinity and/or Ca application. Salinity reduced nutrient uptake [nitrate (NO₃), potassium (K), phosphorus (P) and Ca] and elemental content in leaves and roots. Calcium application reduced P but increased Ca content in plant tissues. Increments of Na uptake in nutrient solution resulted in higher Na content in leaves and roots regardless Ca application. These findings suggest that calcium treatment may alleviate the negative impacts of salinity.     

Effects of Vermicompost and Vermiwash on Plant,Phenolic Content,and Anti-oxidant Activity of Mexican Pepperleaf (Piper auritum Kunth) Cultivated in Phosphate Rock Potting Media

The aim of this investigation was to determine the effect of vermicompost, vermiwash, and phosphate rock on plant, total phenols, flavonoids, and anti-oxidant activity in Piper auritum Kunth leaves. P. auritum plants were obtained from cuttings and were planted according to the Box-Behnken experimental design with three repetitions at the central point. The factors and levels were vermicompost (10, 20, and 30 g plant^?1), vermiwash (5, 10, and 15 mL plant^?1), and phosphate rock (1, 2, and 3 g plant^?1). Plant growth parameters (plant height, stem diameter, leaves number) and chlorophyll content were measured 1 month after treatment applications. Total phenols, total flavonoids, and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl radical scavenging activity was measured after 4 months. Vermicompost, vermiwash, and phosphate rock had no statistically significant effect on plant growth. Plant height, stem diameter, leaves number, chlorophyll, innermost number, fresh weight stem, fresh weight leaves, fresh weight root, dry weight stem, dry weight leaves, and dry weight root were not different among treatments. Total phenolic compounds were statistically affected for both vermiwash and phosphoric rock (p < 0.05) and the anti-oxidant activity decreased by vermicompost addition. The application of 15 mL plant^?1 vermiwash, 1 g phosphate rock, and 20 g vermicompost plant^?1 increased the total phenol content.     

不同液体有机肥对新疆棉花生长及土壤养分的影响

为研究不同液体有机肥对新疆棉花生长及土壤养分的影响，进而确定滴灌棉田最适宜的液体有机肥类型，为优化新疆滴灌棉花施肥技术提供理论依据，采用盆栽试验，设置5个处理包括不施肥（CK）、常规施肥（化肥，CF）、含氨基酸液体有机肥（AF）、含腐殖酸液体有机肥（HF）、酸性有机肥浸提液（BF），考察了不同施肥处理对棉花生长、叶片光合能力、产量构成、土壤养分以及养分利用率的影响。结果表明：与CF处理相比，不同液体有机肥均能促进棉花生长，提高土壤有效养分含量。其中，AF处理较CF处理显著提高了棉花叶片气孔导度（G_s），增加7.18%；与CF处理相比，HF处理对棉花株高、茎粗、叶片蒸腾速率（T_r）、总根表面积的促进作用最显著，分别增加了6.38%、3.92%、11.01%和14.52%~11.84%，棉花茎和地下部干物质量最高；BF处理棉花总根长显著提高41.21%~49.48%，同时叶片净光合速率（P_n）最强，棉花单株成铃数、衣分最高，棉花蕾铃、籽棉和整株干物质量显著提高了27.91%、11.83%和9.76%。对于土壤理化性质，AF、HF和BF处理较CF处理均显著提高了土壤有效磷含量；BF处理显著降低了土壤pH，且土壤有机质、碱解氮和速效钾含量均高于其他处理。BF处理棉花肥料偏生产力、肥料农学效率和肥料贡献率较CF处理提高了5.83%~19.33%，显著高于其他处理。总之，3种液体有机肥均能促进棉花生长，增加棉花干物质积累，提高土壤有效养分含量以及肥料利用率，其中以酸性有机肥浸提液效果最佳。因此，在滴灌棉田应用酸性有机肥浸提液可以获得更高的棉花产量及肥料利用率，有利于新疆滴灌棉田可持续发展。     

RESPONSE OF SALT STRESSED STRAWBERRY PLANTS TO FOLIAR SALICYLIC ACID PRE-TREATMENTS

Salinity has deleterious effects on plant growth and development through membrane stability, photosynthetic activity, protein content, and ionic composition; however, salicylic acid (SA) could restore these properties in plants. The objective of this study was to determine the ameliorative effects of SA as foliar pre-treatments on membrane permeability, proline and protein contents, chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll and ionic composition of strawberry cv. ‘Camarosa’ under saline conditions. Membrane permeability and proline content significantly increased and protein and chlorophyll contents significantly decreased by 6 mS cm^?1 application without SA treatment compared with the control (2 mS cm^?1) treatment. Membrane permeability decreased from 6.9 in 0 mM SA treatment to 5.2 by application of 1.0 mM SA under saline conditions and same to the control (5.2). Compared with 0 mM SA treatment, the average increases of proline and protein contents were 66.7% in 0.25 mM SA treatment and 62.2% in 0.1 mM SA treatment in 6 mS cm^?1 level, respectively. Chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll significantly increased by 0.25 mM SA treatments under saline conditions. The lowest and the highest chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll were obtained from 0 mM SA treatment (19.6 and 44.5 mg L^?1) and 0.25 mM SA treatment (28.6 and 52.9 mg L^?1) in 6 mS cm^?1 salinity level. Ionic compositions of leaves were significantly affected by salinity and SA treatments. Nitrogen in 1.0 mM SA treatment and P contents of leaves in 0.1 mM SA treatment significantly increased but Na and Cl contents of leaves significantly decreased by SA treatments in 6 mS cm^?1 salinity level. The results of this study were clearly indicated that the SA application on strawberry plants could ameliorate the deleterious effect of salt stress on membrane permeability, proline, protein, and chlorophyll contents. Therefore, SA treatment could offer an economic and simple application to salinity stress.     

增铵对小白菜生长和叶绿素含量的影响

在营养液中添加一定量的铵态氮能提高作物生物量和叶绿素含量。为研究增铵对植物生长及叶绿素含量的影响机理,采用了6个NO3-∶NH4 浓度比为5·0∶0·0、5·0∶2·5、5·0∶5·0、5·0∶7·5、5·0∶10·0和0·0∶5·0的处理对小白菜进行培养试验。结果表明,在5mmolL-1硝态氮存在时,适当添加一定量的铵态氮(2·5mmolL-1)小白菜生物量和叶面积分别增加39·6%和16·3%,叶面积与生物量显著相关(r=0·941,p<0·01)。营养液中铵态氮浓度与叶片SPAD值、活性铁及叶绿体蛋白质含量均显著相关,相关系数r分别为0·914、0·954和0·964。适当提高铵态氮浓度增加小白菜产量的机制在于其促进了叶片扩展,提高了总光合面积,其原因可能是适当提高铵态氮浓度促进了叶片细胞分裂。进一步研究表明,提高铵态氮浓度提高叶绿素含量的原因,可能在于其促进了小白菜体内全铁的再利用,从而提高了叶片活性铁含量和叶绿体蛋白质含量。     

KClO3诱导东魁杨梅成花的生理效应

研究不同KClO3浓度对6年生东魁杨梅成花过程生理生化的影响,结果表明:喷施KClO3后东魁杨梅叶片细胞受到伤害处于胁迫状态,丙二醛含量和电解质渗漏率显著增加.KClO3浓度低于1 500 mg·L-1时,叶绿素a、叶绿素b以及总叶绿素含量均显著增加,SOD、POD和CAT活性显著提高,导致叶片光合能力显著上升;生理分化期叶片蛋白质含量明显上升,可溶性糖含量降低;而形态分化期蛋白质含量下降,可溶性糖含量显著上升,可溶性糖/蛋白质比值显著增加,从而促进东魁杨梅的花芽分化.KClO3浓度高于1 500 mg·L-1时,叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量均降低;SOD、POD和CAT活性降低;导致叶片光合能力、可溶性糖含量以及可溶性糖/蛋白质比值显著下降,从而抑制东魁杨梅的花芽分化.结论是喷施1 000～ 1 500 mg·L-1 KClO3可显著提高东魁杨梅的成花率.     

EFFECT OF NITROGEN SOURCES AND RATES ON YIELD AND QUALITY OF SILAGE CORN

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of nitrogen (N) application source and rate on silage corn (Zea mays L.). Urea, ammonium nitrate, and ammonium sulfate were compared at 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg N ha^?1. The application of ammonium sulfate produced the highest plant height, leaf area index (LAI), total yield, and stem, leaf, and ear dry matter, followed by ammonium nitrate and urea. However, nitrogen sources had no marked effects on the content of protein, ash, oil, soluble carbohydrates, acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF). As the rate of nitrogen increased plant height, LAI, total yield, and stem, leaf, tassel, and ear dry matters, and protein, ash and oil contents increased while soluble carbohydrates, ADF, and NDF contents decreased. Ammonium sulfate was the most effective N source on production and 200 kg N ha^?1 was the most effective N rate on corn yield and quality.     

Influence of elevated CO2 and mild water stress on nonstructural carbohydrates in field-grown cotton tissues

Root, stem and leaf tissues, from cotton plants exposed to CO₂ at ambient (370 μmol mol⁻¹ (control)) or elevated (550 μmol mol⁻¹ (FACE; free-air carbon dioxide enrichment)) levels in the field during the 1990 and 1991 growing seasons, were analyzed for nonstructural carbohydrates (glucose, fructose, sucrose and starch). Besides the FACE treatment, these plants were also exposed to two irrigation levels: 100% and 67% replacement of evapotranspiration. FACE had a greater effect upon cotton plant nonstructural carbohydrates than did irrigation treatments. Leaf carbohydrate content was increased by FACE, but this increase was much more pronounced in the stems and roots. Starch and soluble sugars in leaves in FACE plots tended to be consistently greater than in control leaves, without much change in carbohydrate content during the growing season. In contrast, root and stem, starch and soluble sugar pools were strongly increased by FACE and fluctuated strongly during the growing season. In both seasons, stem and taproot nonstructural carbohydrate content passed through a minimum during periods of heavy boll set. The fluctuations in stem and root carbohydrate content were therefore probably caused by the varying metabolic demands of the developing plant. These results suggest that a significant effect of CO₂ enrichment on starch-accumulating plants is an increase of nonstructural carbohydrate, especially starch, in nonleaf storage pools. This buildup occurs somewhat independently of the water status of the plant, and these enlarged pools can be drawn upon by the growing plant to maintain growth during periods of high metabolic demand.     

INFLUENCE OF HIGH TEMPERATURE AND UREA FERTILIZATION WITH N-(N-BUTYL) THIOPHOSPHORIC TRIAMIDE AND DICYANDIAMINDE ON COTTON GROWTH AND PHYSIOLOGY

The objective of this growth chamber study was to evaluate the effect of adding N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) and dicyandiaminde (DCD) to urea fertilizer, on the physiology and growth of cotton (Gossypiumhirsutum L.) under normal and high temperatures. Treatments consisted of two day temperature regimes, 30°C and 38°C, and five nitrogen fertilization applications: unfertilized control, 125 kg ha^?1 of urea, 93 kg ha^?1 of urea, 93 kg ha^?1 urea + NBPT, and 93 kg ha^?1 urea + NBPT + DCD. The addition of NBPT to urea fertilizer had positive effects on leaf chlorophyll, leaf area, dry matter, nitrogen (N) uptake, and N use efficiency. The absence of a significant interaction effect indicated that N fertilization was not influenced by temperature. Deficiency of N significantly decreased leaf chlorophyll, increased glutathione reductase, decreased protein and increased leaf nitrate reductase. Physiological changes under high temperature included increased plant N uptake, glutamine synthetase, leaf chlorophyll, protein content, plant height and leaf area were due to high N uptake and utilization.     

Estimation of synergistic effect of humic fertilizer and Bacillus subtilis on lettuce plants by reflectance measurements

Previous research showed that the use of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria helped to increase nutrient use efficiency. The individual and combined effects of combined action of humic fertilizer and rhizobacteria Bacillus subtilis No. 2 on the lettuce yield, chlorophyll, total nitrogen and nitrate-(N) contents in lettuce leaves was studied. Traditional biochemical analysis and crop reflectance method were compared. Vegetation Indices and key spectrum characteristics - a median of frequency spectrum and bandwidth of frequency spectrum were used to estimate chlorophyll content in plant leaves.

The synergistic effect of bacteria and humic fertilizer was evidenced by increase in N and chlorophyll contents and in decreased nitrates content in lettuce leaves. Humic fertilizer resulted in decreased nitrates concentration in plants, whereas bacillus (B). subtilis No. 2 increased total N and chlorophyll contents. Results indicated that the application rate of humic fertilizer may be reduced when B. subtilis No. 2 is also applied.     

GROWTH,PHOTOSYNTHESIS, CHLOROPHYLL CONTENT AND NUTRIENT PARTITIONING OF KENAF AS INFLUENCED BY DIFFERENT LEVELS OF CARBON

The effects of carbon (C) levels on growth, photosynthesis, chlorophyll content, and nutrient partitioning on five kenaf varieties were investigated. Kenaf plants were grown in pots containing sandy beach ridges interspersed with swales (BRIS) soil. Organic carbon at levels of 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 t ha^?1, were applied to the pots. The results showed that plant height, stem diameter, leaf number, leaf area, chlorophyll content and photosynthesis rate increased with an increase in carbon levels up to 20 t ha^?1but decreased with additional increase in carbon levels. The proportion of nitrogen in leaves was minimum at 0 and maximum at 20 t ha^?1carbon levels. In stem and roots, proportion of nitrogen (N) decreased after 10 t ha^?1carbon, while in leaves phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) increased after 20 t ha^?1. Variety HC2 showed maximum N, P, and K in leaves and total nutrient content.     

Kinetics of Zinc Uptake and Anatomy of Roots and Leaves of Coffee Trees as Affected by Zinc Nutrition

Abstract

The influence of silicon (Si) (2.5 mM), sodium chloride (NaCl) (100 mM), and Si (2.5 mM) + NaCl (97.5 mM) supply on chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence, the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA), H₂O₂ level, and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD; E.C.1.15.1.1.), ascorbate peroxidase (APx; E.C.1.11.1.11.), catalase (CAT; E.C.1.11.1.6.), guaiacol peroxidase (G-POD; E.C.1.11.1.7.) enzymes, and protein content were studied in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill c.v.) leaves over 10-day and 27-day periods. The results indicated that silicon partially offset the negative impacts of NaCl stress with increased the tolerance of tomato plants to NaCl salinity by raising SOD and CAT activities, chlorophyll content, and photochemical efficiency of PSII. Salt stress decreased SOD and CAT activities and soluble protein content in the leaves. However, addition of silicon to the nutrient solution enhanced SOD and CAT activities and protein content in tomato leaves under salt stress. In contrast, salt stress slightly promoted APx activity and considerably increased H₂O₂ level and MDA concentration and Si addition slightly decreased APx activity and significantly reduced H₂O₂ level and MDA concentration in the leaves of salt-treated plants. G-POD activity was slightly decreased by addition of salt and Si. Enhanced activities of SOD and CAT by Si addition may protect the plant tissues from oxidative damage induced by salt, thus mitigating salt toxicity and improving the growth of tomato plants. These results confirm that the scavenging system forms the primary defense line in protecting oxidative damage under stress in crop plants.