乡土植物资源在城市水土保持中的应用

乡土植物经过长期的自然选择及物种演替后,对某一特定地区有高度生态适应性,具有抗逆性强、资源广、苗源多、易栽植的特点,不仅能达到适地适树,满足于城市水土保持的要求,而且还代表了一定的植被文化和地域风情。然而,据调查现对于乡土植物利用问题缺乏系统、全面的研究,或存有偏见,导致很少应用。乡土植物资源丰富,是当地自然植被中具有绿化景观功能和一定观赏性状的植物种类,对当地大气候生态环境具有高度适应性,能筛选出众多的乔木、灌木、攀缘植物、地被和草本花卉,做到植物多样性;能展示地方资源,自然风貌,景观文化的本土性,创造地方风格特色;不致引入生物侵害,不会对当地生态系统造成危害;容易获取大量种苗,生产成本低廉。在城市水土保持生态建设中,合理开发利用乡土植物资源,不仅能形成地域性植被特色景观,而且对城市生态环境建设和生物多样性保护具有重要意义。建议城市水土保持应首选乡土植物。     

四川省铁路路堑边坡植物多样性分析

通过分析四川省内成都平原及其附近4个地点的不同铁路路堑边坡的植物多样性,比较不同边坡植被自然恢复后的植物物种多样性、人工恢复后的植物物种多样性和自然边坡的植物物种多样性,得到以下结论不同的恢复时间、不同的土壤基质和不同地点的坡面的植被情况不同,恢复时间较长、土质松软且当地原生植被较好的地点植被恢复后的植物种丰富度较高.在进行人工生态恢复时,要依据当地土壤的物理化学性质和当地植物群落的演替规律选择先锋植物种,以本地乡土植物种为首选,可依据当地情况引进外来植物种.     

乡土野花组合在农业景观中的应用

乡土野花组合是筛选以乡土野花为主体的,并通过混合播种建立群落的一种景观植被建植模式,是欧美国家近年来较为流行的一种农业景观恢复与建设的技术措施。已有的研究发现乡土野花组合能够改善景观结构与生境质量,吸引传粉生物和自然天敌,从而起到增强农业景观的传粉及害虫控制功能,并改善农作物品质、提高农作物产量;与此同时,乡土野花组合也具有较好的文化功能。乡土野花组合的设计对建植效果具有重要作用,其物种筛选、配比、播种方式及布局是设计中需要主要解决的问题。本文在总结欧美国家乡土野花组合设计模式与生态监测结果的基础上,提出乡土野花组合物种筛选的3原则：乡土性、功能多样性与包含特定关键物种;并对其生长周期、物种数、播量、播种面积与空间布局等技术细节进行了讨论,以促进乡土野花组合的本土化、区域化发展。欧美国家提出了一系列推动产业发展及农户补贴的有关政策,其中美国主要以推动基础研究与产业发展政策为主,注重限制植物材料本土化;欧洲国家通过多项立法及农业环境管护政策为农户提供多样化的生态补贴,以促进农户充分参与乡土野花组合栽植过程。在我国,尚缺乏成熟的乡土野花组合应用案例。中国的乡土野花组合需充分发掘种质资源并进行生态、栽培与景观特性评估,以实现本土化的乡土野花组合。本文最后提出,通过多学科合作实现乡土野花组合的设计与推广,政府、产业、科研机构与农民共同参与乡土野花组合的设计过程,并提出市场化的生态补贴政策,以推动乡土野花组合在我国农业景观的应用,为改善我国农业生态环境做出应有贡献。     

生态农业景观与生物多样性保护及生态服务维持*

现代集约化的农业生产极大地改变农业景观生物多样性状况及生态系统服务功能,进而影响到农业可持续发展。大量研究显示,农业生态系统中物种多样性维持、害虫控制、传花授粉等生态系统服务功能受到景观结构的影响,仅仅改变集约化的生产方式,并不足以促进生物多样性的恢复及生态系统服务的维持,尚需考虑景观结构的调整和管理。从不同尺度上优化景观要素的空间配置和景观管理方式、建设生态农业景观成为促进农业景观生态系统服务功能维持、保护生物多样性和农业可持续发展的重要措施,具体包括:1)在区域和景观尺度上合理规划和配置种植区域和非种植区域以确保生态安全与稳定性;2)在地块间尺度保护、建设和管理甲虫带、野花带等生态设施,为农业生产提供必要生态系统服务;3)在地块内尺度通过多样化的种植和优化管理措施以获取农业生产和自然保护之间的平衡;4)整合景观规划设计与生态循环工程以促进农业景观资源的高效利用。     

亚热带红壤严重退化生态系统封禁管理后生物多样性的恢复

南方花岗岩发育的红壤由于严重的土壤侵蚀，生态系统退化严重，恢复与重建功能良好的生态系统是当前极炒迫切的任务，研究者在福建省长汀县河田镇对未治理的侵蚀地（严重退化生态系统）,封禁管理措施恢复的马尾松林和村边残存的乡土林（风水林）群落进行植被调查的基础上，研究了植物物种多样性的恢复情况，结果表明：严重退化生态系统植被稀少，植物区系组成简单，生物多样性各种指数最低；生态系统恢复重建后，植被覆盖恢复，植物种类增加，区组成向复杂化方向发展，各多样性指数增大，乡土林物种最为丰富，区系组成较为复杂，多样性指数最大，因此，严重退化生态系统经封禁管理措施恢复后，生态系统的植物物种多样性有了很大程度的恢复，但与乡土林相比，还有较大差距。     

农业景观中植物篱的建设与管理

农田边界上的植物篱是恢复农业生态系统弹性和提高农业景观质量的重要工具。简述了植物篱的概念及其发展历程,对比分析了国内外植物篱研究与实践的差异,系统地总结了植物篱在农业景观中的模式类型及其在生产、生态、文化和景观特征形成等方面的重要功能,并对其营建和管理经验进行了集成总结,强调植物篱及其网络建设是农业景观建设和土地综合整治的重要内容,具有广阔的应用空间。最后,对我国如何开展植物篱建设进行了初步探讨。     

东北平原典型玉米种植区农业景观植物多样性研究——以昌图县为例

非耕作生境是农业景观中的重要组成部分,为生物提供食物和栖息地,对生物多样性保护具有重要意义。本文以辽宁省昌图县为例,选取了20个非耕作生境比例为0~50%的网格(1 km?1 km)为样区,采用典型样地法对调查区域内农业景观中的林地、田间路、草地、沟渠、果园5类主要非耕作生境中的植物群落进行调查,探讨不同非耕作生境类型和比例中植物多样性及其与景观异质性之间的关系。研究结果表明,随着非耕作生境比例增加,植物物种多样性和均匀度先增加后减小,在20%~30%时达到峰值;非耕作生境比例在0~40%范围内时,植物物种丰富度同样呈现先增加后减小,且在20%~30%时达到峰值;非耕作生境比例高于40%时,植物物种丰富度再次出现峰值且高于20%~30%。随着非耕作生境比例的增加,农业景观香浓多样性、香浓均匀度指数和景观斑块形状复杂程度逐渐增加,蔓延度恰好相反。不同生境中重要值最高的均为禾本科植物,但植物种不同;优势种优势度为果园沟渠草地田间路林地。果园、草地和沟渠的物种多样性和均匀度指数显著高于林地和田间路,丰富度指数为草地林地沟渠果园田间路,且草地、果园和田间路的不同调查区域间植物群落指数存在较大的变异性。草地、果园、沟渠、田间路和林地中景观异质性与物种多样性相关性顺次降低。研究结论表明,东北平原典型玉米种植区农业景观中,最适宜非耕作生境比例为20%~30%;非耕作生境中林地、沟渠对物种多样性维持、湿生植物多样性保护具有积极作用;不同生境干扰类型和方式不同,景观异质性与植物物种多样性相关性程度也不同。在今后农业景观生物多样性保护中应综合考虑非耕作生境的类型和比例,干扰的类型和方式等多种因素对生物多样性、生态服务及农业产量的影响。     

水土保持生态自我修复中的植物多样性恢复研究

以植物群落调查样地为基础,从物种多样性指数、生态优势度、群落均匀度和林下植被生物量,对辽东地区水土保持生态修复区的几种典型土地利用方式下植物多样性恢复效应研究表明:天然次生生态系统(天然栎林与撂荒地)的植物多样性和林下植被生物量均表现为随着修复时间的延长而增加,人工针叶林生态系统与之相反,表现为下降趋势。不同土地利用方式下,植物群落的物种多样性表现为:天然次生栎林>撂荒地>落叶松人工林>红松人工林,其中,退耕落叶松人工林的植物多样性指数高于连植落叶松人工林。     

贵州省建设项目水土保持植物种的选择及应用

贵州省建设项目在带来经济效益的同时,如果解决不好项目建设造成的生态破坏、水土流失等问题,将对人们的生产条件、生态环境造成不利影响。根据贵州省区域、气候、植被及水土流失等特点,结合建设项目不同性质、不同环节和部位,所处区域的不同等,从优先乡土植物、兼顾工程性质、慎引外来物种、考虑生物多样性和景观布局、结合地方有关规划等方面,系统论述了贵州省境内建设项目水土保持植物措施中植物种类的选择和应用。     

农业景观生物多样性功能和保护对策

研究表明,农业集约化生产和农业景观均质化导致农业景观生物多样性降低,致使生物多样性相关野生资源保护、自然授粉、害虫调节、水土涵养等生态系统服务功能受损,进而影响了农业可持续发展。本文对国内外农业景观生物多样性及其生态系统服务功能研究和实践进行了综述。分别探讨了农业景观在生物多样性保护、授粉服务、调节服务、水土涵养等多方面生态服务功能中发挥的作用及其生物多样性保护的意义,总结了欧美在农业景观生物多样性保护所采取的实践措施,指出中国虽然在生物多样性保护方面做出很多努力,但却忽略了对农业景观的保护,近些年的城市化和集约化发展都进一步加剧了农业景观生物多样性的丧失,亟需借鉴欧美国家经验提出我国的农业景观生物多样性保护策略。我们认为保护和提高农业景观生物多样性的生态集约化对维护农作物产量,改善品种具有重要的作用。农业景观生物多样性保护需要从农田生态系统和农业景观两个尺度上开展农业景观综合管理,提高农田作物和景观植物多样性和异质性,恢复和提高生物多样性及其生态服务功能。最后,针对我国农业可持续发展面临的问题和需求,建议从政策和法规、监测和评估、工程技术研发、技术集成示范、生态补贴制度、培训和推广等方面,开展农业景观生物多样性保护。     

Spatial congruence between biodiversity and ecosystem services in South Africa

Ecosystems services sustain humans all over the world. The unsustainable use of ecosystem services around the world has led to widespread degradation which now threatens human health and livelihoods. Although the maintenance of ecosystem services is often used to justify biodiversity conservation actions, it is still unclear how ecosystem services relate to different aspects of biodiversity and to what extent the conservation of biodiversity will ensure the provision of services. The aim of this study was to find out whether biodiversity priorities, biomes, species richness and vegetation diversity hotspots co-occur in space with ecosystem services. The distribution of the ranges and hotspots of five ecosystem services (surface water supply, water flow regulation, carbon storage, soil accumulation, and soil retention) was assessed in South African biomes. Coincidence, overlap, and correlation analyses were used to assess spatial congruence between ecosystem services and species richness (plants and animals) and vegetation diversity hotspots. The grassland and savanna biomes contained significant amounts of all five ecosystem services. There was moderate overlap and a generally positive but low correlation between ecosystem services hotspots and species richness and vegetation diversity hotspots. Species richness was mostly higher in the hotspots of water flow regulation and soil accumulation than would be expected by chance. The water services showed varying levels of congruence with species richness hotspots and vegetation diversity hotspot. These results indicate that actions taken to conserve biodiversity in South Africa will also protect certain ecosystem services and ecosystem services can be used to strengthen biodiversity conservation in some instances.     

Gardens benefit bees and enhance pollination in intensively managed farmland

The recent loss of pollinating insects and out-crossing plants in agricultural landscapes has raised concern for the maintenance of ecosystem services. Wild bees have been shown to benefit from garden habitats in urban and suburban areas. We investigated the effects of distance from garden habitats on wild bees and seed set of a native out-crossing plant Campanula persicifolia, in intensively managed agricultural landscapes in Southern Sweden. Bee abundance and species richness, as well as plant seed set, were higher closer to gardens (<15 m) than further away (>140 m). This highlights private gardens as a landscape wide resource for pollinators but also the lack of sufficient pollination of wild plants in contemporary agricultural landscapes.     

Urban domestic gardens (IX): Composition and richness of the vascular plant flora, and implications for native biodiversity

Garden floras interact with native biodiversity by providing resources for wildlife and by acting as a source of non-native species. Understanding the composition and richness of garden floras will help evaluate the relationships between these floras and the wider environment. The composition and richness of vascular plant floras were measured in a stratified sample of 61 urban, domestic gardens in Sheffield, UK, based on complete garden inventories. The entire garden flora contained 1166 species, of which 30% were native and 70% alien. Across gardens, aliens showed lower occupancy than natives, comprising 79% of the species recorded only once. The garden flora contained 146 plant families, which included 72% of the native, naturalised or recurrent casual families recorded in the wild in Britain and Ireland. Gardens contained on average 45% natives, irrespective of garden size. Garden area explained 30% of the variation in species richness within individual gardens. Doubling garden size led to an increase in species richness of 25%. The garden flora comprised 10% annuals, 63% biennial/perennials, 18% shrubs and 8% trees; shrubs were disproportionately composed of alien species. The floras of urban domestic gardens probably form the greatest source of potentially invasive alien plants. However, the plants found in domestic gardens have closer affinities with the uncultivated flora than is often perceived, and their role for wildlife in gardens deserves reassessment. Declines in garden size that result from recommendations on the density of new housing are unlikely to have major consequences for plant richness in gardens.     

土壤微生物多样性与地上植被类型关系的研究进展

土壤微生物是生态系统中重要的组成成分,土壤微生物多样性代表着微生物群落的稳定性,对植物的生长发育和群落结构的演替具有重要作用。同时地上植被也影响土壤微生物多样性,地上植被和地下微生物间具协同作用和正负反馈效应的互作机制。探讨植被和土壤微生物多样性之间的互作关系,为植物保护和生态系统的可持续发展研究提供参考。     

北江干流河岸带不同植被类型植物物种多样性分析

以北江干流河岸带4种典型植被类型(竹林、草地、混交林和桉树林)为研究对象,采用样方法调查分析其群落特征和物种多样性,运用冗余分析(RDA)探讨北江河岸带植物物种多样性与环境因子之间的关系。结果表明:北江河岸带植物物种受热带季风气候影响,植物种类繁多,共调查到59科116属136种植物,群落科属组成分散;4种植被类型的物种丰富度、Shannon-Wiener多样性和均匀度指数变化规律一致,均以混交林最高,竹林次之,桉树林最低,但各植被类型间差异并不显著,说明北江河岸带不同植被类型维持物种多样性的异质性较小,其作用更多体现在为不同物种提供栖息地;RDA结果显示,植物物种丰富度、均匀度和多样性指数与乔木层高度、草本层盖度和海拔均呈正相关,而与至河流距离和土壤含水量呈负相关,在选取的7个环境因子中,海拔对北江河岸带植物物种多样性的影响最大,土壤含水量影响次之,至河流距离影响最小。     

Does variation in garden characteristics influence the conservation of birds in suburbia?

Can enhancement of garden habitat for native birds have conservation benefits, or are garden bird assemblages determined by landscape and environmental characteristics? The relative roles of vegetation structure, floristics and other garden attributes, and environmental and landscape controls, on the abundance and richness of bird species in 214 back or front gardens in 10 suburbs of Hobart, Tasmania, Australia, are addressed to answer this question. Birds were counted in each garden and the resources they utilized noted. Vascular plant species and other attributes of the garden were noted, along with rainfall, altitude, distance from natural vegetation, distance from the city and garden size. Garden floristics and bird assemblages were ordinated, and garden groups characterized by particular assemblages of birds identified. General linear modelling was used to determine the combinations of independent variables that best predicted the richness of birds and the abundance of individual bird species and groups of species. The models for bird richness, bird species and groups of bird species were highly individualistic. Although native birds showed a preference for native plants, they also utilized many exotic plants. Exotic birds largely utilized exotic plants. Variation in garden characteristics does substantially affect the nature of garden bird assemblages in Hobart, with weaker environmental and landscape influences. The fact that gardens can be designed and managed to favour particular species and species assemblages gives gardeners a potentially substantial role in the conservation of urban native avifauna.     

Urban domestic gardens (XIII): Composition of the bryophyte and lichen floras, and determinants of species richness

Private, residential gardens form a substantial proportion of the undeveloped land in urban areas. Evaluating their role in supporting biodiversity is crucial to (i) predicting which plant and animal species can persist in towns and cities, (ii) understanding the regional impacts of urbanisation, and (iii) guiding sympathetic garden management by owners. To obtain baseline information on a poorly-studied component of garden biodiversity, we measured the size and composition of the cryptogam assemblages in 61 domestic gardens in the city of Sheffield, UK. A total of 67 bryophyte and 77 lichen taxa were recorded. Bryophytes ranged from 3 to 24 species per garden, with a mean richness of 11.3 species; lichens ranged from 2 to 30, with a mean of 14.9 species. Stone substrates supported the highest lichen richness, although minor substrates contributed unique species. Just over one fifth of bryophyte species were recorded in grass lawns, and these were more widespread than those of other habitats. Most cryptogams were scarce, with around one quarter of both bryophytes and lichens occurring in single gardens, and only 10% were found in more than half of the gardens. Garden area - correlated with substrate richness - and garden altitude were the only two factors explaining variation in cryptogam richness (bryophytes 39.1%, lichens 32.4%). Positive correlations existed among bryophyte, lichen and vascular plant richness, and these were only partially mediated by the effect of garden area. Therefore the opportunity remains for garden owners to support cryptogam richness, the most effective action being to enhance substrate diversity.     

城市化进程中撂荒地植被恢复方式对植物多样性的影响

通过野外调查,研究鄱阳湖生态经济区城市化进程中农田生态系统撂荒后,自然更新和人工更新2种方式下的植物多样性和群落物种结构.结果表明：1）在撂荒地共发现42种植物,隶属22科42属,其中自然更新群落样地有10科20属,人工更新群落样地有19科34属;2）2个群落的科、属、种数在统计上差异不显著,只表现出人工更新群落稍高于自然更新群落,植物丰富度、多样性指数在统计上差异不显著,但是呈上升趋势;3）自然更新和人工更新2个群落间的植物种相似系数为0.44,自然更新和人工更新2个群落中的共有植物种类为12种,以一年生草本居多;4）应用除趋势对应分析排序方法（DCA）分析表明,2个群落结构间已形成梯度,在人工更新群落增加了多年生草本、多年生草质藤本和小灌木,人工更新减缓了植物多样性丧失的速度.在城市化圈地过程中,建议在撂荒期栽植乔木树种,有利于生物多样性的保护.     

A river runs through it: Land-use and the composition of vegetation along a riparian corridor in the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa

Riparian zones are important for the many ecosystem services they supply. In settled areas, the vegetation of such zones is shaped by human land-use; this often creates conditions under which alien plant species thrive. Alien plants have been shown to induce large-scale changes in riparian habitats, and they pose a major threat to the continued provision of key ecosystem services. We used direct gradient analysis to assess correlations between land-use and the composition of vegetation along a riparian river corridor in the highly transformed landscape surrounding Stellenbosch in South Africa’s Western Cape Province. Vegetation plots were sampled along the entire length of the river from headwaters to estuary (ca. 40 km). Plant community composition was analyzed in relation to land-use data collected in the field, and additional land-use variables computed from digital land-cover data. Patterns of plant community structure were found to be directly related to land-use, with measures of cover, richness, and diversity differing significantly among land-use types. Portions of the riparian zone adjacent to agricultural land had the greatest level of alien plant cover, while areas bordered by urban land maintained the highest alien species richness. Areas adjacent to grazing and natural lands showed intermediate and low levels of invasion, respectively. Several native species were found to persist in areas with high abundance and diversity of invasive alien plants, suggesting that they will be valuable focal species for future restoration attempts. Due to the level of human-mediated change in many areas of the riparian zone, restoration to historic conditions over most of the river is not considered feasible. These areas should be recognized as examples of novel ecosystems, and management efforts should focus on restoring or creating desirable ecosystem functions, rather than on achieving assemblages comprising only native species.     

鄱阳湖典型洲滩植物物种多样性季节动态特征

洲滩植物是湿地生态系统重要组成部分,在湿地生态系统物质循环与能量转换过程中起着关键作用。洲滩植物群落物种多样性体现湿地生态系统结构的稳定性与复杂性,对湿地生态系统健康与生态功能维持具有重要意义。本研究通过样方与样线调查法对鄱阳湖典型洲滩植物群落多样性进行了实地调查与分析。研究结果表明:鄱阳湖典型洲滩植物群落优势种重要值均值在0.5以上,在群落中占有主导地位;与春季相比,阿及苔草、水蓼、菰、香蒲和南荻等群落物种多样性在秋季有不同程度的下降,而虉草群落和灰化苔草群落物种多样性在秋季则有所升高;芦苇和南荻群落在互为伴生过程中可能由于生长机理不同和生态位重叠现象,二者Shannon-Wiener多样性指数呈现出此消彼长的关系,其中春季南荻群落物种多样性较高,秋季则以芦苇群落物种多样性较高。相关分析表明,鄱阳湖湿地典型洲滩植物群落物种多样性与生物量之间无明显相关性,生物量主要受到群落内优势种的类型、生长特性、繁殖方式,以及微地形的影响。