E.coli谷氨酸脱羧酶高产菌株选育及发酵条件研究

以普通大肠杆菌(E. coli)为出发菌株,以L-谷氨酸、溴甲酚绿(pH3.8~5.4)为筛选及指示剂,经亚硝基胍(NTG)、UV诱变处理,得到了L-谷氨酸脱羧酶活性变异菌株,其L-谷氨酸脱羧酶（GAD）活性大幅度提高,比出发菌株酶活性提高了2.22倍。优化实验显示：pH值、发酵时间、诱导剂L-谷氨酸、硫酸镁对GAD产酶有较大影响。通过对产酶发酵培养基中几种成份单因素变动及正交优化实验,对该菌株产GAD的诱导剂L-谷氨酸、营养要求和发酵条件进行了研究,优化后的发酵培养基组成为牛肉膏5 g/L,蛋白胨10 g/L,氯化钠3 g/L,L-谷氨酸0.5 g/L,葡萄糖1.5 g/L,磷酸二氢钾2 g/L,硫酸镁0.7 g/L。发酵条件是：pH6.8,接种菌龄20h,发酵时间20h。在优化条件下突变菌株GAD活性可达6790.7U,是出发菌株的2.76倍。     

纤维素酶高产菌株的诱变选育及产酶条件研究

本研究通过γ射线照射和亚硝基胍交替处理 ,诱变出一株纤维素酶高产菌株T80 1 ,与出发菌株相比 ,其产酶能力提高 1 77倍。通过对诱变菌株产纤维素酶条件研究发现 ,以稻草粉为碳源、蛋白胨为氮源时 ,菌株产酶最高。该菌株产酶最适培养温度为 2 8℃～ 30℃ ,最适培养 pH为 4 8～ 5 0 ,在此条件下发酵五天达到产酶高峰。该诱变株产酶能力高于国内外一些已知的纤维素酶高产菌株如QM941 4等 ,具有重大的实用价值。     

高产漆酶平菇的筛选及其在降解黄曲霉毒素B1中的应用

通过选择培养基平板培养法和液体发酵培养法筛选得到2株高产漆酶的平菇菌株P1和P2,并对平菇菌株产漆酶的培养基进行筛选,得到产漆酶的最适培养基为最低盐MSM培养基。菌株P1不仅产漆酶能力最高,而且降解黄曲霉毒素的能力也最好。在MSM培养基中培养10d时,产漆酶量高达769.44U/L,在800μl的反应体系中,790μl粗酶液可以将1000ng黄曲霉毒素B₁降解到222.62ng,降解率为77.74%,并且平菇粗酶液降解黄曲霉毒素B₁的能力与其中漆酶的含量呈一定的正相关性。     

产β-甘露聚糖酶内生菌的诱变育种及产酶条件优化

以刺槐豆内生菌Paenibacillus sp.CH-3为出发菌株,采用紫外-硫酸二乙酯-亚硝酸盐对其进行复合诱变,并对菌株的发酵条件进行了优化。结果表明：经过紫外线-硫酸二乙酯-亚硝酸盐复合诱变,获得一株高产β-甘露聚糖酶的突变菌株Paenibacillus sp.CH3-05,其酶活力为160.2U/mL,较出发菌株（42U/mL）提高了281.4%。其最佳发酵培养基为：酵母膏0.25%,魔芋粉3%,磷酸氢二铵0.25%,氯化钠0.1%,硫酸镁0.3%,磷酸氢二钾0.2%,CaCl22 mmol/L。最佳发酵条件为：初始pH 6.5,接种量2%,培养温度35℃,转速200 r/min,培养时间78 h,在该条件下测得酶活为233.5 U/mL,较出发菌株提高456%。     

一株产高温蛋白酶耐热菌BY25的产酶条件与酶学性质研究

对菌株BY25的生长条件、产酶条件及其产生的蛋白酶的酶学性质进行了研究。结果发现,BY25的最高生长温度为55℃,最适生长温度为50℃,最佳产酶温度为30℃,最佳培养起始pH为8.0,最佳C源为葡萄糖,高通气量明显提高菌株产酶能力。在以上条件下培养52 h,上清液蛋白酶活力达4 170 U/ml。酶学性质研究表明：该蛋白酶为高温中性金属蛋白酶,最适反应pH为7.0,最适反应温度为55℃,具有良好的pH耐受性和较好的热稳定性;EDTA能强烈抑制酶活力,而Fe2+、Cu2+对酶活力也具有一定抑制作用。     

普鲁兰酶产生菌的诱变选育及其发酵工艺的优化

为了提高普鲁兰酶产酶酶活,以GX-6为出发菌株,采用低能离子束修饰技术对其进行诱变,并通过响应面法优化其发酵培养基。结果表明,最佳离子束诱变参数为:注入能量10 keV、诱变剂量1×10¹⁵ ions·cm^-2、诱变时间38 s,此条件下菌株正突变率比负突变率高,利用离子束诱变技术反复诱变,最终获得一株普鲁兰酶酶活较高且遗传性稳定的突变菌株GX-6-2,其酶活为2.13 U·mL^-1,较出发菌株酶活(0.65 U·mL^-1)提高了2.28倍。由Plackett-Burmen试验分析得到影响普鲁兰酶酶活的3个显著因素分别是玉米淀粉、麦芽糖和吐温-80。通过响应面试验得到最佳发酵培养参数为:玉米淀粉56.5 g·L^-1、麦芽糖11.5 g·L^-1、吐温-80 1.0 mL·L^-1、黄豆饼粉 25 g·L^-1、pH值7.0、发酵温度37℃、接种量3%、发酵时间24 h、装液量50 mL、转速180 r·min^-1,此条件下诱变菌株的酶活为2.57 U·mL^-1,较出发菌株酶活提高了2.95倍。对突变菌株的发酵特性进行初步研究发现,发酵培养24 h时,突变菌株酶活达到2.67 U·mL^-1,较出发菌株提高了3.11倍。本研究结果为利用低能离子束修饰技术诱变选育普鲁兰酶产生菌提供了一定的理论参考。     

酸性β-甘露聚糖酶高产菌株的诱变育种

摘要：以一株实验室保藏的酸性β-甘露聚糖酶产生菌黑曲霉（Aspergillus niger）LW-1作为原始出发菌株,首先经自然分离筛选出一株产酶较稳定的N-9作为诱变出发菌株,再经真空微波和甲基磺酸乙酯（EMS）逐级诱变处理,采用基础发酵培养基固态发酵筛选以及斜面传代培养,获得了一株高产、稳产酸性β-甘露聚糖酶的E-30菌株。其产β-甘露聚糖酶活性达36 675 U/g,是原始出发菌株（17 048 U/g）的2.15倍。E-30菌株三角瓶麸曲种子保藏两个月,产酶活性稳定。     

纤维素降解菌CMC-4的分离鉴定、诱变和酶学特性研究

从秸秆还田土壤中初筛获得一株高效纤维素降解菌CMC-4,根据菌株形态、理化性质及16S rDNA序列分析,初步鉴定为地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)。以此为出发菌株,经亚硝酸钠诱变获得一株稳定高产纤维素酶突变株CMC-4-3。对CMC-4和CMC-4-3的产酶条件和酶学性质进行比较分析,结果表明:CMC-4-3纤维素酶活力较CMC-4提高67.5%;其最适产酶条件是:37℃、pH 6.0、葡萄糖为碳源、蛋白胨为氮源、接种量2.0%、装液量60 ml/250 ml。该菌株所产纤维素酶的最适反应pH为6.0,且在4.0~7.0酶活力较稳定;最适反应温度为50℃,在20~80℃范围内均保持稳定;金属离子Fe~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、Co~(2+)、K~+对酶有激活作用,其余离子均有不同程度抑制作用,而Cu~(2+)和Ca~(2+)抑制作用最强,酶活力减弱近50%,是该酶的强效抑制因子。诱变前后菌株产酶条件和酶学性质等部分表型发生了变化,而突变菌株显示出了更宽泛的环境适应范围。据此,获得一株高效产纤维素酶、耐受范围广的具纤维素降解能力的地衣芽孢杆菌,而CMC-4-3和CMC-4的表型可作为深入探讨基因型变化的线索。     

啤酒用β-葡聚糖酶高产菌株的选育及发酵条件优化

对产β-葡聚糖酶的地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)A302菌株进行紫外线和硫酸二乙酯(DES)复合诱变和选育，获得产β-葡聚糖酶达27．3U／mL的突变株H302。采用均匀实验设计对H302菌株产β-葡聚糖酶的液体培养基组成及发酵条件进行优化实验，所获优化配方(W／V)为麦麸1．41％，鱼粉0．80％，硝酸钾0．34％，硫酸镁0．11％，起始pH6．0；用含孢量10^8个／mL的种子菌液按体积比3．3％接种上述液体培养基，在36℃下发酵52h，菌株H302的产酶活力达到115．1U／mL，是原出发菌株及培养条件下产酶活力的9．4倍。对突变株H302所产β-葡聚糖酶性质的研究表明，该酶最适作用温度为60℃，最适作用pH为5．5，适用于啤酒生产中的麦芽糖化。     

γ射线对斜卧青霉的诱变筛选及产酶条件优化

以斜卧青霉(Penicillium decumbens)A10为出发菌株,经450 Gy60Coγ射线诱变处理,选育出1株纤维素酶高产菌株A50,对其产纤维素酶的液态发酵条件进行研究优化,确定了所试因素的最佳组合,即主碳源浓度为5%,其中麸皮与玉米秸秆比例为1∶1,辅加碳源为0.1%的葡萄糖,辅加氮源为0.2%的磷酸氢二铵,Tween-80添加量为0.1%,培养基初始pH为5.0,300ml三角瓶的装液量为30ml、接种量10%、培养温度为32℃、摇床转速200r/min。发酵至60h时,纤维素酶活和滤纸酶活均达到最高,分别为27.28和1.98IU/ml,较出发菌株A10分别提高了33.2%和45.59%。     

New process for fungal delignification of sugar-cane bagasse and simultaneous production of laccase in a vapor phase bioreactor

We propose a new process using a vapor phase bioreactor (VPB) to simultaneously (i) delignify sugar-cane bagasse, a residue of sugar production that can be recycled in paper industry, and (ii) produce laccase, an enzyme usable to bleach paper pulp. Ethanol vapor, used as laccase inducer, was blown up through a VPB packed with bagasse and inoculated with Pycnoporus cinnabarinusss3, a laccase-hyperproducing fungal strain. After 28 days, the laccase activity in the ethanol-treated bagasse was 80-fold higher (80 U g(ds)(-)(1)) and the bagasse delignification percentage was 12-fold (12%) higher than in the reference samples produced in the absence of ethanol, corresponding to a high overall pulp yield of 96.1%. In the presence of ethanol, the total soluble phenols amount was 2.5-fold (3 mg FA g(ds)(-)(1)) higher than that without ethanol. Six monomeric phenols were detected: p-coumaric (4-hydroxyphenyl-2-propenoic), ferulic (4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl-2-propenoic), syringic (4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzoic), vanillic (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic) and 4-hydroxybenzoic acids, and 2-methoxyhydroquinone. Higher concentrations of phenolic compounds were observed when ethanol vapor was added, confirming a more efficient bagasse delignification. After 28 days, the fungal-treated bagasse (with ethanol addition) was pulped and refined. For a freeness of 81 mL CSF, this processing required 50% less energy than with untreated bagasse (without inoculation and ethanol addition), which indicated a significant potential economy for the pulp and paper industry. Handsheets were made from pulp obtained after fungal-treated and untreated bagasse. Comparison of bagasse-pulp characteristics for freeness of 35 and 181 mL CSF showed an average increment by 35% for tensile index and breaking strength and length. VPB allowed a simultaneous production of laccase (90 U g(ds)(-)(1), after pressing of the bagasse) that improved the overall profitability of the process.     

Inoculation of seeds and soil with basidiospores of mycorrhizal fungi

It was demonstrated that basidiospores of the fungus Rhizopoyon luteolus, mycorrhizal for Pinus radiata, could be used successfully as seed inoculum after freeze-drying and storage for 3 months at 22°C, provided the inoculum level was increased 100-fold. Spore inoculum applied to seed could be held dry for at least 2 days before planting provided inoculum was increased 10-fold. On sowing freshly inoculated seed to sterile soil, 3 × 10³ basidiospores/seed were adequate for infection but maximum mycorrhizal infection occurred with 3 × 10⁴ spores/seed.A dose-response curve was obtained for mycorrhizal infection when basidiospores were applied to soil. As few as 100 spores/290 cm³ pot were sufficient for mycorrhizal infection although infection increased with greater spore dose to a maximum of 10⁵ spores/pot. Plant growth response was related to intensity of infection. It is suggested that the percentage germination of basidiospores in the rhizosphere may be considerably greater than those reported in studies with synthetic medium. A rhizosphere effect on germination of basidiospores was demonstrated and a method developed to facilitate studies of spore germination in the rhizosphere.     

酶法复合脱毒提高玉米秸秆水解液丁醇发酵效率

利用玉米秸秆发酵产丁醇在生物质转化领域具有明显优势。为解除玉米秸秆水解液中多种有毒物质对微生物生长的抑制及对发酵产量的影响,该研究摒除常用的理化脱毒法,选择高效环保的酶法脱毒以实现溶剂高产。研究结果表明:通过优化漆酶和甲酸脱氢酶添加量以去除水解液中酚类和甲酸,单独添加漆酶5 U/m L、甲酸脱氢酶1 U/m L,水解液发酵的丙酮-丁醇-乙醇(acetone-butanol-ethanol,ABE,总溶剂)产量分别为1.03和1.11 g/L。再在活性炭的辅助下形成高效酶法复合脱毒体系,经复合脱毒处理的水解液发酵后丁醇产量达2.90 g/L,总溶剂ABE产量达到4.4 g/L,比未作处理的对照组发酵产量高出约5倍,实现了生物质的高效转化。可为玉米秸秆水解液发酵生产燃料丁醇提供参考。     

Flocculation and Haze Removal from Crude Beer Using In-House Produced Laccase from Trametes versicolor Cultured on Brewer's Spent Grain

The potential of brewer's spent grain (BSG), a common waste from the brewing industry, as a support-substrate for laccase production by the well-known laccase producer Trametes versicolor ATCC 20869 under solid-state fermentation conditions was assessed. An attempt was made to improve the laccase production by T. versicolor through supplementing the cultures with inducers, such as 2,2-azino bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), copper sulfate, ethanol, gallic acid, veratryl alcohol, and phenol. A higher laccase activity of 13506.2 ± 138.2 IU/gds (gram dry substrate) was obtained with a phenol concentration of 10 mg/kg substrate in a tray bioreactor after 12 days of incubation time. The flocculation properties of the laccase treated crude beer samples have been studied by using various parameters, such as viscosity, turbidity, ζ potential, total polyphenols, and total protein content. The present results indicated that laccase (25 IU/L) showed promising results as a good flocculating agent. The laccase treatment showed better flocculation capacity compared to the industrial flocculation process using stabifix as a flocculant. The laccase treatments (25 IU/L) at 4 ± 1 °C and room temperature have shown almost similar flocculation properties without much variability. The study demonstrated the potential of in-house produced laccase using brewer's spent grain for the clarification and flocculation of crude beer as a sustainable alternative to traditional flocculants, such as stabifix and bentonite.     

Co-remediation of DDT-contaminated soil using white rot fungi and laccase extract from white rot fungi

Purpose

2,2-Bis(p-chlorophenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane (DDT), one of the most widely used organochlorine pesticides in soil, was banned in the 1970s for agricultural use because of its detrimental impacts on wildlife and harmful effects on human health via the food chain. However, high levels of DDT are frequently detected in agricultural soils in China. Considering this situation, this study investigated the use of white rot fungi and laccase derived from white rot fungi to co-remediate DDT-contaminated soil.

Materials and methods

A culture of white rot fungi was used to inoculate soil samples and also to extract laccase from. Soil was contaminated with four components of DDT (p,p′-DDE, o,p′-DDT, p,p′-DDD, and p,p′-DDT). Individual DDT components and the sum of the DDT components (p,p′-DDE, o,p′-DDT, p,p′-DDD, and p,p′-DDT—collectively referred to as DDTs) were both analyzed by GC at various stages during the incubation period. The efficacy of co-remediating DDT-contaminated soil using white rot fungi and laccase was tested by investigating how degradation varied with varying amounts of white rot fungi, sterilizing soil, temperature, soil pH, concentrations of DDT, and concentration of the heavy metal ion Cd²⁺.

Results and discussion

“”It was concluded that the reduction of DDTs in soil using white rot fungi and laccase was higher than reduction using only white rot fungi or laccase by nearly 14 and 16 %, respectively. Five milliliters fungi per 15 g soil and 6 U laccase per gram soil were the optimal application rates for remediation, as shown by a reduction in DDTs of 66.82 %. The difference in the reduction of individual DDT components and DDTs between natural and sterilized soils was insignificant. The optimal temperature and pH in the study were 28 °C and 4.5, respectively. In addition, reduction of individual DDT components and DDTs increased with increasing concentrations of DDT and decreased with increasing concentrations of Cd²⁺.

Conclusions

Compared with the remediation of DDT using only white rot fungi or laccase, the co-remediation of DDT using white rot fungi and laccase degraded DDT in soil more rapidly and efficiently; the highest reduction of DDTs was 66.82 %.     

高产多糖钝顶螺旋藻新品系的选育及蛋白质SDS-PAGE鉴定

研究了 1 0株钝顶螺旋藻对60 Coγ射线的辐射抗性及其与多糖含量的关系 ,表明各株系的半致死剂量 (LD50 )与多糖含量间的相关系数高达 0 9873。进而以多糖含量较高的钝顶螺旋藻Sp 0 8为出发品系、用 0 6%的EMS和 2 4kGy的60 Coγ射线处理Sp 0 8单细胞或原生质球 ,并用 7 0kGy左右的γ射线为筛选压力 ,得到了 4株多糖含量分别比Sp 0 8的高 32 8%、1 7 3%、2 3 4%和 42 3%的形态突变体 :Sp 0 8A、Sp 0 8B、Sp 0 8C和Sp 0 8D。蛋白质SDS PAGE分析确定 ,Sp 0 8A、Sp 0 8C和Sp 0 8D为在分子遗传水平发生变异的突变体。综合上述突变体的形态特征和生长速率等生产性状 ,确立Sp 0 8A为高产多糖的钝项螺旋藻新品系 ,目前已用于大规模养殖与产业化开发     

Elucidating the mechanism of laccase and tyrosinase in wheat bread making

Cross-linking enzymes generate covalent bonds in and between food biopolymers. These enzymes are interesting tools for tailoring dough and bread structures, as the characteristics of the biopolymers significantly determine the viscoelastic and fracture properties of dough and bread. In this study, the influence of oxidative cross-linking enzymes, tyrosinase from the filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei and laccase from the white rot fungus Trametes hirsuta, on dough and bread were examined. Oxidation of low molecular weight phenolic model compounds of flour, cross-linking of gluten proteins, dough rheology, and bread making were characterized during or after the enzymatic treatments. In the dough and bread experiments, laccase and tyrosinase were also studied in combination with xylanase. Of the model compounds tyrosine, p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, and Gly-Leu-Tyr tripeptide, tyrosinase oxidized all except ferulic acid. Laccase was able to oxidize each of the studied compounds. The phenolic acids were notably better substrates for laccase than l-tyrosine. When the ability of the enzymes to cross-link isolated gliadin and glutenin proteins was studied by the SDS-PAGE analysis, tyrosinase was found to cross-link the gliadin proteins effectively, whereas polymerization of the gliadins by laccase was observed only when a high enzyme dosage and prolonged incubation were used. Examination of large deformation rheology of dough showed that both laccase and tyrosinase made doughs harder and less extensible, and the effects increased as a function of the enzyme dosage. In bread making, interestingly, the pore size of the breads baked with tyrosinase turned out to be remarkably larger and more irregular when compared to that of the other breads. Nevertheless, both of the oxidative enzymes were found to soften the bread crumb and increase the volume of breads, and the best results were achieved in combination with xylanase.     

Laccase and peroxidase isoenzymes during leaf litter decomposition of Quercus ilex in a Mediterranean ecosystem

The dynamics of leaf litter decomposition of Quercus ilex (L.) were investigated over a 2 year period by determining the activities and isoenzyme distribution of laccases and peroxidases. The analysis of isoenzymes was performed by isoelectric focusing on high stability pH gradients with high resolving power. The preparation of zymograms was carried out using the leaf litter extract without previous concentration. During litter decomposition, laccase and peroxidase activities changed as well as the type and number of enzyme isoforms. The activities of both enzymes were low (≤0.017 and ≤0.031 mmol o-tolidine oxidized h⁻¹ g⁻¹ d.w. for laccase and peroxidase, respectively) in first year and increased in October-January of the second year of litter decay. The highest activities measured after 15-18 months of litter exposure (0.37±0.03 and 0.19±0.02 mmol o-tolidine oxidized h⁻¹ g⁻¹ d.w. for laccase and peroxidase, respectively), showed that litter chemical composition affected the growth of ligninolytic microbial community. The activation energy for laccase and peroxidase reactions also changed during decomposition: the highest values (55±6 kJ mol⁻¹ for laccase and 60±6 kJ mol⁻¹ for peroxidase) occurred in autumn-winter, even if spatial changes were evidenced. Some enzyme isoforms (pI=5.3 and 5.5 for laccase and pI=5.0 and 5.1 for peroxidase, respectively), contributed more than others to the overall laccase and peroxidase activity, suggesting that some ligninolytic species bloomed in particular seasons of the year, even if other species with similar functional activities colonized the litter.