农田生态系统分析与农业持续发展

农田生态系统分析紧农民为中心,由自然科学工作者、社会科学工作者、决策管理人员、土地规划人员和农民共同参与,通过研究农民实际生存农业自然环境、社会、文化、经济环境,结合考虑农民的意愿与抉择,提出解决农田生态系统问题的一种动态过程与方法,其基本目标是实现中小尺上的农业可持续发展。农田生态系统分析一般包括５个阶段：问题诊断与分析、研究方案设计与规划、方案验证与评价、结果评价阶段和建议与推广应用。据此,提     

基于能值分析的武安市农业生态安全预警（英）

农业生态系统是人类所控制和管理的自然-人工复合生态经济系统。农业生态系统的变化预测对区域农业生态安全和控制农业系统退化起着重要的作用。基于农业生态系统的能值分析,预测区域生态安全能够为农业生态安全提供借鉴和预警,从而可以尽早提出警报,采取措施有效地抑制、减轻、控制和规范农业生态系统的恶化,最终使农业生态系统可持续发展。本文分析了河北省武安市1997年至2008年的农业生态系统内的能量输入输出,采用灰色预测系统模型,建立了河北省武安市农田的预警系统,为农田的正确使用提供借鉴。结果表明河北省武安市农业的发展仍然依赖于非再生资源的输入和高排放的环境压力,从而使武安市农田系统处于不可持续状态。它从1997年的安全降低到2008年的预警,而且在2015年,2020年仍将处于预警的农业生态安全。此外,各区域的农业生态安全存在明显的差异。基于此,本文提出了可持续的农业发展对策,为土地使用的可持续发展提供借鉴。     

农业生态系统可持续发展的制约因素与调控对策

农业生态系统的可持续发展是实现中国可持续发展战略的基本保证和前提条件。限制因素的识别是评价农业生态系统可持续性、制订农业可持续发展战略及实施综合措施的关键步骤。以南京市江浦县为例,分析了农业生态系统可持续发展的主要限制因素及其调控对策。研究表明,耕地资源持续减少、生态灾害频繁发生、系统抗干扰能力不强等是该区农业生态系统可持续发展的主要限制因素;在此基础上,提出了“保护耕地资源、增强系统抗性、控制生态灾害”的对策建议,以促进江浦县农业生态系统的可持续发展。     

黄土高原沟壑区王东沟流域农业生态经济系统演变过程

[目的]探讨黄土高塬沟壑区王东沟流域1986—2013年间农业生态经济系统演变过程,分析不同演变阶段农业生态系统和农业经济系统间的耦合态势,为该地区经济社会可持续发展提供参考。[方法]基于黄土高塬沟壑区王东沟流域长期监测数据和农户调查资料,建立了农业生态经济系统综合评价指标体系,应用耦合度模型对农业生态经济系统演变过程中的耦合态势进行了分析。[结果](1)黄土高塬沟壑区王东沟流域1986—2013年间农业生态系统和农业经济系统综合指数呈上升波动趋势。(2)农业生态经济系统演变过程中农业生态系统和农业经济系统耦合态势经历了恢复发展阶段、协调发展阶段、恢复发展阶段,目前处于协调发展阶段。[结论]在农业生态经济系统演变过程中,通过农业资源合理调配,促使农业经济获得新的增长点,农业生态经济系统能够高效稳定发展。     

能值方法在农业系统应用中的常见问题及其纠正思路探讨

能值方法是美国生态学家H.T. Odum在20世纪80年代创立的生态经济系统分析方法,近年来被广泛应用于农业系统分析当中。但是,目前已发表的大量论文中对于能值评价过程中的重要细节常会出现不同的处理方式,造成评价结果不确定性增加、可比较性降低,影响了能值评价方法在农业研究领域的深入应用和发展。因此,本研究梳理了国内外农业生态系统能值研究的基本概况,并总结了相关研究中常见的五大问题,包括:全球能值基准变化所引发的能值转换率选择混乱问题、农业生态系统评价边界界定的问题、农业生产过程环境资源贡献的不合理计算问题、农业生态系统投入资源的分类问题和系统能值投入与产出不守恒问题。在此基础上,基于我们目前的认识提出了相关问题的解决思路:第一,规范能值评价中的能值转换率(UEV)参数的选择原则;第二,基于"四维时空尺度"标准界定系统边界;第三,构建公式合理体现土壤、农业用水在农业系统能值分析中的能量贡献;第四,基于农业生态系统能值常用指标设定4组标准规范农业生态系统投入资源的分类;第五,遵循能值代数规则保证能值守恒。通过以上分析,以期引起广大学界的讨论和批评,共同促进能值方法在全球农业系统分析中的规范化应用。     

生态无人农场模式探索及发展展望

中国的农业生产建立在过量农药化肥投入的基础上,导致农田生态环境失衡,不利于农业的可持续发展,同时,农业劳动力短缺问题日益凸显,寻求一种生态化、高效化、智慧化的农业模式势在必行。基于多年的实践与探索,该文作者团队在山东淄博落地建成了中国首个生态无人农场,提出了"生态无人农场"的模式与发展理念。文章总结出农药、化肥和土壤耕作制度对农田生态系统造成的不利影响最为明显,提出通过一系列无人化作业手段与模式对农田生态系统进行生态化管理与改造,来实现农业生产的可持续发展。在此基础上,通过天空地一体化农情信息获取、地空一体化无人机群协同作业以及构建能够完全自主决策的智慧云大脑的技术集成创新模式,来实现农田信息的自动采集和处理、科学决策以及无人农机的远程控制等功能。文章对生态无人农场关键技术与模式进行了总结论述,提出了生态无人农场模式的实施内涵,以期为未来农业、智慧农业的发展以及推进农业农村现代化高质量发展提供借鉴。     

基于生态服务功能提升的高标准农田建设的分区方法

耕地生态服务功能与生产功能同步提升是"新时代"高标准农田建设主要目标,而面向生态服务功能提升的高标准农田分区及调控设计是生态型农田建设有效实施的根本前提。论文以榆中县为例,首先运用生态系统服务功能与权衡交易综合评价模型(Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs,InVEST)对研究区生境质量、土壤保持、碳固持和食物供给四种生态系统服务功能进行评估,分析各类生态系统服务空间分异规律,明确各研究单元低值生态服务类型;其次,对影响区域生态系统服务功能的障碍因素进行识别,将其划分为可调控与不可调控2种类型;第三,通过构建高标准农田建设措施与生态系统服务功能间的关系框架,结合可调控的障碍因素,确定不同区域高标准农田建设主导方向,进而提出生态型高标准农田建设分区方法及调控措施。研究指出,生态型高标准农田建设分区可以有效促进"田、水、路、林"各项工程措施的生态效应发挥,是实现生态服务功能和生产功能同步提升、目标融合的有效模式,可以为生态文明建设的理论思考和实践创新提供重要依据。     

河北北戴河区农田生态系统服务功能价值测算研究

农田生态系统是支撑与维持地球生命支持系统的重要组成部分,既具有直接供给农产品功能,又具有调节、支持、文化服务等间接功能。研究选取河北省北戴河区农田生态系统为研究对象,以生态系统服务功能为切入点,运用生态经济学方法,综合测算研究区农田生态系统服务功能价值。研究表明,2014年研究区农田生态系统服务功能所产生的间接价值为直接价值的1.09倍,说明农田生态系统不仅具有高效的、直接的生产功能,而且具有极其重要的生态环境支撑功能。鉴于此在北戴河区农业结构调整过程中,要对其生态系统服务功能给予足够的重视。农田生态系统服务功能的各项指标价值量由大到小排序为农田生产供给价值休闲旅游价值固碳释氧价值废弃物处理价值涵养水源价值社会保障价值土壤形成与保护价值秸秆还田价值净化大气价值。因此,研究认为:北戴河区在加快现代农业园区建设过程中,要大力发展生态休闲农业,全力推进农作物秸秆综合利用,积极发展生态循环农业,合理调整农田利用方式,应注重提高调节、支持、文化服务功能价值,使农田生态系统服务功能价值达到最优化。通过对北戴河区农田生态系统服务功能价值测算,为北戴河区有效保护和永续利用农田生态系统提供决策基础和科学支撑。     

《中国生态农业学报》征稿简则

正1主要刊载内容《中国生态农业学报》报道农业生态学、农业生态经济学及生态农业和农业生态工程等领域的创新性研究成果。主要刊登农业生态系统结构功能、能量物质循环、演替及稳定性,农业高效耕作与栽培技术与机理、作物生理生态、作物分子生态,农业资源及其高效利用,农业环境保护与污染治理,农田有害生物群落特征及生态效应与农业病虫草害的生物防治,农业生态经济系统特征、评价与管理,生态农业模式与效益、农业生态工程技术、无公害农产品生产技术及农业可持续发展等方面的研究报告、研究简报及综述等。报道内容划分为农业生态系     

《中国生态农业学报》征稿简则

正1主要刊载内容《中国生态农业学报》报道农业生态学、农业生态经济学及生态农业和农业生态工程等领域的创新性研究成果。主要刊登农业生态系统结构功能、能量物质循环、演替及稳定性,农业高效耕作与栽培技术与机理、作物生理生态、作物分子生态,农业资源及其高效利用,农业环境保护与污染治理,农田有害生物群落特征及生态效应与农业病虫草害的生物防治,农业生态经济系统特征、评价与管理,生态农业模式与效益、农业生态工程技术、无公害农产品生产技术及农业可持续发展等方面的研究报告、研究简报及综述等。报道内容划分为农业生态系     

基于劳动投入回报率的重要农业文化遗产保护经济驱动分析——以河北宽城传统板栗栽培系统为例

城市化和工业化背景下,传统小规模农业一直被认为是经济效益较低的产业。重要农业文化遗产地的小规模农业已有上千年的历史,至今仍发挥生计功能,为何仍有大量农户在从事农业生产?为解释这个现象,本文选取中国重要农业文化遗产——河北宽城板栗栽培系统为例,以宽城板栗种植户为单位,采用随机抽样问卷调查法收集数据,构建劳动投入回报模型,计算农户板栗种植和外出务工的劳动投入回报率。研究结果表明:宽城板栗种植户使用化肥和农药比例不高,耕地面积小(0.57 hm~2·户~(–1)),田间管理、采摘是板栗种植消耗劳动量较多的农事活动,年均只需要投入121.4人·d·户~(–1)的劳动量;外出务工劳动力约2人·户~(–1),人均务工时间为8.9月·a~(–1),每年每户外出务工的总劳动量为537人·d·户~(–1),是板栗种植劳动投入的4.4倍。板栗价格相对略高,每户种植板栗所获得的收入是15 623.3元·户~(–1);农民文化程度较低、技能不足,外出务工的月收入较低,每户劳动力外出务工所获得年收入为59 243.7元·户~(–1)。但从农户劳动投入回报率的角度看,小规模板栗种植业较外出务工高约1.2倍。这一结果与人们对农业低效益的普遍印象存在较大差别,也从经济维度解释了多数农户不愿意放弃板栗种植的原因。板栗种植需要的劳动量较少,使得农户有大量的剩余劳动力从事非农产业,农户兼业化是充分利用剩余劳动力以适应社会转型的适应性现象。     

Interviews with widows following fatal farming incidents

Farm families have been identified traditionally with a strong family bond resulting from both living and working together. When a farming fatality occurs, surviving family members are left to deal with not only the tragedy of losing a loved one, but also the loss of a coworker. Although every family experiencing a loss will deal with bereavement issues, farm families are faced with additional challenges that differentiate them from other family situations. A qualitative research methodology was employed to understand the complex mix of challenges facing farm families after the death of a family member. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with farming widows in Kentucky to explore the stresses and challenges related to the farm business, family relationships, and the mental health of the individual members. Becoming the primary decision maker for the farm and household was a difficult role for the widows. Economic issues were an underlying consideration in many aspects of the experiences and changes they encountered. The need to make economic decisions almost immediately while continuing the necessary chores to maintain crops and livestock was very stressful and left little time for bereavement. Often the support from family, friends, and neighbors went beyond emotional comforting to providing help with farm chores and guidance on financial decisions. In developing resources for farm families in similar circumstances, it is important to understand how intertwined their lives are with their environment and the economics of the business.     

粮食生产核心区不同类型农户耕地保护的认知与行为

[目的]剖析粮食生产核心区内不同类型农户参与耕地保护的认知与行为差异,为制定相关差异化政策,引导农户加强对耕地的监督和保护提供支持。[方法]选择粮食生产核心区河南省周口市为样本点,采用分层随机抽样与乡村参与性评估法(PRA)对各类农户参与耕地保护的认知与行为进行调查,运用Logistic回归模型进行影响因素分析。[结果](1)随着受教育程度的提高和兼业程度的加深,各类农户对耕地重要性和多功能性的认识、时间投入偏好、对耕地保护前景的信心、对农业污染的防范都呈现出:缺失型(Ⅰ)基本型(Ⅱ)自然资产型(Ⅲ)人力资产型(Ⅳ),得到补偿后参与意愿、追加补偿到耕地的意愿、定期施用有机肥或采用过测土配方施肥、制止他人破坏耕地的比例都呈现出缺失型(Ⅰ)基本型(Ⅱ)自然资产型(Ⅲ)人力资产型(Ⅳ)。(2)影响各类农户耕地保护行为的因素既存在相同之处也存在各自差异。相同因素包括户主文化程度、投入偏好、补偿意愿。户均年龄高,家庭劳动力少的缺失型农户影响因素还包括户主年龄、务农人数、补偿方式;专门从事农业生产的基本型农户影响因素还包括家庭毛收入、经营土地面积、耕地破碎度;从事短期兼业且非农收入较高的自然资产型农户影响因素还包括非农收入比、粮食种植经济效益、农户兼业;长期居住城镇,较少参与农业生产的人力资产型农户的影响因素还包括耕地经济区位、当期粮食价、政策性补偿方式。[结论]农户作为耕地保护的直接参与者,其认知与行为很大程度决定着耕地保护的成效。     

Determinants of Rice Farmers’ Utilization of Agricultural Information in Central Thailand

This study investigated factors affecting the utilization of agricultural information among rice farmers in central Thailand. About 240 rice farmers in the Bang Pla Ma District of Suphanburi Province were surveyed and interviewed to describe how they utilize agricultural information. Respondents were divided into small, medium, and large rice farmers according to farm size. Small farmers had more access to information on farming practices and postharvesting activities, while large and medium farmers utilized more information on marketing, covering future market and farmgate prices. The multinomial logit model showed that length of farming experience, household labor size, distance to the Rice Research Center, and number of information sources, as well as access to the Internet, television, extension program, and relatives, significantly influence farmers’ utilization of agricultural information.     

Poverty and household food security of black South African farm workers: the legacy of social inequalities

OBJECTIVE: To assess socio-economic indicators, nutritional status and living conditions of farm workers and their families, with the purpose to develop research and intervention programmes aimed at enhancing nutritional status and quality of life. DESIGN AND SETTING: Three farm schools in two districts of the North-West Province and farming communities were selected. Anthropometrical measurements, structured face-to-face questionnaires and focus group discussions were carried out in 2002 and 2003 by a multidisciplinary research team. RESULTS: Access to electricity, water and sanitation, as well as monthly food rations or subsidies, vary and depend on farm owners. The majority of adults have education below or up to grade four, farm schools provide only up to grade seven. Distance to farm schools and intra-household issues hamper children's attendance and performance at school. Household food security is compromised due to a lack of financial resources, infrastructure and also household resource allocation. This impacts negatively especially on children, with half of them being underweight, stunted or wasted. Employment is usually linked to men, while most women have access to casual jobs only. Insecurity of residence and the perceived disempowered position towards farm owners add to feelings of hopelessness and stress. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: This study highlights destitute living conditions of farm worker families. Apart from structural and financial constraints, paternalistic structures of the past might also hamper development. Based on these findings, follow-up research projects and in-depth investigations into underlying social issues with regard to nutrition insecurity and livelihoods of farm workers were initiated.     

三峡库区生态系统服务对农户生计贡献率测算及影响分析

为了实现农户生计可持续发展,量化生态系统服务对农户生计贡献率,以三峡库区为例,采用当量因子法评估该区域生态系统服务价值;把脆弱性生计资本纳入农户生计资本考察范围,从人力、自然、物质、金融、社会、脆弱性6个方面构建三峡库区农户生计评价体系,测算农户生计资本总量。对二者关系进行多项式线性拟合,剖析了生态系统服务价值的变化对农户生计的影响及农户生计资本量的变化对生态系统服务的影响,再对比分析国内外有关生态系统服务对农户生计影响结果研究。结果表明：(1)三峡库区2019年生态系统服务总价值为2 093.65亿元,其中调节服务提供的经济价值最高,文化服务价值最低,且各区县中巴东县生态系统服务价值最高;(2)三峡库区农户生计资本总量为13.117,其中农户金融资本量最多,自然资本量最少,且江津区的农户生计资本总量最多;(3)三峡库区农户资本与生态系统服务具有显著相关性,随着生态系统提供的经济价值越高,农户人力资本、自然资本和金融资本呈现先上升再下降的变化趋势,农户社会资本具有先下降后上升的变化趋势。不断引领农户关注和参与库区生态建设,实行农业生态循环发展,有助于提高三峡库区生态系统服务对农户生计贡...     

Phosphorus budgets for two contrasting grassland farming systems in the UK

Abstract. Phosphorus budgets have been compiled for two contrasting grassland farming systems in the UK; intensive dairy farming and extensive hill sheep production. Balance sheets of inputs, recycling of P through the soil–plant–animal pathway and outputs are presented to determine the potential rate of P accumulation in the two systems. A typical 57 ha intensive dairy farm with 129 lactating cows imports 2.48t P via fertilizer, bedding and concentrates, plus a small amount from the atmosphere, of which 0.98t are exported in milk, calves and transfer from soil to the aquatic environment. Therefore 1.5t of P are retained within the farm each year, which equates to an accumulation rate of 26 kg/ha in the plant-soil system. This surplus occurs despite a fertilizer input of only 16 kg/ha. However, a large proportion of P, equivalent to 27 kg/ha, is imported in feed concentrates.
For the typical 841 ha hill sheep farm supporting 694 Blackface ewes, P inputs and outputs are 0.66 and 0.42 t/yr, respectively. Therefore, approximately 0.24t P are retained within the farm, which is equivalent to an accumulation rate of 0.28 kg/ha per yr. In comparison to the small annual inputs and outputs of P on the hill farm, much P, 2.48t, is recycled through the plant-soil and plant-animal-soil pathways on the hill sheep farm. For both farming systems there is a net input of P, although the rate of accumulation is ten times greater for the dairy farm where the annual retention of P represents 60% of the total P inputs, compared with 36% on the hill sheep farm.     

农业建筑工程设施设计年限研究

农业建筑工程设施是现代化农业产业化发展的基础设施,确定农业建筑工程设施合理的设计年限,对指导农业设施的设计和建造,促进设施园艺和设施养殖规模化、标准化发展,创导节约型现代农业生产,具有十分重要的意义。该文从农业建筑的自然属性与社会属性出发,重点分析研究了影响建筑结构耐久性的各种损耗,提出了农业建筑设计年限的确定原则包括一次性原则、自然属性原则、功能性原则及经济性原则。最后给出按属性、功能和效益的设计年限计算方法、按单项工程确定及经济使用年限推测的三种确定方法。     

Upland Farming System Erosion Yields and Their Constraints to Change for Sustainable Agricultural Conservation Practices: A Case Study of Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) Change in Indonesia

In the upper catchments of Southeast Asia, land use change from forest to agricultural systems generated land degradation and conflicts between uplanders and lowlanders. More sustainable cropping systems are proposed to upper‐catchment farmers. Grass fodder strip (GFS) is an effective anti‐erosion practice, and it involves lower costs for farmers. However, labour and cash constraints are sometimes preventing farmers to implement it. To evaluate farms' current impact and adaptation capacities, we need a comprehensive understanding of farm and farm household characteristics that influence their activities. This paper proposes an approach that combines farm household surveys and modelling of farm erosion yield to help project planners and policy makers to identify such farmers in a data‐scarce environment. We developed two farm typologies—one based on both farm and farm household characteristics and one based on their erosion yield and constraints. We calculated erosion yields on plot level by using revised universal soil loss equation method and identified their constraints. We found that a typology based on farm constraints and calculated farm erosion was a good complement to identify farmers who are generating the highest erosion yields and would be able to change their production systems. This methodology is mainly useful at the beginning of conservation projects, when very few hard data are available. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.