中国土壤分类法中铁铝土的分类

The development of the classification of ferrallitic soils in China is reviewed and the classification of Ferralisols and Ferrisols in Chinese Soil Taxonomy is introduced in order to discuss the correlation between the ferrallitic soil classification in the Chinese Soil Taxonomy and those of the other soil classification systems. In the former soil classification systems of China, the ferrallitic soils were classified into the soil groups of Latosols, Latosolic red soils, Red soils, Yellow soils and Dry red soils, according to the combination of soil-forming conditions, soil-forming processes, soil features and soil properties. In the Chinese Soil Taxonomy, most of ferrallitic soils are classified into the soil orders of Ferralisols and Ferrisols based on the diagnostic horizons and/or diagnostic characteristics with quantitatively defined properties. Ferralisols are the soils that have ferralic horizon, and they are merely subdivided into one suborder and two soil groups. Ferrisols are the soils that have LAC-ferric horizon but do not have ferralic horizon, and they are subdivided into three suborders and eleven soil groups. Ferralisols may correspond to part of Latosols and Latosolic red soils. Ferrisols may either correspond to part of Red soils, Yellow soils and Dry red soils, or correspond to part of Latosols and Latosolic red soils.     

中国南方富铁铝化土壤土系建立进展

土壤基层分类单元划分，特别是土系建设是土壤系统分类的基础，也能直接为农业生产提供更详细的科学指导。富铁铝化土壤（砖红壤、赤红壤和红壤）在我国南方广泛分布，为了解其在中国土壤系统分类中归属以及土系建设情况，本文综述了自2008年以来土系研究的相关成果，系统分析了富铁铝化土壤诊断层和诊断特性检索、高级分类单元归属以及基层分类单元建设现状，并展望了土系建设的发展方向：进一步细化土系划分和描述标准，加强新土系建设，加强新技术和新方法在土系建设中的应用，加大和扩展土系建设成果的运用，旨在为我国南方富铁铝化土壤系统分类研究提供参考。     

湘东第四纪红土母质发育的典型土壤在中国土壤系统分类中的归属

选取湖南省东部地区12个由第四纪红色黏土发育的典型土壤剖面,在对其成土环境、剖面形态特征及其理化性质进行研究的基础上,按照中国土壤系统分类方案,检索出了其诊断层和诊断特性,据此确定了其在中国土壤系统分类中的归属。结果表明,供试土壤剖面包含了淡薄表层、暗瘠表层、低活性富铁层、黏化层、聚铁网纹层等10个诊断层和诊断特性,其在中国系统分类体系中的位置分别为：淋溶土、富铁土和雏形土3个土纲;湿润淋溶土、湿润富铁土和湿润雏形土3个亚纲;简育湿润富铁土、铝质湿润淋溶土和铝质湿润雏形土3个土类;暗红简育湿润富铁土、表蚀简育湿润富铁土、网纹简育湿润富铁土等6个亚类;按照土族和土系划分标准,建立了黏质高岭石型酸性热性-普通铝质湿润淋溶土等9个土族和燕塘系(43-LY01)等12个土系。研究发现：受亚热带气候影响,许多土壤剖面发生了富铁铝化过程,且由于淋溶强烈,孔隙周围形成了聚铁网纹层,而现行的《中国土壤系统分类检索（第三版）》还不能给出一个合适的位置,因此建议在铝质湿润淋溶土亚类中增设一个可以反映相关特性的网纹铝质湿润淋溶土亚类。     

海南砖红壤的微形态特征以及南方网纹红土与砖红壤环境意义的差异

主要运用土壤微形态学、粘土矿物学和土壤化学方法,对海南岛三个不同母质的砖红壤剖面的微形态特征和成壤过程进行研究,并将网纹红土和砖红壤进行比较.结果表明,砖红壤典型的微形态特征为易风化矿物颗粒和粘粒胶膜的缺失、均质状的b-垒结以及风化成因铁锰质结核的出现;典型的成壤过程为强烈的化学风化、红化、均质化、淋溶以及显著的脱硅富铝化过程.随着成土母质和土壤排水条件的变化,砖红壤的微形态特征亦有所差异.而我国南方的网纹红土的发育程度低于砖红壤,不宜被划分为砖红壤或氧化土,而更趋向归入老成土,在我国土壤发生学分类中大致相当于红壤.     

中国人为土的多样性

Human activities make strong effects on soil formation. Anthropogenic soils are much more intensive and extensive in China for their history of agricultural production can be dated back to more than 7 000 years ago. Owing to different physical conditions and land uses, the anthropogenic soil-forming processes are various. Anthrosols are proposed, and the corresponding soil order is set up in Chinese Soil Taxonomy (CST). Mainly based on 6 Anthropogenic diagnostic horizons, which are anthraquic epipedon, hydragric horizon, irragric epipedon, cumulic epipedon, fimic epipedon and agric horizon, the Anthrosols Order is subdivided into 2 soil suborders and 4 soil groups. Meanwhile the classification of Anthrosols in CST has been basically accepted as the classification of Anthrosols in World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB).     

中国北方红色土壤分类问题的探讨

现今出露于中国北方地表的红色土壤是在红色古土壤和红色古风化壳上发育的,而且大多经历了不连续的成土过程。中国北方红色土壤分布广泛、成因复杂,在分类中还存在着许多问题。从20世纪70年代末至今,我国土壤分类经历了由土壤发生学分类向土壤系统分类的重大转变,对北方红色土壤的分类也进行了多次修订。虽然每次修订都有所改进,但直到目前关于北方红色土壤的分类位置问题仍没有得到彻底解决。因此,今后需要对中国北方红色土壤的形成过程及土壤的性态特征和理化性状进行深入研究,建立适合北方红色土壤系统分类的诊断层和诊断特性,以明确中国北方红色土壤在系统分类中的位置,进一步完善中国土壤系统分类。     

湘东第四纪红色黏土发育的典型土壤在中国土壤 系统分类中的归属

选取湖南省东部地区12个由第四纪红色黏土发育的典型土壤剖面,在对其成土环境、剖面形态特征及其理化性质进行研究的基础上,按照中国土壤系统分类方案,检索出了其诊断层和诊断特性,据此确定了其在中国土壤系统分类中的归属。结果表明,供试土壤剖面包含了淡薄表层、暗瘠表层、低活性富铁层、黏化层、聚铁网纹层等10个诊断层和诊断特性,其在中国系统分类体系中的位置分别为:淋溶土、富铁土和雏形土3个土纲;湿润淋溶土、湿润富铁土和湿润雏形土3个亚纲;简育湿润富铁土、铝质湿润淋溶土和铝质湿润雏形土3个土类;暗红简育湿润富铁土、表蚀简育湿润富铁土、网纹简育湿润富铁土等6个亚类;按照土族和土系划分标准,建立了黏质高岭石型酸性热性-普通铝质湿润淋溶土等9个土族和燕塘系(43-LY01)等12个土系。研究发现:受亚热带气候影响,许多土壤剖面发生了富铁铝化过程,且由于淋溶强烈,形成了聚铁网纹层,而现行的《中国土壤系统分类检索(第三版)》还不能给出一个合适的位置,因此建议在铝质湿润淋溶土亚类中增设一个可以反映相关特性的网纹铝质湿润淋溶土亚类。     

石灰岩分布区茶园土壤系统分类探讨

本文对池州市石灰岩分布区茶园土壤特性进行了分析,依照《中国土壤系统分类(修订方案)》,将该区土壤分成淋溶土纲和富铁土纲和雏形土土纲。从而解决了石灰岩分布区种茶的土壤学上的一些认识问题。     

中国土壤系统分类中盐成土及其相关土壤诊断标准的修订建议

对土壤进行科学分类是土壤资源开发和利用的基础,也是土壤调查制图的基础,在农业生产、土地利用的决策和管理中发挥着重要作用,标志着土壤科学的发展水平.目前国际上土壤分类主要有《美国土壤系统分类》(以下简称《ST》)[1]和《世界土壤资源参比基础》(以下简称《WRB》)[2],我国从1984年开始的中国土壤系统分类研究,也已形成了具有中国特色的《中国土壤系统分类》(以下简称《CST》)[3]成果.这三个分类体系都是以定量化的诊断层和诊断特性为基础的多阶层土壤分类体系.     

Characteristics of free sesquioxides and humic acids in soil distributed under Warm-temperate forest climate in Nyu mountains,Fukui Prefecture,Central Japan

The activity and crystallinity ratios of free iron oxides, and the ΔlogK and RF values of humic acids were analyzed in five soil types in the Nyu mountains, Fukui Prefecture, to examine the relation between the zonality of soils and the bioclimatic conditions under the Warm-temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest climate. The characteristics of free iron oxides and humic acids were as follows: The Dark red soil, Kunimidake series was a Dark Red soil under the Cool-temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest climate; the Dry brown forest soil (reddish), Tega series was a Yellow-Brown Forest soil under the Warm-temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest climate; the Dry brown forest soil, Takasu-1 series and the Yellow soil, Yada series were Yellow-Brown Forest soils under the Warm-temperate lucidophyllous forest climate; and the Red soil, Oshibayama series and the lower parts of the Tega series were paleo-red soils. These results indicated that zonal soils under the Warm-temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest climate were Yellow-Brown Forest soils in the Nyu mountains, Fukui Prefecture. The Dark red soil, Kunimidake series corresponded to a Hyperdystri-Rhodic Cambisol of World Reference Base for Soil Resources, WRB (FAO, ISRIC, and ISSS: World Soil Resources Reports 84, 1998). The Dry brown forest soil (reddish), Tega series, the Dry brown forest soil, Takasu-1 series, and the Red soil, Oshibayama series were compared with the Hyperdystri-Chromic Cambisol (WRB). The Yellow soil, Yada series was a Hypereutri-Chromic Cambisol (WRB).     

三江并流区土壤发生特性与系统分类

对采自三江并流区的26个典型土壤剖面进行了土壤形成条件调查和理化性状分析,依据《中国土壤系统分类检索(第三版)》,鉴定了诊断层和诊断特性,明确了供试土壤剖面在中国土壤系统分类中的归属。检索结果共有6个土纲(富铁土、淋溶土、灰土、雏形土、新成土、潜育土)、11个亚纲、18个土类、19个亚类,并与中国土壤发生分类和国际土壤分类参比基础(WRB)进行了比较。     

天山中部北麓丘陵地带土壤发生特性与系统分类

通过样地调查与土壤理化性质分析相结合对天山中部北麓丘陵地带的土壤特性进行研究,确定各剖面的诊断层和诊断特性及其在系统分类中的位置。结果表明天山中部北麓丘陵地带在系统分类中可划归为3个土纲4个土类;系统分类中土壤的分类位置与发生分类位置并不具有简单的一一对应的关系。     

宁夏引黄灌区灌淤土的成土特点及系统分类研究

为了解宁夏引黄灌区灌淤土的成土特点和系统分类归属,在研究区内挖掘5个典型土壤剖面,经过剖面形态观测和分层取样分析,发现灌淤土主要的成土过程是人为耕作引起的土壤熟化过程、灌溉水和地下水共同作用引起的氧化还原过程以及灌溉水泥沙沉降引起的地表物理堆垫过程,有些地方还有盐渍化过程。依据《中国土壤系统分类检索(第三版)》进行检索、鉴定,发现5个典型剖面的诊断依据有灌淤表层、肥熟表层、雏形层等诊断层和冷性土壤温度状况、石灰性和氧化还原特征等诊断特性以及钙积现象,5个典型剖面分别属于人为土土纲,旱耕人为土亚纲,灌淤旱耕人为土和肥熟旱耕人为土2个土类,斑纹灌淤旱耕人为土、灌淤肥熟旱耕人为土和普通灌淤旱耕人为土3个亚类。依据《中国土壤系统分类土族与土系划分标准》将5个剖面按照控制层段土壤颗粒大小、矿物学类型的不同,初步建立5个土族和5个土系。将典型剖面在不同分类系统中的位置进行参比研究,表明发生分类与系统分类虽然并非简单一对一的关系,但却具有优势的对应关系;5个典型剖面在发生分类中归属为灌淤土土类,在中国土壤系统分类归属中为灌淤旱耕人为土和肥熟旱耕人为土2个土类,在美国土壤系统分类中归属为Inceptisols土纲,Ustepts亚纲和Haplustepts土类;相比之下,发生分类和美国土壤系统分类较为稳定,定量化的中国土壤系统分类分异性较大,使分类更加全面、细化。     

南极半岛海洋气候区的土壤Ⅳ.分类问题

本文简要论述了早期南极土壤分类研究工作。对在南极海洋性气候区应用《美国土壤系统分类》和《国际土壤分类参比基础》进行土壤分类工作的最新实践进行了阐述和比较;同时,依照《中国土壤系统分类》对本区进行了初步的分类尝试。研究结果显示,南极海洋性气候区的主要土壤分别属于《美国土壤系统分类》冻土纲下的各级单元。比较而言,其他两个分类系统在本区的应用相对困难。     

关中地区塿土系统分类归属及代表土系建立

塿土是关中地区受人为长期土粪堆垫而在原土壤表层形成明显堆垫层的重要农业土壤,其分类一直备受关注。为了解塿土的成土特点及系统分类归属,选取关中地区18个典型塿土剖面,通过野外成土因素、剖面形态调查与土样分析测定,依据中国土壤系统分类方案,确定其在高级和基层分类单元归属。结果表明,供试剖面包含堆垫表层、黏化层、钙积层等9个诊断层和诊断特性,隶属5个亚类,其中3个剖面为钙积土垫旱耕人为土,2个剖面为斑纹土垫旱耕人为土,8个剖面为普通土垫旱耕人为土,4个剖面为堆垫简育干润淋溶土,1个剖面为普通简育干润雏形土;按土族划分标准,可分为9个土族,其中13个剖面颗粒大小级别为黏壤质,5个为壤质;16个剖面矿物学类型为硅质混合型,2个剖面为混合型,土壤温度状况均为温性,14个剖面为石灰性,4个剖面为非酸性;按土系划分标准,18个剖面可划分为18个不同的土系。相关文献的71个塿土剖面的统计结果表明,堆垫层厚度介于17~97 cm,平均厚度为50.07 cm,因此堆垫表层以50 cm厚度为检索标准是适宜于划分典型塿土的高级分类归属的。为进一步完善中国土壤系统分类,强化对具有堆垫现象的雏形土有更强的区分能力和分类的准确性,建议在简育干润雏形土土类下增设堆垫简育干润雏形土亚类。     

Pedogenic characteristics of soils distributed under Warm-temperate forest climate in Nyu mountains,Fukui Prefecture,Central Japan

The bioclimatic conditions, profile morphology and physico-chemical properties of five different soils under the Warm-temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest climate, Warm-temperate lucidophyllous forest climate, and Cool-temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest climate in the northern part of the Nyu mountains in Fukui Pref., Central Japan were examined. The outline of the results is as follows: 1) The Dark red soil, Kunimidake series, derived from pyroxene andesite may have been formed by the hydrothermal action of volcanism. 2) The Dry brown forest soil, Takasu-1 series, showed a brighter colour in the Bw horizon and a sudden decrease in the humus content below the AB horizon, suggesting that this soil was similar to Yellow-Brown Forest soils rather than to Brown Forest soils. 3) The Dry brown forest soil (reddish), Tega series, is likely to be a Yellow-Brown Forest soil derived from the loess which covered the underlying paleo-red soil. 4) The Red soil, Oshibayama series, was a paleo-red soil in which the upper part had been lost by erosion. 5) The Yellow soil, Yada series, on the Takasu coastal terrace was also considered to be a Yellow-Brown Forest soil affected by the seawater components from the neighboring coast. 6) It was suggested that zonal soils formed under the Warm-temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest climate in the northern part of the Nyu mountains, in the northwestern region of Fukui Pref. were Yellow-Brown Forest soils like those under the Warm-temperate lucidophyllous forest climate.     

皖南山地土壤系统分类研究

选取皖南四座山地土壤垂直带中 1 9个土壤剖面 ,研究了土壤成土环境和形成特点。根据《中国土壤系统分类 (修订方案 )》和《中国土壤系统分类———理论·方法·实践》 ,鉴定了诊断层和诊断特性 ,确定供试剖面在中国土壤系统分类中的归属。自山下到山上依次为湿润淋溶土 (伴有湿润雏形土 )———常湿淋溶土 (伴有常湿雏形土 )———正常新成土亚纲。与不同分类系统中土壤类别归属作了参比 ,同时也与福建、江西山地土壤作了比较。     

土系划分方法研究——以江苏省新沂样区为例

作为土壤系统分类的基层分类单元,土系的划分必须经过实地调查,重视控制层段和特征土层的设立,并选择合适的分异特性作为分类指标。本文选择样区内不同景观单元中的10个土壤剖面,根据中国土壤系统分类的要求,探讨了样区内土壤诊断层、诊断特性及其在中国土壤系统分类中的归属;并在有关土系认识的基础上,探讨了土系划分的原则、依据和具体划分方法,确立了研究区土壤所具有的特征土层,依据①特征土层的种类、排列、厚度,②土壤质地和③土壤有机质含量这三类指标,把样区土壤划分为10个土系。     

冀北地区盐碱化土壤系统分类的归属研究

采用《中国土壤系统分类（第三版）》和《中国土壤系统分类——土族与土系建立原则与标准（试用稿）》对冀北地区7个盐碱化土样进行了分类,共划分了4个土纲,6个亚纲,6个土类,7个亚类,建立了平地脑包系等7个土系。研究结果表明,系统分类亚类与发生分类亚类参比并无对应关系;部分盐碱化土壤并未在系统分类高级单元中体现盐碱特征,而在基层分类中对盐分含量和积累位置进行补充,表明系统分类的划分指标要求更严格,分类更标准。最后讨论了盐碱化土壤诊断层、诊断特性和土壤分析方法的确定等问题。     

Strength attributes and compaction susceptibility of Brazilian Latosols

In this study, strength attributes and compaction susceptibility of the main classes of Brazilian Latosols (Oxisols), under native vegetation, were studied using the load bearing capacity models relating precompression stress, compression index and water potential through statistical regression models. These models were developed based on the results of the analysis of undisturbed soil samples collected at the B horizon at the different sites. The results showed that the maximum value of the compression index was 0.53 for the Acric Red Latosol, indicating its higher susceptibility to soil compaction. The Dystrocohesive Yellow Latosol had the highest load bearing capacity, while the Acric Red Latosol had the lowest one. The Dystrocohesive Yellow Latosol due to its high load bearing capacity and bulk density (mechanical resistance) behave similarly to hardsetting soil, in which the plants root system has severe physical restrictions to explore deeper horizons during the dry periods. Differences in the load bearing capacity and compaction susceptibility were found to be influenced by soil structure which is associated with clay mineralogy in these very weathered-leached soils and water potential. The study also showed that soil compression index is influenced by water potential and clay mineralogy also. Our work has laid a foundation for estimation of compaction susceptibility of Latosols.