滨海滩涂围垦对土壤团聚体分布及其有机碳富集的影响——以江苏省如东县垦区为例

有机碳是土壤质量的重要组成部分,团聚体在土壤有机碳固持方面扮演着重要的角色。海岸带土壤质量低下,随着滩涂围垦的不断深入,自然滩涂围堤挡水围垦后土壤的理化环境发生了明显的变化,由原先的还原环境向氧化环境转变,这一改变会直接影响土壤中团聚体及其有机碳的演变过程。本研究通过对江苏省如东县1951年和2007年围垦时期的垦区及自然滩涂的土壤样品采集,研究不同围垦时期滨海围垦对土壤有机碳含量、土壤团聚体及其有机碳分布的特征和变化过程。结果表明:研究区垦区表层土壤(0~20 cm)有机碳含量在0.2%~1.13%之间,均值为0.58%。亚表层土壤(20~40 cm)有机碳含量在0.22%~0.85%之间,均值为0.41%。从全国土壤有机碳的平均水平来看,研究区明显偏低。相比于围垦初期土壤有机碳(SOC)出现明显的下降,长期围垦可以显著增加土壤表层的SOC。滨海垦区土壤团聚体质量比从大到小分别为53~250μm、250μm、53μm团聚体。随着围垦时间的增加,250μm和53μm团聚体都呈明显的先减少后增加的趋势,53~250μm团聚体随着围垦时间的增加呈现先增加后减少的趋势。53~250μm团聚体土壤有机碳含量最低,其次为53μm团聚体,而250μm团聚体土壤有机碳含量最高。因此,围垦后广泛开展利于大团聚体形成的农业管理措施有利于围垦土壤质量的快速提升。     

免耕对潮土不同粒级团聚体有机碳含量及微生物碳代谢活性的影响

利用中国科学院封丘农业生态国家实验站玉米-小麦轮作免耕定位试验平台,研究不同耕作方式对潮土不同粒级团聚体的分布、有机碳含量及微生物群落碳代谢活性的影响。结果表明,与传统翻耕处理相比,免耕潮土中大于250μm粒级团聚体显著增加(p0.05),50～2μm粒级团聚体显著减少(p0.05),250～50μm和小于2μm两个粒级团聚体没有明显变化;大于250μm和250～50μm两个粒级团聚体有机碳含量显著升高(p0.05),50～2μm和小于2μm两个粒级团聚体有机碳含量没有明显变化,250～50μm粒级取代50～2μm粒级成为对土壤有机碳总量贡献最大的团聚体。BIOLOG测试结果表明,免耕和翻耕两种措施下不同粒级团聚体微生物群落碳代谢特征存在明显差异,且免耕处理250～50μm和小于2μm两个粒级团聚体微生物群落碳代谢活性显著低于翻耕处理(p0.05)。结果显示,免耕有利于小粒级团聚体向大粒级团聚体方向聚合,大于50μm粒级团聚体固持的有机碳增多,其中持碳最多的250～50μm粒级团聚体的微生物碳代谢活性下降,故土壤有机碳稳定性升高。     

不同秸秆还田模式下水稳性团聚体有机碳的分布及其氧化稳定性研究

通过田间试验研究了不同秸秆还田模式条件下土壤团聚体分布、水稳性团聚体有机碳的含量及其氧化稳定性。结果显示：不同秸秆方式对各级别团聚体影响有差异,秸秆还田降低了微团聚体（〈53μm）的含量,增加了大团聚体（〉2000μm）和中微团聚体（250~53μm）的含量;在不同的还田模式下,总体看来小麦秸秆高留茬还田、玉米秸秆粉碎旋耕直接还田或覆盖还田对团聚体的分布影响较大。短时期内不同秸秆还田处理对团聚体稳定性影响较小。在小麦秸秆粉碎旋耕直接还田条件下,玉米秸秆粉碎旋耕直接还田更有利于大级别团聚体（〉250μm）中有机碳的增加;在小麦秸秆不还田情况下,玉米秸秆粉碎旋耕直接还田或覆盖深松还田则有利于小级别团聚体中有机碳的提高。秸秆还田提高了较大团聚体（〉2000μm和250~2000μm）有机碳的氧化稳定性。降低了较小团聚体（〈53μm）有机碳的氧化稳定性。在同一小麦秸秆还田模式下,玉米秸秆粉碎旋耕直接还田有利于较大团聚体氧化稳定性的提高。相关分析表明：团聚体的平均几何直径（GMD）与250~53μm团聚体的有机碳含量和〈53μm级别团聚体数量关系最密切。     

保护性耕作对土壤微团聚体碳、氮分布的影响

以7年不同耕作的定位试验为研究对象,研究了深松、旋耕、免耕等保护性耕作对关中土小麦-玉米轮作条件下微团聚体分布以及微团聚体中有机碳和全氮含量的影响。结果表明,秸秆粉碎旋耕、秸秆覆盖深松处理提高了特征微团聚体的组成比例,而秸秆还田+传统耕作和免耕处理对特征微团聚组成比例的影响较小。与传统耕作比较,旋耕、深松处理均能提高较大粒级微团聚体中(0.050~.25 mm和0.010~.05 mm)有机碳及全氮含量,而免耕使0.010~.05 mm微团聚体中的有机碳和全氮含量有所降低;旋耕、深松和免耕对小粒级微团聚体(0.01 mm)中的有机碳和全氮含量影响较小。相关分析表明,土壤有机碳与0.050~.25 mm和0.010~.05 mm粒级微团聚体中的有机碳、全氮之间均显著正相关,而与0.01 mm粒级微团聚体的有机碳、全氮含量不相关;土壤全氮与0.05~0.25 mm粒级的全氮、有机碳显著相关。0.010~.05 mm粒级微团聚体的碳、氮与0.050~.25 mm粒级微团聚体的碳、氮间显著正相关,而0.01 mm粒级微团聚体的碳、氮与其它粒级的碳、氮间不相关。从土壤微团聚体中碳、氮的分布考虑,旋耕、深松是当地较理想的耕作方式。     

栽培年限对日光温室土壤团聚体有机碳含量与组分的影响

为了探讨不同栽培年限日光温室土壤团聚体各组分有机碳含量变化,以辽宁省朝阳市日光温室土壤为研究对象,并以棚外旱田土壤为对照,研究了1、5、10、15及25年日光温室土壤不同粒径团聚体内轻组有机碳(Light fraction organic carbon,LFOC)和重组有机碳(Heavy fraction organic carbon,HFOC)含量的变化。结果表明,与旱田土壤相比,日光温室有利于土壤各组分有机碳的积累,且随着栽培年限的延长而增加,土壤有机碳(Soil organic carbon,SOC)与土壤LFOC含量呈显著正相关关系,相关系数R值高达0.994 5,而土壤HFOC增长缓慢;不同粒径土壤SOC、LFOC和HFOC含量均随着耕作年限的延长而有所增加。对于同一耕作年限不同粒径团聚体土壤的LFOC和HFOC含量变化按从大到小的顺序均表现为250~2 000μm、53~250μm、<53μm,且日光温室各粒径土壤LFOC和HFOC含量平均高于旱田土壤2.3倍和1.5倍。250~2 000μm对日光温室土壤各组分有机碳库贡献最大,R值分别为0.993、0.991及0.967。     

连续秸秆还田和免耕对土壤团聚体及有机碳的影响

选取湖北省武穴市8年田间定位试验中的传统耕作(CT)、秸秆还田配合传统耕作(CTS)、免耕(NT)和秸秆还田配合免耕(NTS)4种处理,研究连续秸秆还田和免耕措施对表层(0—20cm)和亚表层(20—40cm)土壤团聚体稳定性及有机碳(SOC)的影响。结果表明:CTS、NT和NTS均显著增加了表层5mm水稳性团聚体的含量和团聚体平均重量直径(MWD),秸秆还田显著增加了亚表层土壤水稳性团聚体的MWD。与CT比较,CTS、NT、NTS处理的SOC含量分别增加20.83%,21.98%,32.76%。CTS和NTS处理显著提高了表层5,5~2,0.25mm团聚体中SOC含量,NT则显著提高了5,5~2mm团聚体中SOC含量;CTS显著增加了亚表层0.25 mm团聚体中SOC的含量。秸秆还田增加了表层土壤的碳(C)、氢(H)、氮(N)和氧(O)的含量,免耕降低了H的含量,增加了其他3种元素的含量,但是免耕处理增加了亚表层土壤中H的含量。NT和NTS处理较CT和CTS处理降低了土壤的H/C值,表明土壤的脂肪族成分在不断增加。秸秆还田主要增加了土壤中醇、酚类,芳香类,脂肪族化合物和碳水化合物的含量,而免耕主要增加脂肪族化合物的含量。这些有机组分的增加有助于团聚体稳定性的增强。     

耕作与秸秆还田深度变化对不同土层团聚体稳定性的影响

耕作和秸秆还田可以改变土壤理化性状,影响土壤团聚体的稳定性。采用田间定位试验,研究耕作与秸秆还田深度变化对旱地草甸土不同深度土层水稳性团聚体稳定性的影响,为科学开展秸秆还田培肥土壤提供依据。结果表明：土壤团聚体稳定性受>2000μm粒径大团聚体影响较大,连续5年翻耕显著降低了表层（0～20 cm）土壤>2000μm粒径水稳性大团聚体的占比,增加了53～250μm微团聚体和<53μm黏粉粒的比例。浅翻（ST）和秸秆浅翻还田（STS）与深翻（DT）和秸秆深翻还田（DTS）分别对10～20和20～30 cm土层黏粉粒的增加影响较大,其中,10～20 cm土层ST较免耕（NT）和DT处理分别增加86.21%和14.65%,20～30 cm土层DT较NT和ST处理分别增加113.82%和59.68%,差异显著（P<0.05）;连续翻耕由于对亚耕层（20～40 cm）的频繁扰动,导致250～2000μm粒径团聚体的稳定性降低,DT较NT和ST与DTS处理较覆盖免耕（NTS）和STS处理分别平均降低19.43%与20.57%,且差异显著（P<0.05）。研究结果表明,连...     

δ13C法研究砂姜黑土添加秸秆后团聚体有机碳变化规律

为研究水稻秸秆添加对砂姜黑土水稳性团聚体分布及稳定性的影响,探索水稻秸秆腐解过程中外源新碳及原有机碳在不同粒级团聚体中的分配规律,该文通过室内模拟试验,运用δ~(13)C示踪方法,将稳定同位素碳(δ~(13)C)标记的水稻秸秆添加入砂姜黑土,利用湿筛法得到不同培养时期不同粒级的土壤水稳性团聚体,测定不同时期各粒级土壤外源新碳及原有机碳含量。结果表明:未添加水稻秸秆的砂姜黑土(对照组),水稳性微团聚体(250μm)占主体,团聚体有机碳含量低。与对照相比,添加水稻秸秆(试验组)显著促进了2000、2000~250μm粒级水稳性大团聚体的团聚(P0.05);培养到120 d时,2000、2000~250μm水稳性团聚体比对照组分别增加了265.5%、16.0%,促使水稳性大团聚体(250μm)占主体,显著提高了砂姜黑土水稳性团聚体的平均重量直径(mean weight diameter,MWD)、几何平均直径(geometric mean diameter,GMD)、水稳性大团聚体含量(R0.25),降低了分形维数(D)值(P0.05),土壤结构稳定性明显得到改善。试验组各粒级团聚体有机碳含量显著增加,培养到15 d时,2000、2000~250、250~53、53μm粒级团聚体有机碳分别比对照组增加了21.4%、25.4%、34.7%、50.0%,其中微团聚体有机碳增加幅度大于大团聚体的增加幅度。MWD、GMD、R0.25与2000~250、250~53μm粒级团聚体有机碳呈极显著正相关关系(P0.01),与2000μm粒级团聚体有机碳呈显著正相关关系(P0.05)、与53μm粒级团聚体有机碳关系不显著。不同粒级团聚体的δ~(13)C值明显增加,动态变化较大,表明外源新碳周转速率较快。外源新碳主要分配在250~53、53μm粒级微团聚体中,分配比例分别为38%、28%,外源新碳的分解速率明显快于原有机碳。研究得出添加水稻秸秆有利于增加砂姜黑土的团聚体稳定性,提高土壤及不同粒级团聚体的有机碳含量,提升土壤碳水平,改善了土壤结构,这为淮北地区土壤质量提升及有机碳循环提供了理论依据。     

耕作措施对土壤水稳性团聚体及有机碳分布的影响

通过9a不同耕作的定位试验,研究了深松、旋耕、免耕和传统耕作4种耕作措施对关中塿土小麦-玉米轮作条件下土壤水稳性团聚体及有机碳垂直分布的影响。结果表明,与传统耕作相比,深松、旋耕、免耕措施均提高了0～40cm土层中〉2mm和0.25～2mm大团聚体含量、团聚体有机碳贡献率和团聚体平均重量直径,而传统耕作相应地增加了0～40cm土层中0.053～0.25mm微团聚体和〈0.053mm粘砂粒含量及其有机碳贡献率。同时深松、旋耕、免耕措施提高了各土层总有机碳和耕层0～10cm所有级别团聚体有机碳含量,相比较而言,深松的作用效果更大。秸秆还田进一步提高了各土壤层次上总有机碳和所有级别团聚体的有机碳含量及大团聚体的形成与稳定。在玉米秸秆不还田的条件下,隔年深松比连年深松更有利于0～30cm大团聚体形成及总有机碳和各级别团聚体有机碳的积累。     

抛荒对冷浸稻田土壤团聚体及有机碳稳定性的影响

冷浸稻田是长江流域重要的低产稻田类型之一,近年来抛荒严重,而抛荒对冷浸稻田土壤团聚体的影响并不清楚。本研究以连年种植的冷浸稻田(CWC)、抛荒3年的冷浸稻田(CWA3)和抛荒6年的冷浸稻田(CWA6)为对象,分析抛荒后冷浸稻田土壤团聚体特征以及有机碳稳定性,以期为准确评估抛荒对长期淹水土壤的结构和有机碳的影响提供数据支持。结果表明,不论是0~25 cm土层还是25~50 cm土层,冷浸稻田土壤53μm粒级团聚体占总团聚体比例均超过40%;0~25 cm土层土壤250μm团聚体比例超过35%;53~250μm粒级团聚体比例低于20%。抛荒使0~25 cm土层53μm粒级团聚体占总团聚体比例显著增加,53~250μm粒级比例显著降低。在0~25 cm土层,抛荒使有机碳活性指数Ⅰ(LIc-Ⅰ)在53μm粒级和250μm粒级上升高,有机碳活性指数Ⅱ(LIc-Ⅱ)在53~250μm和250μm粒级上降低;而有机碳难降解指数(RIc)在53μm和53~250μm粒级上降低。土壤总有机碳随抛荒时间延长而增加。     

长期免耕对东北地区玉米田土壤有机碳组分的影响

Increasing evidence has shown that conservation tillage is an effective agricultural practice to increase carbon (C) sequestration in soils. In order to understand the mechanisms underlying the responses of soil organic carbon (SOC) to tillage regimes, physical fractionation techniques were employed to evaluate the effect of long-term no-tillage (NT) on soil aggregation and SOC fractions. Results showed that NT increased the concentration of total SOC by 18.1% compared with conventional tillage (CT) under a long-term maize (Zea mays L.) cropping system in Northeast China. The proportion of soil large macroaggregates ( 2000 μm) was higher in NT than that in CT, while small macroaggregates (250-2000 μm) showed an opposite trend. Therefore, the total proportion of macroaggregates ( 2000 and 250-2000 μm) was not affected by tillage management. However, C concentrations of macroaggregates on a whole soil basis were higher under NT relative to CT, indicating that both the amount of aggregation and aggregate turnover affected C stabilization. Carbon concentrations of intra-aggregate particulate organic matter associated with microaggregates (iPOM m) and microaggregates occluded within macroaggregates (iPOM mM) in NT were 1.6 and 1.8 times greater than those in CT, respectively. Carbon proportions of iPOM m and iPOM mM in the total SOC increased from 5.4% and 6.3% in CT to 7.2% and 9.7% in NT, respectively. Furthermore, the difference in the microaggregate protected C (i.e., iPOM m and iPOM mM) between NT and CT could explain 45.4% of the difference in the whole SOC. The above results indicate that NT stimulates C accumulation within microaggregates which then are further acted upon in the soil to form macroaggregates. The shift of SOC within microaggregates is beneficial for long-term C sequestration in soil. We also corroborate that the microaggregate protected C is useful as a pool for assessing the impact of tillage management on SOC storage.     

Contributions of soil biota to C sequestration varied with aggregate fractions under different tillage systems

It is increasingly believed that substantial soil organic carbon (SOC) can be sequestered in conservation tillage system by manipulating the functional groups of soil biota. Soil aggregates of different size provide diverse microhabitats for soil biota and consequently influence C sequestration. Our objective was to evaluate the contributions of soil biota induced by tillage systems to C sequestration among different aggregate size fractions. Soil microbial and nematode communities were examined within four aggregate fractions: large macroaggregates (>2 mm), macroaggregates (2–1 mm), small macroaggregates (1–0.25 mm) and microaggregates (<0.25 mm) isolated from three tillage systems: no tillage (NT), ridge tillage (RT) and conventional tillage (CT) in Northeast China. Soil microbial and nematode communities varied across both tillage systems and aggregate fractions. The activity and abundance of microbes and nematodes were generally higher under NT and RT than under CT. Among the four aggregate fractions, soil microbial biomass and diversity were higher in microaggregates, while soil nematode abundance and diversity were higher in large macroaggregates. Structural equation modelling (SEM) revealed that the linkage between microbial and nematode communities and their contributions to soil C accumulation in >1 mm aggregate fractions were different from those in <1 mm aggregate fractions. Higher abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) could enhance C retention within >1 mm aggregates, while more gram-positive bacteria and plant-parasitic nematodes might increase C accumulation within <1 mm aggregates. Our findings suggested that the increase in microbial biomass and nematode abundance and the alteration in their community composition at the micro-niche within aggregates could contribute to the higher C sequestration in conservation tillage systems (NT and RT).     

长期保护性耕作对土壤有机碳和玉米产量及水分利用的影响

【目的】通过研究保护性耕作对旱地春玉米土壤有机碳(SOC)、产量及水分利用的影响,分析保护性耕作的增产机制,为旱作农田耕作技术应用提供理论和技术支持。【方法】采用2003~2013年连续11年的田间定位试验,设传统耕作(CT)、少耕(RT)和免耕(NT)3种耕作措施,分析土壤0-20 cm和20-40 cm土层有机碳含量、土壤0-20 cm含水量、作物耗水量、玉米产量和水分利用效率的年际变化和耕作处理间的差异,并对玉米产量与影响因素的相关性进行分析。【结果】1)保护性耕作能有效提高土壤有机碳含量,少耕、免耕处理0-20 cm土层有机碳含量11年平均值较传统耕作分别提高了11.2%和3.4%;至2013年少耕、免耕20-40 cm土层有机碳含量分别较传统耕作增加了5.53和3.29 g/kg;土壤0-20 cm有机碳储量净增加速率分别为C 0.365和0.754t/(hm2·a)。2)保护性耕作具有明显的增产效果,少耕产量最高,增产效果最好2003~2013年均产量为5.83t/hm~2,较传统耕作提高了14.7%;免耕次之,年均产量为5.39 t/hm~2,较传统耕作增产6.1%。3)各耕作处理玉米产量与土壤0-20 cm土层含水量之间存在显著的二次方程关系,与作物耗水量之间具有显著的乘幂方程关系。4)保护性耕作可以增加土壤水分减少玉米生育期内的耗水量,提高水分利用效率,其中免耕土壤0-20 cm土层水分含量最高2003-2013年平均含水量为15.2%,较传统耕作和少耕提高了1.90和1.66个百分点,且生育期耗水量最少2003~2013年均耗水量为403.5 mm,较传统耕作和少耕减少了16.1 mm和7.6 mm;少耕、免耕的水分利用效率较传统耕作分别提高了16.1%和10.2%,降水利用效率较传统耕作提高13.9%和5.8%。【结论】长期保护性耕作可以有效地提高土壤有机碳含量、增加土壤水分、减少作物耗水量,从而显著提高了玉米产量和水分利用效率,3种耕作措施中以少耕效果最好,免耕次之在旱作农田推广少、免耕保护性耕作措施是一种增产、节水的有效途径。     

免耕对土壤团聚体特征以及有机碳储量的影响

以实施7年的中国科学院禹城综合试验站冬小麦夏玉米轮作免耕长期定位试验场为对象,研究免耕条件下土壤水稳性团聚体和有机碳储量的变化,为进一步评价免耕措施对黄淮海平原土壤结构和质量的影响提供科学依据。设置免耕(NT)、免耕秸秆不还田(NTRR)、常规耕作(CT)3种处理,分析土壤表层(0~20 cm)及深层(20~60 cm)水稳性团聚体分布特征、土壤有机碳以及团聚体有机碳的变化和相互关系。研究结果表明:由于减少了对土壤的破坏以及增加了秸秆还田和有机肥的施用,与常规耕作相比,NT和NTRR可提高表层土壤有机碳含量和储量、水稳性团聚体平均重量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD),以及大团聚体有机碳的含量和储量。其中,秸秆覆盖比施用有机肥对表层土壤有机碳储量和0.25~2 mm团聚体有机碳储量的提高具有更显著的作用。与表层不同,深层土壤有机碳和大团聚体有机碳的含量和储量表现为NT相似文献   

长期保护性耕作可提高表层土壤碳氮含量和根际土壤酶活性

【目的】 研究不同长期耕作措施对作物根际和非根际土壤碳氮元素含量和土壤酶活性的影响,以及土壤碳氮元素与碳氮转化相关酶之间的相互联系,对认识土壤酶响应土壤碳氮变化的机制和选择合理有效的耕作技术具有重要的理论和实践意义。 【方法】 长期耕作试验始于1999年,位于河南孟津县,属于黄土高原东部边缘,土层深厚 (50—100 m),土壤类型是壤质黄绵土。试验处理有草地 (GL)、传统耕作 (CT)、免耕覆盖 (NT)、深松覆盖 (SM),于2016年采集根际土和非根际土0—20 cm、20—40 cm,分析了土壤总碳、有机碳和总氮含量,以及β-葡萄糖苷酶 (BG)、β-纤维二糖苷酶 (CBH)、β-木糖苷酶 (BXYL)、乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶 (NAG) 和亮氨酸氨基肽酶 (LAP) 的活性,并进行了土壤碳氮元素含量与酶活性的相关性分析。 【结果】 1) 与传统耕作相比,免耕和深松显著提高了根际和非根际0—20 cm土壤的总碳、有机碳和总氮含量,显著降低了非根际20—40 cm土壤的总碳、有机碳和总氮含量。草地显著提高了根际土壤总碳、有机碳和总氮含量,显著提高了非根际0—20 cm土壤的有机碳含量,显著降低了非根际土壤的总碳含量和非根际20—40 cm土壤中的有机碳含量。深松显著降低了作物根际和非根际土壤C/N,免耕和草地处理显著降低了作物非根际20—40 cm土壤中的C/N,但草地处理显著提高了作物非根际0—20 cm土壤C/N。2) 与传统耕作相比,草地、免耕和深松显著提高了根际土壤中β-葡萄糖苷酶、β-纤维二糖苷酶、β-木糖苷酶和乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶的活性。草地显著提高了根际土壤的亮氨酸氨基肽酶活性,免耕和深松显著降低了根际土壤的亮氨酸氨基肽酶活性。3) 碳氮转化相关酶之间均存在正相关关系 (除β-纤维二糖苷酶与亮氨酸氨基肽酶之间)。碳氮转化相关酶与土壤总碳、总氮和有机碳之间均存在正相关关系 (除亮氨酸氨基肽酶与总碳之间),与C/N之间均存在负相关关系。 【结论】 土壤碳氮转化酶之间存在相互促进的关系,共同参与土壤碳氮的转化。长期保护性耕作 (免耕和深松) 可以有效提高土壤表层的总碳、有机碳和总氮含量,提高根际土壤酶活性,有利于营养元素 (有机质、碳氮元素) 的循环转化和作物的吸收利用,以深松效果最好,免耕次之。      

Glomalin in aggregate size classes from three different farming systems

Glomalin was measured in soil from farming systems managed for 8 years by chisel tillage (CT), more intensive tillage for organic (ORG) production, and no tillage (NT) on Acrisols (FAO Soil Units) in the Mid-Atlantic region of the U.S. Whole soil and aggregate size classes of >2.00, 0.50–2.00 and 0.21–0.50 mm (macroaggregates), 0.05–0.21 mm (microaggregates), and <0.05 mm (fine material) were examined. Glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) was extracted from 1-g samples (four plots per treatment) with 100 mM sodium pyrophosphate, pH 9.0, at 121 °C in three extraction cycles. Extracts were pooled and quantified by using the Bradford protein assay. Concentrations of GRSP and total carbon (C) in aggregates were linearly related across aggregate size classes for all treatments (GRSP = 0.101C + 0.56, r² = 0.95). No tillage had significantly greater whole soil GRSP than did CT or ORG (P = 0.01). Mean values for GRSP in aggregates of NT were higher than for CT or ORG aggregates by 0.53 and 0.66 mg g⁻¹ aggregates, respectively. There were no differences among treatments in GRSP concentrations in fine material. In NT the concentration of GRSP increased as aggregate size increased in contrast to the disturbed treatments, CT or ORG, where there were no differences in GRSP concentration across aggregate size fractions. Larger proportions of GRSP were distributed in macroaggregates of NT compared to CT and ORG in contrast to larger proportions in microaggregates of CT and ORG than in NT. Although soil disturbance in ORG farming is greater than for CT farming, both treatments had similar GRSP concentrations and distributions.     

Long‐term cropping systems and tillage management effects on soil organic carbon stock and steady state level of C sequestration rates in a semiarid environment

A calcareous and clayey xeric Chromic Haploxerept of a long‐term experimental site in Sicily (Italy) was sampled (0–15 cm depth) under different land use management and cropping systems (CSs) to study their effect on soil aggregate stability and organic carbon (SOC). The experimental site had three tillage managements (no till [NT], dual‐layer [DL] and conventional tillage [CT]) and two CSs (durum wheat monocropping [W] and durum wheat/faba bean rotation [WB]). The annually sequestered SOC with W was 2·75‐times higher than with WB. SOC concentrations were also higher. Both NT and CT management systems were the most effective in SOC sequestration whereas with DL system no C was sequestered. The differences in SOC concentrations between NT and CT were surprisingly small. Cumulative C input of all cropping and tillage systems and the annually sequestered SOC indicated that a steady state occurred at a sequestration rate of 7·4 Mg C ha⁻¹ y⁻¹. Independent of the CSs, most of the SOC was stored in the silt and clay fraction. This fraction had a high N content which is typical for organic matter interacting with minerals. Macroaggregates (>250 µm) and large microaggregates (75–250 µm) were influenced by the treatments whereas the finest fractions were not. DL reduced the SOC in macroaggregates while NT and CT gave rise to higher SOC contents. In Mediterranean areas with Vertisols, agricultural strategies aimed at increasing the SOC contents should probably consider enhancing the proportion of coarser soil fractions so that, in the short‐term, organic C can be accumulated. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Tillage effects on soil aggregation and soil organic carbon profile distribution under Mediterranean semi‐arid conditions

In rainfed semi‐arid agroecosystems, soil organic carbon (SOC) may increase with the adoption of alternative tillage systems (e.g. no‐tillage, NT). This study evaluated the effect of two tillage systems (conventional tillage, CT vs. NT) on total SOC content, SOC concentration, water stable aggregate‐size distribution and aggregate carbon concentration from 0 to 40 cm soil depth. Three tillage experiments were chosen, all located in northeast Spain and using contrasting tillage types but with different lengths of time since their establishment (20, 17, and 1‐yr). In the two fields with mouldboard ploughing as CT, NT sequestered more SOC in the 0–5 cm layer compared with CT. However, despite there being no significant differences, SOC tended to accumulate under CT compared with NT in the 20–30 and 30–40 cm depths in the AG‐17 field with 25–50% higher SOC content in CT compared with NT. Greater amounts of large and small macroaggregates under NT compared with CT were measured at 0–5 cm depth in AG‐17 and at 5–10 cm in both AG‐1 and AG‐17. Differences in macroaggregate C concentration between tillage treatments were only found in the AG‐17 field at the soil surface with 19.5 and 11.6 g C/kg macroaggregates in NT and CT, respectively. After 17 yr of experiment, CT with mouldboard ploughing resulted in a greater total SOC concentration and macroaggregate C concentration below 20 cm depth, but similar macroaggregate content compared with NT. This study emphasizes the need for adopting whole‐soil profile approaches when studying the suitability of NT versus CT for SOC sequestration and CO₂ offsetting.     

A re‐evaluation of the enriched labile soil organic matter fraction

Identifying ‘functional' pools of soil organic matter and understanding their response to tillage remains elusive. We have studied the effect of tillage on the enriched labile fraction, thought to derive from microbes and having an intermediate turnover time. Four soils, each under three regimes, long‐term arable use without tillage (NT), long‐term arable under conventional tillage (CT), and native vegetation (NV), were separated into four aggregate size classes. Particle size fractions of macro‐ (250–2000 μm) and microaggregates (53–250 μm) were isolated by sonication and sieving. Subsequently, densiometric and chemical analyses were made on fine‐silt‐sized (2–20 μm) particles to isolate and identify the enriched labile fraction. Across soils, the amounts of C and N in the particle size fractions were highly variable and were strongly influenced by mineralogy, specifically by the contents of Fe and Al oxides. This evidence indicates that the fractionation procedure cannot be standardized across soils. In one soil, C associated with fine‐silt‐sized particles derived from macroaggregates was 567 g C m^?2 under NV, 541 g C m^?2 under NT, and 135 g C m^?2 under CT, whereas C associated with fine‐silt‐sized particles derived from microaggregates was 552, 1018, 1302 g C m^?2 in NV, NT and CT, respectively. These and other data indicate that carbon associated with fine‐silt‐sized particles is not significantly affected by tillage. Its location is simply shifted from macroaggregates to microaggregates with increasing tillage intensity. Natural abundance ¹³C analyses indicated that the enriched labile fraction was the oldest fraction isolated from both macro‐ and microaggregates. We conclude that the enriched labile fraction is a ‘passive' pool of soil organic matter in the soil and is not derived from microbes nor sensitive to cultivation.     

不同气候和施肥条件下保护性耕作对农田土壤碳氮储量的影响

【目的】 土壤有机碳氮是影响土壤肥力与作物产量的重要物质,而耕作是影响土壤碳氮储量的重要因素。通过分析不同耕作措施对我国东北、华北地区农田土壤碳氮储量的影响,为优化农田耕作管理、实现固碳减排、保护土壤提供科学依据。 【方法】 基于山西寿阳 (SSY)、山西临汾 (SLF)、河北廊坊 (HLF) 和吉林公主岭 (GZL) 四个长期定位试验,选择传统耕作 (CT)、免耕 (NTN) 和浅旋耕 (NTD) 三个耕作处理,分析了0—80 cm土壤剖面有机碳、氮的储量分布。 【结果】 1) 与传统耕作相比,浅旋耕显著降低褐土 (寿阳) 容重,免耕增加黑土 (公主岭) 容重,保护性耕作对沙性土 (临汾) 和潮土 (廊坊) 的影响很小。2) 耕作影响0—60 cm土壤有机碳储量。与传统耕作处理相比,黑土 (公主岭) 采用免耕和浅旋耕可显著提高0—60 cm土壤中的有机碳含量;免耕可提高褐土 (寿阳)0—50 cm的有机碳含量;沙性土 (临汾)、潮土 (廊坊) 免耕由于表层秸秆覆盖可提高0—15 cm土壤有机碳含量,但降低15—50 cm层土壤碳储量;潮土 (廊坊)15—60 cm土层,浅旋耕可增加土壤有机碳储量,而免耕则相反。3) 免耕处理的潮土 (廊坊) 土壤氮储量比传统耕作高出260 kg/hm2,差异不显著;黑土 (公主岭) 免耕和浅旋耕土壤氮储量则分别高出112 kg/hm2和207 kg/hm2,差异显著,保护性耕作降低临汾和寿阳1 m深土壤的氮储量。4) 保护性耕作加剧了0—20 cm沙性土和潮土壤氮储量的分层,对黑土 (公主岭) 和褐土 (寿阳) 土壤碳储量的层间分布影响很小。 【结论】 耕作影响0—60 cm土壤有机碳储量,免耕可以增加褐土的碳储量和潮土的氮储量,免耕和浅旋耕配合秸秆覆盖可显著增加黑土的碳、氮储量。因此,免耕适用于褐土和潮土,免耕和浅旋耕适用于黑土,沙性土采用保护性耕作的效果不显著。