银杏果仁辐照综合保鲜技术研究

以江苏省泰兴市地方品种为材料,采用钴－６０辐照新技术,对不同辐照时期、辐照剂量,包装,前处理和贮藏条件等因素进行试验。结果表明,新收获银杏果仁,经一定包装后,保鲜剂量０．２ｋＧｙ较好,种胚已充分后熟的银杏,则需采用灭菌贮藏剂量３ｋＧｙ辐照后常温贮藏,３个月保鲜效果在９５％以上,辐照前处理有一一保鲜效果。     

60Coγ辐射对木槿种子发芽及幼苗生长的影响

以60Coγ为辐射源,采用不同剂量率（50～500 Gy/h）辐照木槿休眠种子,对辐照后种子进行播种观察。结果表明：辐照剂量低于200 Gy时促进种子发芽,低于100 Gy时能提高幼苗成活率;辐照剂量大于200 Gy时抑制发芽,并导致真叶和侧根难以形成,直至幼苗死亡。剂量率对辐照效果有一定的影响。得出以提高苗木成活率为目的进行辐照时的剂量以50～100 Gy为宜,以促进变异为目的进行辐照时剂量以100～200 Gy为宜。     

辐照对地被菊种子的生长效应

研究不同剂量60Co γ射线辐照(10～50Gy)对地被菊种子发芽及相关生理指标的影响.结果发现:30Gy以上辐照剂量显著降低种子发芽率和幼苗成活率;随着辐照剂量的增加,20Gy以上剂量辐照造成了幼苗丙二醛(MDA)含量和过氧化物酶(POD)活性的显著升高,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性也呈升高趋...     

60Co γ射线对续随子干种子的生理损伤

以1Gy/min的剂量率,用不同剂量（0~800Gy）的60Co γ射线辐照续随子干种子,对M₁种子萌发情况及苗期性状进行调查。分析结果显示,在供试剂量范围内,辐照对续随子发芽率无明显影响,对发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数及幼苗生长量有显著或极显著的抑制效应;且抑制效应随剂量的增加和幼苗的生长而增大。在以上数据分析的基础上,以活力指数下降一半时的脊梁VID₅₀及幼苗半致癌剂量GR₅₀为标准,通过回归分析初步预测,供试续随子适宜辐照诱变剂量约为400~600Gy.     

椿树辐射诱变育种初报

以椿树种子为材料,用60Co γ射线进行了0、30、50、75、100、150和200Gy辐照处理,研究辐照对椿树种子发芽及幼苗生长的影响,以期获得耐盐突变体。结果表明：辐照抑制了种子的萌发,成苗率下降,幼苗生长受到抑制,且随着剂量的增加,抑制作用增强;椿树种子的半致死剂量为50Gy,适宜辐照剂量是50~75Gy。辐照后的植株经0.5% 的海盐筛选,共获得9株耐盐能力提高的变异株。     

60Coγ射线低剂量辐照对生菜种子萌发、幼苗生长及酶活性的影响

用不同剂量(10、20、30、40和50Gy)60Coγ射线辐照生菜种子,研究其对种子萌发,幼苗生长和酶活性的影响。结果表明,低剂量辐照可显著提高生菜种子的发芽率、发芽势、田间出苗率、幼苗高度和主根长度,对种子萌发和幼苗生长有一定的促进作用。综合考虑各苗期性状指标初步确定生菜低剂量辐照的适宜剂量为30Gy。在所试剂量范围内辐照处理的POD活性均低于对照;在20～40Gy剂量范围内辐照处理的CAT活性与对照相比也有所降低。     

低剂量γ辐射诱导作物种子超弱发光研究

用20 Gy 、30Gy 和40Gy 60Co γ射线照射黄瓜种子,用10Gy 、20 Gy 和40Gy 剂量照射番茄种子,在停照后6 、12 、24 、48 和72h 测量干种子和萌动种子超弱发光强度。结果表明,在低剂量辐照范围内,超弱发光强度随辐照剂量增大而增大,种子萌动期发光强度大于干种子,经10Gy 处理的番茄种子发光强度一直高于其它处理及对照组。     

60Co-γ射线辐照德国鸢尾杂交种子的生物效应

为探索60Co-γ射线辐照对德国鸢尾杂交种子的影响,用0(对照)、20、40、60、80 Gy剂量的60Co-γ射线辐照德国鸢尾杂交种子,研究不同辐照剂量对其萌发率、成苗率的影响及其M1部分表型变异的诱变效应.结果表明,20和40 Gy60Co-γ射线辐照后,种子萌发率分别为68.33％和87.91％,显著高于对照(41.25％);60和80 Gy 60Co-γ射线辐照后,种子萌发后的成苗率分别为70.72％和68.37％,显著低于对照(96.29％),且存在显著的致死效应;60和80 Gy辐照剂量可显著缩短M1的叶长和叶宽,其中60Gy还可显著降低M1旗瓣宽度,提高旗瓣长宽比.综上,20 ～40 Gy辐照剂量可以改善德国鸢尾种子萌发率,60～ 80 Gy可以作为德国鸢尾杂交种子的诱变剂量.本研究结果为利用60Co-γ射线改善德国鸢尾杂交种子萌发率和开展辐照诱变育种提供了一定参考.     

~(60)Co-γ射线对树兰蒴果辐照生物学效应研究

为探讨辐照处理对树兰种子的生物学效应,以树兰蒴果为研究对象,~(60)Co-γ射线为辐照源,设置不同剂量(0~200 Gy)进行辐照处理,在组织培养条件下研究其生物学效应。结果表明,当辐照剂量为20 Gy时可提高种子萌发率,并缩短种子萌发时间,而当辐照剂量为200 Gy时,种子不再萌发;树兰种子的半致死剂量为78.08 Gy。辐照处理对树兰再生植株的影响明显,与辐照剂量呈正相关,对株高、叶长影响最大,叶片数量次之,叶宽最小。本研究结果为树兰属植物离体诱变育种提供了一定的科学依据。     

60Coγ射线对美丽胡枝子种子萌发及早期幼苗生长的影响

采用不同剂量的60Co γ射线辐照美丽胡枝子种子,观测其对种子生活力、萌发率及幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:种子生活力随辐照的剂量增加而降低;高剂量(300Gy以上)对幼苗的生长有显著的抑制作用;幼苗存活率与辐照的剂量呈显著负相关;美丽胡枝子种子的半致死剂量为203.9Gy,适宜辐照诱变的剂量范围为203.9~400Gy。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.