Jag S对黄土坡面降雨入渗的调控效应

[目的]Jag S是一种新型可用于调控水土流失的高分子化学材料,揭示Jag S对降雨入渗的化学调控效应,为黄土坡面水土流失治理提供科学依据。[方法]采用人工模拟降雨试验研究Jag S对黄土坡面入渗调控效应。[结果](1)撒施Jag S坡面入渗率随降雨过程的变化趋势与裸坡相似,起初皆随降雨历时的延长先快速减小,随后趋于稳定状态;(2)撒施Jag S的坡面和裸坡相比,初始产流的时间提前,入渗率减小速率较大,达到稳渗阶段所用的时间少,且前期入渗率小于裸坡坡面前期入渗率,但稳渗率大于裸坡;(3)撒施Jag S坡面的入渗量明显高于裸坡的入渗量,在各个剂量下,入渗量均随坡度的增加而减小,随雨强的增加而呈现递增变化趋势。[结论]因此撒施Jag S可有效增加土壤入渗和强化入渗效应。强化入渗效应的Jag S剂量顺序依次为:1g/m23g/m25g/m2。     

多糖(Jag C162)对黄土坡面径流过程的影响

天然高分子多肽衍生物Jag C162是一种新型高聚物,研究其对黄土坡面径流过程的影响可为土壤侵蚀的化学调控技术提供新的理论依据。通过室内人工模拟降雨试验,在不同坡度(10°,15°,20°)、降雨强度(1,1.5,2 mm/min)、Jag C162不同撒施剂量(0,1,3,5 g/m²)的组合条件下,研究了Jag C162对坡面径流过程的调控效应。结果表明:(1)撒施中(3 g/m²)、小剂量(1 g/m²)Jag C162的初始产流时间相对裸坡显著滞后(p<0.05),大剂量(5 g/m²)的初始产流时间则显著提前(p<0.05)。(2)不同剂量Jag C162的坡面径流率随径流过程的变化大致趋势为由快速增长逐渐趋于缓慢递增状态。不同剂量Jag C162径流率的大小顺序为:裸土>1 g/m²>5 g/m²>3 g/m²。(3)Jag C162会显著改善>0.25 mm土壤水稳性团聚体含量,显著提高各粒级土壤水稳性团聚体的含量(p<0.05),尤以1～2,2～5,>5 mm粒径的团聚体含量的提高幅度大。因此,Jag C162可显著改善土壤团聚体结构,提高土壤入渗性能,减少地表径流量,从而减弱侵蚀发生的径流动力,达到调控土壤侵蚀的目的。     

Jag C162对黄土坡面降雨入渗的调控效应研究

在土壤中添加高分子化合物是一种新兴的水土保持措施,阐明其对水土流失的影响可为黄土坡面水土流失治理及其措施选择提供科学依据。采用人工模拟降雨试验,研究新化学材料Jag C162对黄土坡面降雨入渗的调控效应。主要结果有:(1)撒施不同剂量Jag C162后,随着降雨时间的增加,入渗率呈减少的趋势,撒施Jag C162的入渗率减小速率均小于裸土;降雨过程中裸土达到了稳渗阶段,而撒施Jag C162的入渗率没有达到稳定状态;初始产流的时间也相应的推迟。(2)同坡度不同雨强和同雨强不同坡度下,撒施Jag C162后,入渗率显著提高。随着雨强和坡度的增大,裸土的稳定入渗率增加,3种不同撒施剂量下的平均入渗率减小。(3)撒施Jag C162的入渗量明显高于裸土的入渗量,在不同剂量下,入渗量随雨强的增加而呈现递增变化总趋势;入渗量随坡度的增加而减小。(4)撒施Jag C162可增加入渗率,减少地表径流和土壤侵蚀。     

喷施中性多聚糖对黄土坡面降雨入渗的影响

中性多聚糖(Jag S)是一种新型高聚物,研究该高聚物对黄土坡面降雨入渗的影响可对采用土壤侵蚀化学调控技术措施防治黄土坡面土壤侵蚀提供新的理论基础。通过人工模拟降雨试验,研究不同雨强(1.0、1.5、2.0 mm min-1),不同坡度(10°、15°、20°)条件下,坡面降雨入渗及产流时间与喷施不同剂量(1、3、5 g m-2)Jag S之间的关系。结果表明:在不同坡度不同雨强下,与裸露坡面相比,喷施3种剂量的高分子化学材料Jag S均减少了前期降雨入渗率,但1及3 g m-2剂量Jag S处理能够明显提高黄土坡面入渗性能,减缓入渗在整个降雨过程的下降趋势,提高稳渗率,强化入渗效应均值分别为21.53%及9.17%,大剂量(5 g m-2)Jag S反而降低了土壤入渗性能(小雨强下除外)。喷施不同剂量Jag S的坡面其产流开始时间差异很小,但均早于裸露坡面,且表现为Jag S喷施剂量越大,坡面越早产流,大坡度大剂量对降雨产流时间影响较大。三个剂量对应产流时间提前百分比均值分别为47.26%、50.47%及66.28%。总之,Jag S在一定程度上能改善黄土坡面土壤结构,提高黄土坡面降雨入渗性能,从而降低土壤侵蚀,为采用高聚物进行水土保持提供了科学依据。     

喷施Jag C162对黄土坡面水流切应力影响研究

为研究连续两场次降雨过程中喷施不同剂量Jag C162对黄土坡面水流切应力的调控效应,在20°坡度,2.0 mm/min雨强条件下对裸坡和喷施Jag C162剂量为1,3,5 g/m²的坡面进行连续两场模拟降雨试验,主要结论有:（1）在连续两场降雨过程中,裸坡和喷施不同剂量Jag C162的坡面水流切应力随降雨历时的变化皆呈先增加后趋于稳定的状态,都可用对数方程描述,且喷施不同剂量Jag C162的坡面水流切应力皆比裸土坡面水流切应力小,喷施不同剂量Jag C162的坡面产流时间也均晚于裸土坡面产流时间;（2）在连续两场次降雨过程中,Jag C162具有减小坡面水流切应力的作用,且随Jag C162剂量增大,其对坡面水流切应力影响的持效性增强;（3）综合考虑Jag C162对坡面水流切应力调控作用的稳定性及持效性,建议在连续两场次降雨中采用剂量5 g/m²的Jag C162调控坡面水流切应力,以期达到控制土壤侵蚀的目的。     

高分子聚合物对土壤物理及坡面产流产沙特征的影响

 为研究高分子聚合物对土壤改良和防治水土流失的作用,选择聚丙烯酸、聚乙烯醇、脲醛树脂3种高分子聚合物,通过室内试验和人工模拟降雨试验,以不同浓度施入土壤,观察其对土壤物理及坡面产流产沙特性的影响。结果表明:1)3种高分子聚合物均是较好的土壤结构改良剂,经聚合物处理后的土壤水稳性团粒含量平均增加17.27%,渗透性能提高41.81%,密度减小11.18%,土壤持水能力较对照提高2.8倍。2)坡地喷施上述高分子聚合物能显著推迟产流时间,降低产流速度,与对照相比,施加聚合物的坡地减少径流量42.05%、土壤侵蚀量58%以上。3)根据其对土壤改良、减流减沙、防治土壤侵蚀效果的影响,确定3种高分子聚合物最佳施用浓度范围分别为116～145mL/m2,36～40 g/m2,180.0～240.0mL/m2,其中聚丙烯酸为作用效果最显著的高分子聚合物。上述3种高分子聚合物在改良土壤,防治水土流失方面有广泛的应用前景,今后还需对其效果持续性、最佳施用量等进一步研究。     

Spatial variation and interaction of runoff generation and erosion within a semi-arid, complex terrain catchment: a hierarchical approach

Purpose

Closed erosion plots have been used extensively to investigate soil loss and its spatial variation within a watershed. However, erosion rates measured on closed plots at various locations within a watershed may not reflect the “real world” conditions due to plot boundary problems. The purpose of this study was to identify runoff and sediment sources in a semi-arid, complex terrain catchment by using the data collected from open plots, nested catchments, and tunnel systems.

Materials and methods

The study catchment, in the Loess Plateau of China, was partitioned into various-level geomorphic units. Runoff and sediment discharges were measured from 55 storm events between 1963 and 1968 on open plots and nested catchments. Storm flows were also monitored in 14 rainfall events from the tunnel systems between 1989 and 1990. This study combined the data collected from the two periods to investigate runoff and sediment sources from the different geomorphic units of the catchment.

Results and discussion

On the four open plots (S1, S2, S3, and S4) of the hill slope, total runoff depths of 128.5 mm (S1), 84.3 mm (S2), 101.92 mm (S3), and 141.73 mm (S4) were recorded from all the events over the first period, which correspondingly produced total sediment yields of 3.056 kg m^?2 (S1), 9.058 kg m^?2 (S1), 42.848 kg m^?2 (S3), and 97.256 kg m^?2 (S4). The number of runoff events also varied due to a non-uniformity in runoff generation among the different geomorphic units of the catchment. Tunnel flows generally had higher mean sediment concentrations than catchment outflows. Three nested catchments located from the headwaters (C1) to the mouth of the catchment (C3) generated total runoff depths of 120.02 mm (C1), 143.92 mm (C2), and 149.43 mm (C3), and correspondingly produced sediments yields of 62.01 kg m^?2 (C1), 144.02 kg m^?2 (C2), and 123.92 kg m^?2 (C3) for the first period.

Conclusions

Significant variations in runoff and erosion existed within the catchment. The spatial variation of runoff generation on the hill slopes resulted from the variation of soil infiltration. Sediment produced from the lower hill slope zone was disproportionally higher than that from the upper hill slope zone. Nevertheless, a significant portion of the sediment eroded on the lower slope zone was caused by runoff generated from the upper slope zone. Tunnel erosion also played a significant role in sediment production.     

Soil organic matter in water-stable aggregates under different soil management practices in a productive vineyard

In a productive vineyard, the influence of different soil management practices on carbon sequestration and its dynamic in water-stable aggregates of Rendzin Leptosol was studied. In 2006, an experiment of different management practices in a productive vineyard was established in the locality of Nitra-Dra?ovce, in the Nitra winegrowing area of Slovakia. The following treatments were established: (1) control (grass without fertilization); (2) T (tillage); (3) T + FM (tillage + farmyard manure); (4) G + NPK3 (grass + NPK 120–55–195 kg ha^?1); and (5) G + NPK1 (grass + NPK 80–35–135 kg ha^?1). The results showed that the lowest soil organic matter content (9.70 g kg^?1) in water-stable microaggregates was determined in G + NPK3, as well as in T. However, the highest soil organic matter content in the highest size fractions of water-stable macroaggregates (>5 mm) was observed in T + FM (19.7 g kg^?1). The highest value for carbon sequestration capacity in water-stable microaggregates was observed in the ploughed farmyard manure treatment. However, the control treatment showed the highest values for carbon sequestration capacity in water-stable macroaggregates, including agronomically favourable size fractions (0.5–3 mm). In all soil management practices under a productive vineyard the most intensive changes in the soil organic matter content were observed in the highest size fractions (>3 mm) of water-stable macroaggregates.     

Influence of Soil Properties and Manure Sources on Phosphorus in Runoff during Simulated Rainfall

Runoff from agricultural fields amended with animal manure or fertilizer is a source of phosphorus (P) pollution to surface waters, which can have harmful effects such as eutrophication. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the impact of soil P status and the P composition of manure sources on P in runoff and characterize the effects of manure sources on mass loss of dissolved reactive P, total dissolved P, and total P in runoff. Soil boxes set at 5% slopes received 7.5 cm h^?1 of simulated rainfall for 30 min. Study soils included a Kenansville loamy sand (loamy siliceous subactive thermic Arenic Hapludults, a Coastal Plain soil) and a Davidson silt loam (kaolinitic thermic Rhodic Kandiudults, a Piedmont soil). Soil test P concentrations ranged from 16 to 283 mg P kg^?1. Sources of P included broiler litter, breeder manure, and breeder manure treated with three rates of aluminum sulfate (Al₂(SO₄)₃) 0, 3.9, and 7.8 kg m^?2, di-ammonium phosphate (DAP), and an un-amended control. All manure sources were surface applied at 66 kg P ha^?1 without incorporation. Water extractable P represented an average of 10 ± 6% total P in manure. Runoff samples were taken over a 30-min period. Piedmont soil contained greater amounts of clay, aluminum (Al), and iron (Fe) concentrations, and higher P sorption capacities that produced significantly lower dissolved reactive P, total dissolved P, and total P losses than the Coastal Plain soil. Runoff P loss did not differ significantly for low and high STP Coastal Plain soils. Water extractable P in manures accounted for all dissolved reactive P lost in runoff with dissolved reactive P correlating strongly with water extractable P concentration (r² = 0.9961). Overall, manures containing the highest water extractable P concentrations contributed to the largest amounts of dissolved reactive P in runoff. Manure treated with 3.9 and 7.8 kg m^?2 of Al₂(SO₄)₃ (alum) decreased dissolved reactive P in runoff by 29%. While this soil box runoff study represents a worst-case scenario for P loss, highly significant effects of soil properties and manure sources were obtained. Management based on these results should help ameliorate harmful effects of P in runoff.     

Crop Residue Effects on Total and Dissolved Losses of Fe,Mn, Cu,and Zn by Runoff

Runoff may cause losses of micronutrients from soils. This can result in environmental problems such as contaminant transfers to water or a decrease in soil fertility. Appropriate soil management may reduce these micronutrient losses. This study examined the effect of applying crop residues to the soil surface on iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) losses by runoff. Runoff and sediment yield were measured on 1-m² plots using a rainfall simulator with constant 65 mm h^?1 intensity. Eight successive rainfall applications were performed at 65 mm each. Corn (Zea mays L.) straw was applied to plots at rates ranging from 0 to 8 t ha^?1. Both total and dissolved concentrations of the micronutrients studied were decreased by corn straw applications. After 520 mm cumulative rainfall, total soil losses ranged from 150 to 15354 kg ha^?1 depending on the amount of corn straw applied. Total micronutrient concentrations in runoff were as follows: Fe from 14.98 to 611.12 mg L^?1, Mn from 0.03 to 0.61 mg L^?1, Cu from 0.10 to 1.43 mg L^?1, and Zn from 0.21 to 5.45 mg L^?1. The relative contribution of the dissolved fraction to the total micronutrient content loss was low, but varied depending on the nutrient, being less than 1 percent for Fe and Mn and almost 10 percent for Zn. Total and dissolved concentrations in runoff of the studied elements decreased exponentially as the rate of applied corn straw increased. In conclusion, the addition of corn straw to soil reduced micronutrient losses.     

Changes in Soil Quality by Compost and Hazelnut Husk Applications in a Hazelnut Orchard

ABSTRACT

In this study, changes in some soil quality indexes in a hazelnut orchard located in the Black Sea Region of Turkey were investigated after 6 months of compost (CMP) and hazelnut husk (HH) applications. CMP and HH applications increased soil organic carbon (OC) content from 1.40% to 2.57 and 3.51%, and electrical conductivity from 0.06 dS m^?1 to 0.20 and 0.91 dS m^?1, respectively (P < 0.01). In comparison to control treatment, CMP and HH applications increased the sum of exchangeable cations by 31 and 37%, aggregate stability by 2 and 7%, initial infiltration rate by 34 and 436%, and reduced bulk density by 20 and 33%, penetration resistance by 33 and 67%, respectively (P < 0.01). Physical and chemical soil quality parameters were improved using both HH and CMP in the hazelnut orchard. Although both organic matter sources were effective on quality of clay soil, slow mineralization rate of HH in soil due to including the highest C:N ratio (55%) caused greater effects of HH on soil quality indexes than that of CMP (having 22% C:N ratio) after 6 months of application.     

Soil physical properties of selected soil series in relation to compaction and erosion on farmers’ fields at Abeokuta,southwestern Nigeria

This study evaluated physical properties of selected soil series and their implications on the soil compaction and erosion in Abeokuta, southwestern Nigeria. Daily rainfall data (1999–2007) were collected to estimate the rainfall erosivity. Seven soil series (Iwo, Iseyin, Ekiti, Jago, Okemesi, Apomu, and Egbeda) were sampled from 0–15, 15–30, and 30–50 cm depths for particle size distribution, organic carbon, pH, upper plastic limit, and compactibility (Proctor test). Microtopographical changes along and across toposequences of two farmers’ fields cleared mechanically and manually, respectively, were monitored using the erosion pin method. Mean annual erosivity (EI30) was high (7646 MJ mm ha^?1 hr^?1). Particle size, organic carbon, and pH were similar (p ≥ 0.05), while upper plastic moisture was ≤?2% among different soil series. Soil-moisture density curves indicated a maximum bulk density of 1.77–1.99 g cm^?3 for a moisture range of 7.6–14%; while the soils were prone to compaction at low moisture content. Microtopographic changes were found between –2 and 0 cm and –8 and –2 cm on mechanically and manually cleared farmland, respectively. Spatial dependence showed that the soil erosion could be predicted within 5–8 m distance. To avoid erosion and compaction, soil water content should be less than 7.6% before the introduction of mechanical tillage.     

不同降雨强度对紫色土坡面侵蚀过程的影响

为研究不同雨强对紫色土坡面侵蚀过程的影响,通过人工模拟降雨试验和室内分析,采用降雨总量(30mm)一定、降雨历时不定的原则,在2种覆盖度(50%和75%)下,分析了3个雨强(0.5,1.0,1.5mm/min)对紫色土土壤坡面产流产沙的影响。结果表明:在50%和75%覆盖度下,(1)雨强越大紫色土坡面产流总量和径流率越大。相同时间内,不同雨强(0.5,1.0,1.5mm/min)下的2种覆盖度产流量分别占坡面产流总量的18%,30%,52%。(2)雨强越大紫色土坡面产沙量和侵蚀率越大。相同时间内,不同雨强(0.5,1.0,1.5mm/min)下,2种覆盖度产沙量分别占坡面产沙总量的13%,33%,54%。(3)紫色土坡面侵蚀泥沙中的水稳性团聚体的粒径主要集中在0.25,3mm,分别占泥沙总量的74%和67%,0.25~3mm粒径的水稳性团聚体分别占泥沙总量的30%和26%。(4)相关分析表明,雨强和紫色土坡面产流产沙量均为极显著正相关(P0.01)。雨强与产沙量之间均拟合为一次线性方程;雨强与产流量之间分别拟合为一次线性方程和二次方程。研究结果为控制紫色土坡面水土流失和揭示其相关侵蚀机理提供参考。     

Estimating NEE in a wheat-planted plot with an automatically controlled chamber

Abstract

We observed carbon dioxide (CO₂) flux at two experimental plots (wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) -planted and bare) for a year using an automatically controlled chamber. At each plot, two chambers were installed at six observation points by rotation. Consequently, the total installment duration at each point was one-third of the entire experimental period. Although we manually moved the chambers periodically, they hampered wheat growth and reduced the dried weight of harvested wheat by 65%. However, they did not influence the carbon (C) content ratio of harvested wheat. The rate of decrease of soil water contents after rainfall in the wheat plot was higher than that in the bare plot, especially after the canopy height reached around 30 cm. The maximum gap of soil water content at 5 cm depth between the two plots was about 5%. Wheat mitigated the increase of soil temperature in the daytime. The gap of soil temperature at 2 cm depth between the two plots sometimes exceeded 10°C. Considering the difference between dried weights of harvested wheat per unit ground area inside and outside the chamber collar, the annual net ecosystem exchange (NEE), whole ecosystem respiration and gross primary production were estimated respectively as –103 g C m^?2 y^?1, 831 g C m^?2 y^?1 and–934 g C m^?2 y^?1. The absolute values of each were smaller than those reported from past studies. Adding the exported carbon of harvested wheat (364 g C m^?2) and subtracting the imported carbon of the seeds (3.1 g C m^?2) to the NEE, net biome production across the ground surface was 259 g C m^?2. It was greater than that in the bare plot (187 g C m^?2). Although further improvements of measurements and more accurate estimated equations are necessary to evaluate the carbon budget correctly with chamber measurements, our chamber measurement captured the NEE variation, responding to seasonal, meteorological and biological changes.     

Influence of Artificial Zeolite and Hydrated Lime Amendments on the Erodibility of an Acidic Soil

In this study, the effectiveness of artificial zeolite and hydrated lime, as amendments, to reduce surface runoff and soil loss from acidic soil taken from Yamaguchi prefecture in Japan was assessed. Air‐dried soil aggregates (?2 mm) were amended with zeolite at 10% and with lime at 0.5%. The amended aggregates were packed to an average dry‐bulk density of 1.30 Mg m^?3 in small soil trays and subjected to simulated rain intensities of 30 and 60 mm h^?1. Two pretreatments were used before subjecting them to simulated rainfall: (a) soil incubated for 2 weeks and (b) soil kept for 5 months, irrigated every two days. The data indicated that surface runoff was characterized by three phases. The amendments' impact was most significant during the first two phases as the amendments induced the formation of particles sized ? 106 µm, which are mostly responsible for the crusting. Amendments decreased soil losses, and the magnitude of reduction became higher when the irrigation pretreatment was applied before simulated rainfall. The amendment led to increase in soil organic carbon, wet aggregate stability, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and the large particle size in the sediment. The results suggest that surface runoff and soil loss in acidic soils can be substantially reduced by application of zeolite or lime, and this is attributed to the increase in wet aggregate stability and the large particle size in the sediment because of the amendments, and in this regard zeolite is more effective than lime.     

Effects of polymeric slow release fertilizer on Chinese cabbage growth and soil nutrients

One pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of a new polymeric slow release fertilizer (PRF) on Chinese cabbage growth and soil nutrients. The experiment comprised three kinds of fertilizer (common compound fertilizer, 21% and 45% solubility of PRF in 25°C water, all fertilizers with N:P₂O₅:K₂O = 10:5.7:20) and three fertilizer levels (0, 21.6 and 43.2 g m^?2). Results showed that the high water-soluble PRFs (PRFHH and PRFHL) fit nutrient requirements of Chinese cabbage, and the high fertilization level significantly increased yield and improved quality of Chinese cabbage. Although the PRFHL treatment at 21.6 g fertilizer m^?2 had one-half less supplied nutrient than that of common compound fertilizer treatment (43.2 g fertilizer m^?2), the yield of Chinese cabbage with PRFHH and PRFHL was 8.0% more. The soluble sugar, vitamin C and leaf chlorophyll contents of Chinese cabbage can be effectively improved with PRFHH (43.2 g m^?2), PRFHL (21.6 g m^?2) and PRFLH (low water-soluble PRF, 43.2 g m^?2). The PRF treatment reduced the nitrate content and improved soil capacity of supplying nutrient effectively, and there were no changes in values of pH and electrical conductivity of soil.     

东北黑土区土壤团聚体迁移特征的模拟降雨试验研究

坡面侵蚀过程中土壤团聚体迁移反映了团聚体的破碎程度以及雨滴打击和径流搬运之间的相互作用。基于模拟降雨试验,研究了黑土坡面不同粒级土壤团聚体的迁移特征。研究结果表明,同干筛处理相比,湿筛后≥0.25mm粒径的水稳性团聚体含量为52%,其较干筛处理减少24%。湿筛后土壤团聚体的粒级分布以<0.25mm团聚体居多;湿筛处理后>1mm粒级的团聚体含量较干筛处理减少了83.8%。在50和100mm/h两个降雨强度下,团聚体流失以<0.25mm的微团聚体为主,其流失量占团聚体流失总量的80%以上,且不同降雨强度下微团聚体流失量与含沙浓度存在显著正相关关系。50mm/h降雨强度下微团聚体流失量随降雨历时的增加呈先快速增加后递减,最后趋于相对稳定的变化趋势;而100mm/h降雨强度下,其变化趋势则表现为先快速增加后缓慢上升趋势。≥0.25mm各粒级团聚体的流失比例和流失团聚体的平均重量直径(MWD)均随降雨强度的增加而减小,反映了大雨强下雨滴打击对团聚体的分散作用。     

黄土丘陵区不同坡度撂荒草地入渗特征影响因素试验研究

降雨特征和坡度是影响土壤入渗过程的重要因素,在植被恢复过程中,其对土壤入渗特征的影响可能会有所不同。选取黄土丘陵区6个坡度(5°,10°,15°,20°,25°和30°)的撂荒草地(2年)径流小区(5 m×20 m),观测自然降雨条件下(共计34场降雨,产流11场)植被生长旺期(7—9月)土壤入渗特征,研究降雨过程参数(降雨量、平均雨强、降雨历时和I_(30))、坡度和植被盖度对坡面入渗特征的影响。结果表明:(1)11场产流降雨不同坡度土壤入渗量总体变化范围为6.58～70.91 mm,入渗补给系数为0.83～1.00,入渗率为0.22～19.35 mm/h;(2)土壤入渗量随降雨量呈线性增加(R~2=0.99,p0.01),入渗补给系数随I_(30)呈指数降低(R~2=0.91,p0.01),平均入渗率随降雨强度呈线性增加(R~2=0.71,p0.01),随降雨历时呈幂函数降低(R~2=0.99,p0.05);(3)坡度增大使得径流位移增长,导致入渗量、入渗补给系数和平均入渗率整体随坡度增大而呈幂函数增加,但当坡度25°时,因径流势能沿坡面方向分量增加,径流流速加快,上述入渗特征参数略有降低;(4)由于降雨量在植被生长周期内呈下降趋势,很大程度上导致植被对入渗特征的影响受控于降雨量,土壤入渗量表现出随着植被盖度的增加呈幂函数显著下降的趋势。总体而言,降雨特征和坡度是影响土壤入渗的主要因素,且土壤入渗特征参数可表示为降雨过程参数和坡度的综合幂函数方程;在入渗补给系数较高的情况下,植被覆盖对土壤入渗特征的影响减弱。研究结果对于坡面尺度降雨径流调控机制和生态水文过程研究具有重要意义。     

Improved Nutrient Uptake and Growth of Maize in Response to Inoculation with Thiobacillus and Mycorrhiza on an Alkaline Soil

Most plant nutrients are optimally available when soil pH is close to neutral. In this experiment the effects of Thiobacillus and Mycorrhiza on nutrient uptake and grain yield of maize were studied on an alkaline soil as a factorial experiment with randomized complete blocks design. Treatments consisted of Mycorrhiza fungi (M): inoculated (m₁) and noninoculated (m₀), Thiobacillus (T): inoculated (t₁) and noninoculated (t₀), and sulfur (S) (S₀, S₁: 250, and S₂: 500 kg ha^?1). Inoculation of Mycorrhiza, Thiobacillus, and S application decreased soil pH and increased grain yield and seed oil content. The lowest soil pH and the greatest S content were obtained from the combination of Thiobacillus and 500 kg ha^?1 S. Inoculation of Thiobacillus and S application significantly decreased root colonization. The greatest iron (Fe) content was in the combination of Mycorrhiza inoculation and 500 kg ha^?1 S. Grain P content significantly increased with Mycorrhiza inoculation and S application. The greatest grain yield obtained from combination of Thiobacillus with 500 kg ha^?1 S.     

Effect of zeolite and saline water application on saturated hydraulic conductivity and infiltration in different soil textures

The effects of zeolite application (0, 4, 8 and16 g kg^?1) and saline water (0.5, 1.5, 3.0 and 5.0 dS m^?1) on saturated hydraulic conductivity (K _s) and sorptivity (S) in different soils were evaluated under laboratory conditions. Results showed that K _s was increased at salinity levels of 0.5‐1.5 dS m^?1 in clay loam and loam with 8 and 4 g zeolite kg^?1 soil, respectively, and at salinity levels of 3.0–5.0 dS m^?1 with 16 g zeolite kg^?1 soil. K _s was decreased by using low and high salinity levels in sandy loam with application of 8 and 16 g zeolite kg^?1, respectively. In clay loam, salinity levels of 0.5–3.0 dS m^?1 with application of 16 g kg^?1 zeolite and 5.0 dS m^?1 with application of 8 g zeolite kg^?1 soil resulted in the lowest values of S. In loam, all salinity levels with application of 16 g zeolite kg^?1 soil increased S compared with other zeolite application rates. In sandy loam, only a salinity level of 0.5 dS m^?1 with application of 4 g zeolite kg^?1 soil increased S. Other zeolite applications decreased S, whereas increasing the zeolite application to 16 g kg^?1 soil resulted in the lowest value of S.