土壤砾石含量的电阻率断层扫描技术应用研究

砾石含量是土壤质量评价与分类的基本参量。但传统的测定采用了随机采样的方法,一些特殊和极端区域的土样难以获得,进而制约了对土壤砾石含量评价的客观性和完整性。本研究基于土壤由细土和砾石二相介质组成的假设,采用了电阻率断层扫描技术,结合该技术对土壤中砾石体积含量的评价,对土壤砾石含量做了系统性研究。结果表明细土样品的电阻率值主要受土壤含水量的影响,容重及有机质含量对其影响较小。土壤砾石体积含量和有效电阻率之间的关系与Bussian's Law模型预测结果相吻合,且细土电阻率值对该关系影响较大。在细土和砾石的电阻率值分别为160Ωm和3000Ωm条件下,对砾石体积含量估算结果的绝对误差为22%。电阻率断层扫描技术提供了土壤学基础研究的重要工具,对其应用的研究将会对土壤学相关研究提供重要的帮助。     

土壤中砾石含量的测定方法研究进展

石质土壤中含有大量砾石,大量砾石的存在会影响土壤理化特性和水力特性。土壤中砾石含量的研究会影响土石介质的生产力评估、水文及风化过程的研究水平。本文主要介绍了国内外土壤中砾石含量的现有测定方法,对环刀取样法、挖坑法、Viro插钎法,γ射线法、探地雷达及电阻率断层扫描技术的实际应用进行了讨论。在实际研究中应根据实际情况选择合适的砾石含量测定方法。土壤中砾石含量的测定应该引起国内相关研究的重视,为土壤研究提供重要信息并为土壤学研究水平的提高提供帮助。     

基于电阻率断层扫描技术探测林地土层厚度

土层厚度对林地生产力具有重要影响,是评价林地土壤质量的重要指标。为了对林地土壤的土层厚度进行调查,该文应用电阻率断层扫描技术对林地土壤土层厚度进行了研究,对其可适用性做出评价。通过在野外试验点对土壤电阻率的实地断层扫描,将其结果与实际测定得到的基岩特征电阻率相结合,预测土层厚度,并将预测值和实地基坑开挖数据进行比较。结果表明,研究区土层厚度多在小于2 m的范围内,电阻率断层扫描技术估测结果与实测结果相符(均方根误差为0.2678),初步表明该技术在估算林地土层厚度方面具有良好的适用性。该研究结果为土壤学方面相关研究提供重要手段,也将对土壤质量评价和土地利用等相关工作提供指导。     

一维非饱和土壤溶质运移的有限体积法数值模拟

应用有限体积法对非饱和土壤一维溶质运移模型进行数值求解,模拟了土壤水分运动和溶质运移的动态过程.并以实测数据验证了模拟结果的合理性与有效性.通过对有限体积法和有限差分法进行比较,说明了有限体积法能很好地避免有限差分方法中常常出现的数值弥散和数值振荡现象,因此在模拟土壤溶质运移规律的研究中.该方法是一种很好的数值方法.     

土壤中砾石存在对入渗影响研究进展

石质山区的土壤中含有大量砾石,土壤中大量砾石存在会影响土壤物理特性和水力特性,从而对土壤入渗规律造成影响。本文主要介绍了国外土壤中砾石存在对土壤物理特性、水力特性以及入渗规律影响研究的现有研究成果,国外现有研究结果表明,土壤中砾石存在对入渗影响较为复杂,砾石覆盖/含量与入渗量之间既有正相关关系,也有负相关关系。     

模拟降雨条件下含砾石土壤的坡面产流和入渗特征

模拟降雨条件下研究了含砾石土壤的入渗过程,分析了砾石含量和坡度对土壤坡面产流时间和入渗的影响。研究结果表明:含砾石土壤的坡面产流时间与砾石含量和坡度密切相关,当坡度>5°时,产流时间与砾石含量呈线性负相关。当坡度<5°时,不同砾石含量的土壤入渗能力表现出明显差异;砾石含量为20%~30%时,土壤入渗相对增加;当坡度>10°时,砾石含量对入渗能力的影响不明显。利用Kostiakov入渗经验模型可以很好地模拟含砾石土壤的降雨入渗过程,模型中的经验系数K能够反映出降雨开始1 min内坡度和砾石含量对入渗的影响。     

辽西低山丘陵区坡地砾石含量及粒径对土壤入渗性能的影响

基于室内土柱模拟试验对比分析辽西低山丘陵区坡地不同粒径及砾石含量的土壤入渗规律,并采用4种模型分析了含砾石土壤对传统土壤入渗模型的适用性。结果表明:粒径一定时,随砾石含量的增加土壤累积入渗量减少,随累积入渗量的增加土柱湿润锋变化速率由小变大;砾石含量小于20%时,湿润锋前进到一定深度下,土壤累积入渗量随粒径的增加而增大;当砾石含量增大到一定值时,砾石含量相同直径不同的土壤累积入渗量与湿润锋随时间的变化基本无差异。累积入渗量与湿润锋推进距离呈良好的线性关系。利用Green-Ampt模型、通用模型、Horton模型和Kostiakov模型对入渗率与入渗历时的关系进行拟合,其中砾石含量为5%时,Horton模型拟合效果最好,砾石含量为10%~30%时通用模型适用性更强,Horton模型拟合效果最差,其他模型拟合效果因砾石含量及粒径等因素的不同而异。     

利用时域反射仪测定饱和砂土中非水相液体

利用时域反射技术,以饱和砂土和菜籽油、机油为研究对象,室内模拟研究了非水相液体(NAPLs,nonaqueous phase liquids)污染土壤的介电常数和电导率的变化规律,确定了饱和砂土中NAPLs含量的预测模型。研究表明:1饱和砂土中体积含油量在0~0.05 cm~3/cm~3时,土壤介电常数并无显著变化;随着NAPLs体积含量的进一步增加,介电常数呈线性减小趋势;土壤体积质量和NAPLs类型对相同饱和度的土壤介电常数未产生影响。2饱和土壤的电导率与NAPLs含量存在良好的线性负相关关系(R2=0.96);土壤体积质量对相同饱和度的土壤电导率未产生影响。3混合介电模型(a=0.5)高估了饱和砂土中NAPLs含量,平均RMSE为0.038 cm~3/cm~3;参数a调整为0.52后,混合介电模型提高了预测精度,比原混合介电模型(a=0.5)预测精度可以提高23.2%。本研究结果表明可利用时域反射技术监测污染土壤的介电常数与电导率并测定饱和土壤中NAPLs的含量。     

模拟降雨下坡度对含砾石土壤径流和产沙过程的影响

对含砾石土壤径流和产沙过程的研究不仅有助于深入理解该类型土壤中的水土过程,也可以为基于过程的土壤侵蚀模型模拟提供重要的土壤参数.通过室内模拟降雨试验,分析了3个坡度下含砾石土壤中的径流和产沙过程,研究结果表明,不同砾石含量的土壤在不同坡度下的产流在0～20 min内有明显增加的趋势,之后径流趋于平稳.随着砾石含量的增加,坡度对径流的影响减弱.坡面产沙高峰期出现在0～20 min内,且高峰期产沙量占总产沙量比例相对较大;当坡度为15°时,砾石含量(质量含量百分比)为20%,30%,40%的土壤在30 min后产沙量又增加,与其他坡度相比,土壤总产沙量也明显增加.实验中坡度是决定土壤产沙量的主要因素.     

北京山区土壤流失方程探讨

 水土流失是生态环境恶化的重要原因之一。土壤流失方程是定量评价水土资源发展动态、指导综合治理规划和评价水土流失治理效果的重要技术工具。利用北京近1000个坡面径流试验小区的年降雨、径流和泥沙资料以及人工降雨试验资料,并考虑北京石质山区存在大量砾石覆盖地表的特点,将砾石覆盖因子作为一个独立的因子考虑在土壤流失方程中。得到北京山区坡面土壤侵蚀方程,并确定了方程中各个因子的计算方法或数值。该方程的建立,可为北京山区土壤侵蚀动态监测和水土保持规划提供依据。     

Simulating infiltration into stony soils with a dual‐porosity model

Soils containing rock fragments are widely distributed in the world. However, literature on the dynamic simulation of water movement in stony soils is scarce. In this paper, a dual‐porosity model was used to simulate water infiltration into soils containing rock fragments. Sensitivity analysis of the dual‐porosity model parameters demonstrates that the increase of rock fragment content clearly decreased infiltration into stony soils. Big stones hampered infiltration more than small stones. Spherical stones accelerated infiltration compared with solid, cylindrical stones and rectangular, slab‐like stones. Numerical analysis was also performed to test and compare a non‐equilibrium dual‐porosity model (NDPM) with an equilibrium dual‐porosity model (EDPM) and an equilibrium single‐pore model (ESPM). Infiltration experiments on disturbed soils were carried out to verify the ability of the NDPM to simulate infiltration into stony soils. Based on hydraulic parameters of soils without rock fragments and mass transfer coefficients obtained independently, the extrapolated cumulative infiltrations calculated by the NDPM were in good agreement with the observed data. Fitted model parameters of the NDPM indicate that rock fragments not only act as a source or sink to affect infiltration but also change the pore structure of the fine earth, apart from reducing the cross‐sectional area for water flow. Though further studies are required to improve the dual‐porosity model, it already describes more characteristics of infiltration into stony soils and explains more phenomena than does the single‐porosity model.     

The contribution of rock fragments to the available water content of stony soils: Proposition of new pedotransfer functions

The contribution of rock fragments to the soil available water content (SAWC) of stony soil has been quantified by measurements of bulk density and gravimetric water content at different water potentials on rock fragments of different lithologies: flints, cherts, chalks, gaizes and limestones. More than 1000 pebbles (2 cm < equivalent diameter of the rock fragment < 5 cm) have been sampled in stony soils developed from each of the five lithologies. We demonstrated that the water content at saturation of the studied pebbles was equal to the water content at −100 hPa and to the water content at field capacity. A linear relationship between the water content at −100 hPa and at −15,840 hPa enabled to derive a simple pedotransfer function to determine the available water content of the rock fragments. We also proposed a second simple pedotransfer function, which expresses the available water content from the dry bulk density of the rock fragments only. A simulation at the horizon scale for a loamy-clay stony horizon showed that the SAWC could be strongly misjudged when the rock fragments were not taken into account: for a stony horizon containing 30% of pebbles, the SAWC is underestimated by 5% for chert pebbles and by 33% for chalk pebbles.     

Rock fragments IL Their impact on soil physical properties and biomass production under Mediterranean conditions

Abstract. The effects of rock fragments on soil temperature, soil moisture conservation, night time water vapour absorption and wheat biomass production were investigated. Under conditions of moderate water stress, water conservation was generally greater in the stony soils. Under conditions of pronounced drought the opposite occurred, with stony soils conserving less water than soils free of stones, though soils with large cobbles on the surface conserved the most water.
Stony soils were generally warmer during daytime and cooler at night than soils free of rock fragments. In the warmest month (July) the diurnal amplitude reached 14.3 °C in the control soil and 24.1 °C in the stony soils. Night time absorption of water vapour in the upper 15–20 cm was less for the stony soil (17.8% cobble cover), than for the stone-free soil. Cobbles on the soil surface increased biomass production by increasing moisture conservation. After removing all the stones from the surface of 16 plots, total dry matter yield of rainfed wheat was on average 20% less than from plots with stones on the surface.     

Particle-size distribution in soils of West Antarctica

The particle-size distribution in soils sampled near Russian polar stations in West Antarctica has been studied. It is shown that the soils of the Subantarctic zone (the Bellingshausen Station on King George Island) are characterized by a higher content of silt and clay in the fine earth fraction and by a higher content of the fine earth fraction in comparison with the soils of the proper Antarctic tundra barrens near the Lenin-gradskaya Station and the Antarctic cold desert near the Russkaya Station. In the latter soils, the content of rock fragments is higher than that in the soils of the Antarctic tundra barrens. In the soils of the tundra barrens, a considerable accumulation of fine earth may take place in large cavities (hollows) on the stony bedrock surface. Desert pavements are formed in both types of Antarctic landscapes.     

Electrical resistivity tomography to detect the effects of tillage in a soil with a variable rock fragment content

Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) is a promising non‐destructive tool to characterize agricultural soils where management effects are superimposed on natural variability. The aim of our study was to test whether ERT was capable of detecting stones and tillage effects in a soil with a variable rock fragment content. Field experiments were conducted by performing a set of three two‐dimensional (2D) resistivity tomographies across two management systems (tillage/no tillage) replicated twice on each transect, using dipole‐dipole configuration and 0.25‐m inter‐electrode spacing. Soil texture, bulk density and water content were measured destructively. Greater average electrical resistivity (ER) was found in tilled plots, with maximum values of up to 1700 Ohm m. However, when the spatial correlation structure was considered in a mixed‐effects model, no significant difference in ER was found between tilled and untilled plots. Empirical semivariograms showed less spatial continuity and more noise in tilled plots. Resistivity was strongly correlated with rock fragment content (r = 0.68), with greater average values in ploughed plots, which may possibly be linked to kinetic sieving after ploughing. ERT was able to identify the position of gravel lenses and was also sensitive to the presence of clay (r = ?0.45): a linear trend in resistivity across the field (r = 0.80) was consistent with a decreasing clay content (r = ?0.68). Resistivity was correlated with rock fragments, clay and an interaction variable (water × rock fragments). There was a poor fit for the tilled plot where resistivity peaks could be linked to the presence of voids, but their detection would have required a resolution greater than that which we adopted.     

重庆紫色母岩及土壤As、Hg环境地球化学基线研究

为了掌握紫色土类中As和Hg在不同发育阶段土壤中元素含量的理论值(基线值),在重庆市合川区系统采集侏罗系沙溪庙组(J2s)紫色母岩及其不同发育程度的各土种样品,利用土壤"钛值"法测定和验证土壤发育程度;通过对土壤全量As、Hg的测定,采用标准化方法,建立紫色土类中灰棕紫泥土属As、Hg的环境地球化学基线模型。结果表明:侏罗系沙溪庙组(J2s)紫色母岩发育的土壤As、Hg的环境地球化学基线均表现为随土壤发育加深而轻度累积,As基线值大小顺序为母岩石骨子土半沙半泥土大眼泥紫黄泥,而Hg的基线值大小顺序为母岩石骨子土半沙半泥土紫黄泥大眼泥;Hg在土壤发育过程中的富集程度约大于As;深度发育土中As和Hg的化学基线值分别为5.94 mg kg-1、29.0μg kg-1,可作为重庆地区中性紫色土亚类、灰棕紫泥土属土壤污染评价的参考。     

Rock fragments I. Their effect on runoff, erosion and soil properties under field conditions

Abstract. The effects of different sizes, amounts, and positions of rock fragments on soil properties and erosion were studied in experimental plots (10 treatments including bare soils and soils under natural vegetation, with 3 replicates each) installed on a hillslope.
Over five events, the largest amounts of runoff were from bare soils containing abundant rock fragments, either partially embedded on the surface or incorporated in the upper part of the soil. Stoneless soils gave smaller amounts, and the smallest runoffs were measured on soils under natural vegetation. Generally, large rock fragments (cobbles) caused greater runoff than smaller fragments (coarse gravel). However, soils with appreciable amounts of coarse gravel on the surface generated considerable runoff under rainfalls of low intensity and long duration, but smaller amounts at greater rainfall intensities.
Sediment loss was greater from soils with cobbles than from soils containing coarse gravel; vegetation greatly decreased sediment loss from both.
In a 12-month period, the organic matter content of the soils decreased by 15.5 to 23.0%, decreasing soil aggregate stability. The organic matter content was greater in the collected sediments than in the soil.     

A relatively simple scaling method for describing the unsaturated hydraulic functions of stony soils

Few if any methods exist to estimate the effects of stone content (stoniness) on the unsaturated soil hydraulic properties. A relatively simple scaling method is presented to estimate the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated stony soils having different stone contents. A key assumption of the method is that van Genuchten's water retention parameters α and n of the fine soil fraction are the same as those of the stony soil. The method further assumes a linearly decreasing relationship between the saturated hydraulic conductivity and the stone content, based on previous numerical simulations. Using the proposed method, it is possible to calculate the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated stony soils, knowing the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the fine soil fraction, the retention curve of the fine soil fraction, and the particular stoniness of the soil.