基于三维点云数据的苹果树冠层几何参数获取

针对果园环境下苹果树冠层参数获取精度较低的问题,提出了基于地面三维激光扫描仪高精度获取苹果树冠层参数的方法.选用Trimble TX8地面三维激光扫描仪作为苹果树冠层三维点云数据采集设备,提出了基于标靶球的KD-trees-ICP算法,用于高精度配准苹果树冠层三维点云数据.研究了平均风速小于4.5 m/s时,距离地面三维激光扫描仪不同远近条件下的标靶球配准残差和拟合误差的变化规律,分析结果表明,标靶球平均配准残差为1.3mm,平均拟合误差为0.95 mm,低于大场景测量配准误差要求(5mm).为了提高有风环境下提取苹果树冠层参数的精度,研究了0.9～4.5 m/s区间平均风速影响下的苹果树冠层枝干、果实、叶片的三维点云质量,建立了风速与叶片侧面厚度的曲线拟合模型,分析结果表明,在果园平均风速小于1.6 m/s时可以从苹果树冠层三维点云数据中提取高精度冠层参数.利用地面激光三维扫描仪获取距离苹果树12 000 mm以内冠层参数,测量精度高于人工测量,相对误差小于4％,为果树高通量信息获取提供了技术支持.     

台湾花东纵谷河床新兴地果园内之风向与风速变化

研究自2007年11月至2010年1月于台湾东部花东纵谷区域之台东县鹿野乡河床新兴地番荔枝栽植区,择定一面积32 000 m²之番荔枝果园为试区（22°56’56.4″N,121°8’56.4″E）,果树平均高度为2.2 m,树龄5 a以上。先利用观测铁塔于距离地面2.5 m及6 m处来测定风向及风速,再藉分析以探讨该果园内之气流行进分布特性。结果表明:花东纵谷南部区域河床新兴地于每日出现逐时平均风速趋近静风状态时,可作为区分昼夜间风场特性之依据,而昼夜间之时段分别为7:00—19:00及20:00至翌日6:00。当强盛偏北气流行进至花东纵谷区域河床新兴地之风场内,区域内风速会在1.0 h内激增,且于果园试区内果树冠层上0.3 m高度之风速达3.8 m/s,对于果树之枝干将产生摇曳不止的情形,将造成果实易受磨损及不利果树生长。     

侧风影响下喷头倾斜角度对雾滴飘移补偿

为研究植保喷雾作业中在不同风速和喷头倾斜角度下对水平喷雾的雾滴飘移的影响,设置3个风速水平（1、2、3 m/s）与4个喷头倾斜角度水平（0°、15°、30°、45°）进行喷雾试验,测定了不同水平的雾滴分布,以风速为0、喷头倾斜角度为0°的常规作业水平作为对照组,对垂直和水平两个方向的雾滴质量分布中心与变异系数进行分析。结果表明,垂直方向上,侧风风速与喷头倾斜角度对垂直雾滴质量分布中心的影响在±3 cm范围内整体影响较小,而侧风风速与喷头倾斜角度的增大都会使垂直方向变异系数减小,在1～3 m/s的风速下垂直方向变异系数减小的最大值分别为12.3、6.0、16.0个百分点,提高了雾滴在垂直方向上的均匀性。水平方向上,不同风速和喷头倾斜角度都会对雾滴飘移产生影响,随着喷头倾斜角度的增大,雾滴受风速的影响程度会减小,当喷头倾斜角的补偿量超过了当前风速下对雾滴的飘移量,会使雾滴飘移产生过补偿,在高风速时喷头倾斜角度的改变会带来更大的雾滴飘移改变。侧风风速与喷头倾斜角度对水平方向上变异系数会产生较大影响：随着喷头倾斜角度的增大,水平变异系数也随之增大,而风速的变化使水平变异系数呈现先增大后减小的趋势。拟合了喷头倾斜角度与风速对雾滴飘移的影响模型,并计算出在1、2、3 m/s风速条件下,最佳补偿的喷头倾斜角度分别为3°、7°、11°。该研究为植保作业中雾滴飘移改善技术提供参考。     

结皮量与含水率对尾矿风蚀影响的风洞模拟研究

尾矿风蚀是影响周边环境空气质量和人体健康的重要原因。以喀拉通克铜镍矿加乌尔尾矿库尾矿为研究对象,通过风洞实验,在不同风速条件下对不同含水率和结皮量尾矿的风蚀率、输沙结构和输沙率、颗粒碰撞数和能量进行研究。结果表明：尾矿风蚀率、输沙率、颗粒碰撞数和能量随着实验风速的增加而增加,随着尾矿含水率和结皮量的增加而减小。首次出现颗粒碰撞的风速随着尾矿含水率和结皮量的增加而增加。尾矿输沙主要集中在3cm高度内,占总输沙的50%以上。在结皮不被吹破的情况下,结皮的抗风蚀效果要优于含水率,因此,对于不同的风速,达到较好抗风蚀效果所需结皮量不同,10m/s以下风速任何结皮量均能有效降低地表风蚀,12m/s需25g以上结皮量,14m/s需要50g以上结皮量,而尾矿含水率在实验风速下需达到2.72%以上才有较好的抗风蚀效果。     

库布齐沙漠含水率对风沙运动影响的风洞模拟

采用室内分析和风洞模拟试验的方法,研究了不同风速下库布齐沙漠沙丘沙含水率对粗糙度、风速廓线和风沙流结构变化的影响。根据风洞实际动力情况,确定试验进口风速为6,8,10,12,14,16m/s;除干沙外,人工配制了含水率为0.25%,0.5%,1.0%,1.5%,2.0%,2.5%6组不同湿度的沙样,分别开展了风洞模拟试验。结果表明,地表粗糙度随着风速的增加而增大,但随湿度的增加整体呈减小趋势;试验所包含的湿度范围内,其风速廓线均随高度呈对数分布,随风速的增大,风速廓线的对数规律越好,风速梯度逐渐减小;湿度越大输沙率随风速增加的绝对量变小,但相对量有所增加;随着湿度的增加输沙率呈整体下降趋势;不同湿度输沙率都出现随高度增加而减少的趋势,当湿度达到2.5%时,不管任何高度风蚀过程几乎停止;干沙输沙量80%集中于近地表5cm内,但随着湿度增加,5cm以上输沙率所占比重呈增加趋势,当湿度介于0.25%~1.5%时,地表5~8cm之间输沙量占总输沙率的30%以上。说明在地表含水率较高的库布齐沙漠,采用格状沙障等增加地表粗糙度的机械防沙措施能收到比西部沙漠和戈壁地区更为理想的效果,而且采用固沙措施的高度也应高于干沙地区。     

旷野风速对林网内风速分布及防风效能的影响

为了揭示旷野风速对农田林网内风速分布及防风效能的影响,通过空间多点实地观测,利用传统统计分析、Surfer软件、地统计学等方法对3种风速(5.4,7.2和10.3m/s)条件下的林网内风速分布及防风效能进行了分析。结果表明,3种旷野风速下主林带的背风面均形成一个较大范围的降风区;3种旷野风速下林网平均降低风速效能为26.1,23.3和25.7%,平均有效防护面积比为50.8%,41.7%和47.7%,林网的总体防护效能在风速为5.4m/s时为最大,风速为7.2m/s时为最小;3种不同旷野风速下林网风速空间变异函数均可以较好地拟合为球状模型,3种旷野风速下网格内风速块金值与基台值的比值较小,均小于25%,林网内风速均具有强烈的空间自相关性。旷野风速对林网内风速分布及防风效能的影响比较复杂,并不是单一的随着风速的增大而增大或减小,受林带结构及疏透度的影响较大。     

基于空间质量平衡法的植保无人机施药雾滴沉积分布特性测试

为了探究飞行方式、飞行参数及侧风等因素对无人机喷雾雾滴空间质量平衡分布和旋翼下旋气流场分布的影响,该文基于无人机施药雾滴空间质量平衡测试方法,测定了3WQF80-10型单旋翼油动植保无人机在不同飞行方式(前进、倒退)、飞行高度和侧风速条件下的喷雾雾滴空间不同部位的沉积率和下旋气流风速。结果表明:对于该型无人机,在飞行高度(3.0±0.1)m、速度(5.0±0.2)m/s、1.2 m/s侧风速条件下,机头朝前与机尾朝前2种飞行方式对雾滴分布有显著影响,机尾朝前的飞行方式底部沉积比例可达60%,作业效果更佳;在2.0~3.5 m高度、(5.0±0.3)m/s速度和0.8 m/s侧风速条件下,空间质量平衡收集装置底部雾滴沉积率变异系数与高度呈现线性负相关,线性回归方程决定系数为0.9178,即高度越高雾滴分布均匀性越好;在(3.0±0.1)m高度和(5.0±0.3)m/s速度条件下,空间质量平衡收集装置底部雾滴加权平均沉积率与侧风风速呈线性正相关,线性回归方程决定系数为0.9684,即侧风速越大雾滴越集中分布在下风向处;飞行方式、高度和侧风3种因素对单旋翼无人机喷雾雾滴产生的影响都是通过改变其旋翼下旋气流场在垂直于地面向下方向的强度,减弱气流对雾滴的下压作用来实现的。研究结果可以为植保无人机设计定型、田间喷雾作业参数确定和作业条件的选择提供理论参考。     

开孔方案对肉牛舍湿帘冷风机-纤维风管送风降温效果的影响

该研究通过纤维风管4种开孔方案设置,结合湿帘冷风机,满足到达1.3 m高度时,1号、2号、3号及4号风管射流风速分别为1.5、2.3、3.1、3.9 m/s;测量牛舍的环境指标和试验牛的生理指标,比较缓解热应激效果,探索较优化的开孔方案。结果表明：测定期间,4个风管区域之间温度差异不显著（P>0.05）,平均比舍外低2.1℃（P<0.05）;相对湿度均低于85%。试验牛所在3号风管区域平均风速最高,为1.32 m/s;1号风管区域最低,为0.62 m/s。二氧化碳浓度3号风管区域最低,1号风管区域最高（P<0.05）。牛只呼吸频率3号风管区域最低,为42次/min,1号风管区域最高,为52次/min,肉牛呼吸频率与试验区风速显著负相关。该研究表明,湿帘冷风机-纤维风管系统可有效缓解肉牛热应激,开孔方案设置满足到达1.3 m高度时射流风速为3.1 m/s的风管效果最优。     

水田泥浆对农用纸膜黏附性影响的试验研究

为探索提高农用纸膜与水田泥浆的贴合质量的方法,试验研究了水田泥浆含水率、纸膜承载正压力和加载速度等因素对泥浆纸膜间黏附力的影响规律,建立了相应的数学模型。试验结果表明,泥浆含水率为34.5%～35.5%时,随含水率增加,泥浆黏度、黏附力急剧下降;含水率超过35.5%时,含水率变化对黏度、黏附力影响不显著;黏附力随泥浆黏度的增加呈对数增长趋势。纸膜与泥浆间的黏附力随正压力的增加,呈线性增加趋势。加载速度在0.83×10-3～0.5×10-2 m/s区间,黏附力随加载速度增加而快速上升;加载速度超过0.5×10-2 m/s时,黏附力上升速度较慢;加载速度在0.67×10-2～0.83×10-2 m/s范围内时,黏附力趋于定值。因此,为了提高纸膜覆盖质量,整地、泡田过程中,应使土壤含水率最大不要超过饱和含水率的1.05倍;在满足泥浆的抗压强度的前提下应增加纸膜单位面积上的正压力;覆膜速度低于0.5×10-2 m/s时,通过加载速度的方法来提高覆膜质量。研究成果将为纸膜覆膜机构的设计提供参考。     

低矮果园环流式循环风送喷雾机设计与试验

传统果园风送施药气流输送模式为出风口到冠层的一维流动,气流经过冠层时会衰减、停滞,存在穿透难、内膛与叶片背面沉积难等问题。该研究采用顶置风机方式,利用风机负压吸风引导气流在冠层内改变运动方向,实现雾滴由外及内、再由下而上运动。在分析环流作用下雾滴运动的基础上,设计一种适应于低矮果园的环流循环风送喷雾机,并开展气流场的分布规律分析与田间试验。试验结果表明:在冠层内膛(高度0.8～1.8 m)、树干中心线两侧0.25 m的中心区域气流角度变化较大,气流环绕对内膛平均风速有显著性影响(P0.05)。相较于无气流环绕模式,气流环绕风送施药的冠层总体叶片背面雾滴平均覆盖率提高了33.7%;冠层内膛叶片正面雾滴平均覆盖率提高了42.9%,叶片背面雾滴平均覆盖率提高了40.4%。研究结果可为果园风送式施药提供新的思路。     

我国茶树栽培界限的气候划分

分析了气候因子与我国茶树栽培界限的关系,发现冬季低温条件是茶树栽培北界和垂直高度界限的决定因子。将年极端最低气温≤-15℃和≤-5℃低温出现频率10%分别作为划分灌木中小叶型茶树和乔木大叶型茶树栽培北界的气候指标,划分出茶树的栽培北界。灌木中小叶型茶树栽培北界位于射阳、蚌埠、信阳、商县、武都、泸定、德钦、林芝到错那一线;乔木大叶型茶树栽培北界位于温州、龙岩、韶关、榕江、广南、昆明到六库一线。用年极端最低气温多年平均值-10℃和-3℃作为2种生态类型茶树栽培垂直高度界限指标,推算出茶树栽培垂直高度界限在440～2130m之间。     

Antioxidative activities of volatile extracts from green tea, oolong tea, and black tea

Antioxidative activities of volatile extracts from six teas (one green tea, one oolong tea, one roasted green tea, and three black teas) were investigated using an aldehyde/carboxylic acid assay and a conjugated diene assay. The samples were tested at levels of 20, 50, 100, and 200 micrograms/mL of dichloromethane. The results obtained from the two assays were consistent. All extracts except roasted green tea exhibited dose-dependent inhibitory activity in the aldehyde/carboxylic acid assay. A volatile extract from green tea exhibited the most potent activity in both assays among the six extracts. It inhibited hexanal oxidation by almost 100% over 40 days at the level of 200 micrograms/mL. The extract from oolong tea inhibited hexanal oxidation by 50% in 15 days. In the case of the extract from roasted green tea, the lowest antioxidative activity was obtained at the level of 200 micrograms/mL, suggesting that the extract from roasted green tea contained some pro-oxidants. The extracts from the three black teas showed slight anti- or proactivities in both assays. The major volatile constituents of green tea and roasted green tea extracts, which exhibited significant antioxidative activities, were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The major volatile chemicals with possible antioxidative activity identified were alkyl compounds with double bond(s), such as 3,7-dimethyl-1,6-octadien-3-ol (8.04 mg/kg), in the extract from green tea and heterocyclic compounds, such as furfural (7.67 mg/kg), in the extract from roasted green tea. Benzyl alcohol, which was proved to be an antioxidant, was identified both in a green tea extract (4.67 mg/kg) and in a roasted tea extract (1.35 mg/kg).     

Flavor compounds of pine sprout tea and pine needle tea

Flavor compounds of pine sprout tea and pine needle tea were analyzed and identified in this study. Eighty-one and 39 kinds of flavor compounds were detected in pine sprout tea and pine needle tea by GC, respectively. Among them, 55 and 29 flavor compounds were identified by GC-MS, respectively. Major flavor compounds of pine sprout tea were alpha-pinene, myrcene, beta-thujene, terpinene-4-ol, and delta-cadinene, and major flavor compounds of pine needle tea were alpha-pinene, isoamyl alcohol, trans-caryophyllene, terpinene-4-ol, alpha-terpineol, and delta-cadinene.     

Factors affecting the levels of tea polyphenols and caffeine in tea leaves

An isocratic HPLC procedure was developed for the simultaneous determination of caffeine and six catechins in tea samples. When 31 commercial teas extracted by boiling water or 75% ethanol were analyzed by HPLC, the levels of (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate (EGCG), and total catechins in teas were in the order green tea (old leaves) > green tea (young leaves) and oolong tea > black tea and pu-erh tea. Tea samples extracted by 75% ethanol could yield higher levels of EGCG and total catechins. The contents of caffeine and catechins also have been measured in fresh tea leaves from the Tea Experiment Station in Wen-Shan or Taitung; the old tea leaves contain less caffeine but more EGCG and total catechins than young ones. To compare caffeine and catechins in the same tea but manufactured by different fermentation processes, the level of caffeine in different manufactured teas was in the order black tea > oolong tea > green tea > fresh tea leaf, but the levels of EGCG and total catechins were in the order green tea > oolong tea > fresh tea leaf > black tea. In addition, six commercial tea extracts were used to test the biological functions including hydroxyl radical scavenging, nitric oxide suppressing, and apoptotic effects. The pu-erh tea extracts protected the plasmid DNA from damage by the Fenton reaction as well as the control at a concentration of 100 microg/mL. The nitric oxide suppressing effect of tea extracts was in the order pu-erh tea >/= black tea > green tea > oolong tea. The induction of apoptosis by tea extract has been demonstrated by DNA fragmentation ladder and flow cytometry. It appeared that the ability of tea extracts to induce HL-60 cells apoptosis was in the order green tea > oolong > black tea > pu-erh tea. All tea extracts extracted by 75% ethanol have stronger biological functions than those extracted by boiling water.     

Fluoride content in tea and its relationship with tea quality

The tea plant is known as a fluorine accumulator. Fluoride (F) content in fresh leaves collected from 14 plantations in China was investigated. The F increased with maturity, and the F variation was remarkable in the tender shoots. Furthermore, significant negative relationships were observed between F content and the content of the quality parameters total polyphenols and amino acids. These substances are rich in young leaves and poor in mature ones. With regard to quality of tea products, the relationship with F content was studied using 12 brands of tea products in four categories: green tea, oolong tea, black tea, and jasmine tea collected from six provinces. The F level increased with the decline in quality and showed good correlation with the quality grades. The results suggest that the F content could be used as a quality indicator for tea evaluation.     

Metabonomics approach to determine metabolic differences between green tea and black tea consumption

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of black and green tea consumption on human metabolism. Seventeen healthy male volunteers consumed black tea, green tea, or caffeine in a randomized crossover study. Twenty-four-hour urine and blood plasma samples were analyzed by NMR-based metabonomics, that is, high-resolution 1H NMR metabolic profiling combined with multivariate statistics. Green and black tea consumption resulted in similar increases in urinary excretion of hippuric acid and 1,3-dihydroxyphenyl-2-O-sulfate, both of which are end products of tea flavonoid degradation by colonic bacteria. Several unidentified aromatic metabolites were detected in urine specifically after green tea intake. Interestingly, green and black tea intake also had a different impact on endogenous metabolites in urine and plasma. Green tea intake caused a stronger increase in urinary excretion of several citric acid cycle intermediates, which suggests an effect of green tea flavanols on human oxidative energy metabolism and/or biosynthetic pathways.     

Factors affecting transfer of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from made tea to tea infusion

Factors affecting transfer percentages of 12 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated, including tea variety, tea/water ratio (TWR, g/mL), brewing times, washed tea or unwashed tea, and covered cup or uncovered cup. It was observed that %PAH transfer varied with tea variety and increased with the decrease of TWR. The mean %PAH transfer with TWR = 1/150 was 1.12 and 1.65 times higher than that with TWR = 1/100 and 1/50, respectively. %PAH transfer reduced greatly as the brewing times increased. The mean %PAH transfer in the first brewing time occupied 51.6% of the total three mean %PAH transfers in the three brewing times. The mean %PAH transfer decreased by 30.4% after the tea had been washed immediately before brewing. Brewing the tea within uncovered cup diminished %PAH transfer by a degree of 4.31-31.7% compared to brewing the tea within a covered cup.     

Polyphenol content of plasma and litter after the oral administration of green tea and tea polyphenols in chickens

Metabolic profiles of broiler chickens were examined after the ingestion of green tea, tea polyphenols, and (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG). Solid-phase extraction of serum and litters yielded free catechins and their metabolites, which were then identified and quantified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. In plasma samples, (-)-gallocatechin, (+)-catechin, and EGCG were detected in the green tea group; pyrogallol acid, (epi)catechin-O-sulfate, 4'-O-methyl-(epi)gallocatechin-O-glucuronide, and (epi)catechin-3'-O-glucuronide were detected in the tea polyphenols group; and EGCG, (-)-gallocatechin gallate (GCG), and 4'-O-methyl-(epi)gallocatechin-O-glucuronides were detected in the EGCG group. In litters, gallic acid, EGCG, GCG, and ECG were detected in the green tea and tea polyphenols groups; EGCG and ECG were detected in the EGCG group. The conjugated metabolites, 4'-O-methyl-(epi)gallocatechin-O-glucuronide, (epi)catechin-3'-glucuronide, and 4'-O-methyl-(epi)catechin-O-sulfate, were identified in the green tea group; 4'-O-methyl-(epi)catechin-O-sulfate and 4'-O-methyl-(epi)gallocatechin-O-sulfate were identified in the tea polyphenols group; only 4'-O-methyl-(epi)gallocatechin-O-sulfate was detected in the EGCG group. The excretion of tea catechins was 95.8, 87.7, and 97.7% for the green tea, tea polyphenols, and EGCG groups, respectively.     

茶树土壤的某些生物地球化学特性

Characteristics of the element abundance, material cycling, element budget in tea soils were discussed based on investigations of six tea plantations and the adjacent waste lands in the Three Gorges region. The plantations have different soil-forming parent materials, but similar landforms, and the same tea variety and close ages. The results showed that tea growing could increased the contents of organic matter, total and available N, P, Al and Mn; the elements enriched by tea trees were in the following descending sequence: P>Ca>K>Mn>Mg>Zn>Al>Fe; elements returned through litter of tea were in the sequence of Ca>Mn>P>Zn>Mg>K>Al>Fe; in the nutrient budget of the soil-tea system, P and K were in deficit, whereas Al, Ca, Fe and Mn in surplus.     

Polyphenol composition of a functional fermented tea obtained by tea-rolling processing of green tea and loquat leaves

Phenolic constituents of a new functional fermented tea produced by tea-rolling processing of a mixture (9:1) of tea leaves and loquat leaves were examined in detail. The similarity of the phenolic composition to that of black tea was indicated by high-performance liquid chromatography comparison with other tea products. Twenty-five compounds, including three new catechin oxidation products, were isolated, and the structures of the new compounds were determined to be (2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl)-1-(3,4,5-trihydroxyphenyl)-1-propanone 2-O-gallate, dehydrotheasinensin H, and acetonyl theacitrin A by spectroscopic methods. In addition, theacitrinin A and theasinensin H were obtained for the first time from commercial tea products. Isolation of these new and known compounds confirms that reactions previously demonstrated by in vitro model experiments actually occur when fresh tea leaves are mechanically distorted and bruised during the production process.