Nitrogen doses on physiological attributes and yield of sugarcane grown under subsurface drip fertigation

Soil hydric availability and nitrogen fertilization are important environmental factors that influence sugarcane production. In the present study, the physiological attributes SPAD index, maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (F_v/F_m), leaf area index (LAI), chlorophyll and carotenoid content, and sugarcane productivity were assessed under different nitrogen doses (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg N ha^?1) applied in the form of urea via subsurface drip fertigation. The physiological attributes were determined 38, 121, 208, 291, and 381 days after the third harvest (DAH), and stalk and sugar productivity at 381 DAH. The 100 kg N ha^?1 dose has produced better results for the sugarcane physiological attributes. Increasing doses of nitrogen applied via subsurface drip fertigation increased the productivity of stalks and sugar considerably.     

应用叶绿素计诊断烤烟氮素营养状况

为探讨叶绿素计在估测烤烟叶绿素和氮浓度上的应用价值,进行了3个田间试验。即:郑州点2003年设施N.51.0.kg/hm2与4个品种NC89、RG17、85048、541;2004年设5个氮肥用量:N.30.04、0.5、51.0、61.5、75.0.kg/hm2与2个品种中烟101、云烟85;玉溪点于2005年设5个氮肥用量:N.02、7.0、54.5、81.8、109.0.kg/hm2与K326品种的试验。测定了不同试验条件下烤烟叶片的叶绿素计(SPAD-502和CCM-200)值和实际叶绿素浓度、全氮浓度,并进行了三者关系分析。结果表明,应用叶绿素计监测烤烟叶片最佳测定部位为完全展开叶的中部。叶绿素计测定值因年份、地点、氮肥水平、叶位、同一叶片不同的部位而异。叶绿素计值与叶绿素浓度、叶片全氮浓度之间有稳定的极显著相关性。叶绿素计SPAD-502的SPAD值和CCM-200的CCI值与叶绿素浓度之间的决定系数分别为0.8755(P0.001)和0.9499(P0.001)。SPAD计值(SPAD)与全氮浓度(N)之间回归方程为N=0.0265SPAD+0.9601(R2=0.7649,P0.001),经检验该模型具有较好的精确性和普适性,利用叶绿素计进行烤烟氮素营养监测是可行的。     

Crop management advances for nutritional status and fruit yield of guava in semiarid

Guava is an important fruit species but poorly studied for the effect of humic substances and soil mulching on its nutrition and fruit production. Thus, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the nutritional status and fruit production of guava as a function of humic substances and soil mulching in Brazilian semiarid. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with treatments distributed in a factorial arrangement (5?×?2) referring to humic substances doses (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40?mL of Humitec plant^?1) and organic mulching (with and without organic mulching). Nutritional status of guava is affected by humic substances and soil mulching. The use of humic substances combined with soil mulching promotes optimum supplies of nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, sulfur, boron and iron, but not calcium, copper and zinc. Under sandy soil and semiarid climate it is possible to recommend 40?mL?L^?1 of humic substances and soil mulching.     

Use of Chlorophyll Meter to Assess the Effect of Nitrogen on Sweet Pepper Development and Growth

Abstract

The evolution of both leaf expansion and chlorophyll content was assessed in potted sweet pepper plants subjected to four different levels of nitrogen (mg N/kg of soil): N1 = 25 (basal dressing); N2 = 50 (basal dressing); N3 = 100 (basal dressing and one side dressing); and, N4 = 150 (basal dressing and two side dressings). In each plant, the first leaves (numbered 1–5) were chosen at the main stem and the next four ramifications. The relative chlorophyll content of leaves 1 to 5, from all treatments, was obtained by a portable chlorophyll meter, SPAD-502, twice a week. The SPAD readings were subsequently converted into total chlorophyll (μ g cm^{? 2}). The plant dry weight, the number of fruits per plant, and the N content of leaves were measured at final harvest (70 d after transplantation, DAT). Until the first side dressing (35 DAT), the increase in chlorophyll content was similar in all treatments, decreasing afterward under the N1 and N2 treatments (leaves 1 and 2), while under the N3 and N4 treatments the increase in the chlorophyll content continued after the first side dressing. The application of the second side dressing (53 DAT) under the N4 treatment induced a subsequent increase in chlorophyll content in all leaves compared with those of N3. An early senescence was observed under the N1 and N2 treatments compared with the others. Applied N in side dressing led to an increase in leaf width (leaves 2–5) and longevity, mainly in leaves 2 and 3, and a subsequent increase under fruit number and fruit dry weight under the N3 and N4 treatments.     

Influence of intercropping systems on soil health,productivity and quality of guava (Psidium guajava l.) in Eastern India

A guava based intercropping systems comprising of nine intercrops such as mango ginger, turmeric, tomato, cowpea, frenchbean, ragi, niger, upland paddy and control (without intercrop) was conducted to study the influence of various intercropping systems on plant and soil health of guava orchard. The results revealed that guava + cowpea system showed significant improvement in bulk density, electrical conductivity, water holding capacity, organic carbon content and pH of orchard soil. The guava + cowpea system also recorded significantly maximum available nitrogen and potassium content in the soil, whereas the maximum available phosphorus content were obtained in guava + mango ginger system. The nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (N, P and K) content of guava leaf were found to be maximum under the guava + cowpea system. The fruit yield of guava was recorded highest in guava +cowpea intercropping system. However, the total soluble solids (TSS) and acidity of fruits were not affected by the intercropping systems.     

Influence of nitrogen on leaf chlorophyll content and photosynthesis of ‘Golden Delicious’ apple

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to estimate the influence of different rates of soil-applied nitrogen on leaf N and chlorophyll content and photosynthesis in ‘Golden Delicious’ apple trees. Three different treatments were included: the trees were either fertilized with 80 kg N ha^?1 (N-80), 250 kg N ha^?1 (N-250) or left unfertilized (CON). Fertilization increased leaf nitrogen content, with a more prominent effect in high N application level treatment. In all treatments, a slight seasonal decrease in leaf nitrogen content was observed. N-250 treatment resulted in higher chlorophyll content; a similar effect was found late in the season for N-80 treatment. Measurements of A-C _i curves, performed on spur leaves, revealed a higher CO₂ saturated photosynthetic rate in N-250 trees compared with low application level fertilized or unfertilized trees. No effect of N fertilization on carboxylation efficiency was found, as revealed by comparisons of the initial slopes of A-C _i curves. The lack of positive effect is rather surprising, since the leaf N content was efficiently increased with application of fertilizer. Obviously, the existing pool of leaf nitrogen in non-fertilized trees does not limit Rubisco activity and efficiency.     

GROWTH,PHOTOSYNTHESIS, CHLOROPHYLL CONTENT AND NUTRIENT PARTITIONING OF KENAF AS INFLUENCED BY DIFFERENT LEVELS OF CARBON

The effects of carbon (C) levels on growth, photosynthesis, chlorophyll content, and nutrient partitioning on five kenaf varieties were investigated. Kenaf plants were grown in pots containing sandy beach ridges interspersed with swales (BRIS) soil. Organic carbon at levels of 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 t ha^?1, were applied to the pots. The results showed that plant height, stem diameter, leaf number, leaf area, chlorophyll content and photosynthesis rate increased with an increase in carbon levels up to 20 t ha^?1but decreased with additional increase in carbon levels. The proportion of nitrogen in leaves was minimum at 0 and maximum at 20 t ha^?1carbon levels. In stem and roots, proportion of nitrogen (N) decreased after 10 t ha^?1carbon, while in leaves phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) increased after 20 t ha^?1. Variety HC2 showed maximum N, P, and K in leaves and total nutrient content.     

Multilayer Perceptron Neural Network Approach to Estimate Chlorophyll Concentration Index of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)

Nitrogen is an essential nutrient for greenhouse-grown lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.); however, excessive nutrient availability causes disease and detrimental effects on the leaf and root development. In this study, nitrogen content of the lettuce leaves was estimated by determining the chlorophyll concentrations of the leaves using image processing technique. The Hoagland solution was used as a fertilizer in five different doses (control, quarter of the solution, half of the solution, standard solution, and two times more of the solution). Multilayer perceptron neural network (MLPNN) model was developed based on the red, green, and blue components of the color image captured to estimate chlorophyll content and chlorophyll concentration index (SPAD values). According to the obtained results, the MLPNN model was capable of estimating the lettuce leaf chlorophyll content with a reasonable accuracy. The coefficient of determination was 0.98, and mean square error was 0.006 in validation process.     

Effect of Tungsten on the Growth,Dry-Matter Production,and Biochemical Constituents of Cowpea

The effects of various concentrations (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 μg g^?1) of tungsten (W) as sodium tungstate were observed on growth performance, dry-matter production, and selected biochemical constituents of cowpea. Lower applied doses of W promoted root–shoot length whereas greater doses retarded it. Chlorophyll contents and soluble sugars increased with lower applied doses of W. Greater applied doses of W resulted in an increase in the chlorophyll a/b ratio. A significant gradual decrease in proline contents was observed with lower applied doses of tungsten. Tungsten contents in plant material showed a very highly significant (P < 0.001) correlation with soil-applied tungsten.     

EFFECT OF SWINE MANURE EXTRACT ON LEAF NITROGEN CONCENTRATION,CHLOROPHYLL CONTENT,TOTAL POTASSIUM IN PLANT PARTS AND STARCH CONTENT IN FRESH TUBER YIELD OF CASSAVA

The effects of swine manure extract (SME) as foliar fertilizer (FSME), soil fertilizer (SSME), and both soil and foliar fertilizer (FNSSME) on leaf nitrogen (N) concentration, chlorophyll content, total potassium (K) in plant parts and starch content in the fresh roots, compared to a conventional, chemical fertilizer (CF) were studied in cassava cultivar ‘Hauybong 60’. The results showed that plants on FNSSME had the highest chlorophyll contents and SPAD values at four months after planting (MAP). Cassava plants treated with SSME and FNSSME had highest starch content and was significantly higher than in plants treated with CF and a FSME. There was a strong, positive relationship between the leaf nitrogen concentration and chlorophyll content in cassava at 6 MAP. The results of the study indicated that an application of FNSSME to cassava plants could provide a higher chlorophyll content and higher tuber quality of the plants than those applied with chemical fertilizer.     

Response of baru (Dipteryx alata Vog.) seedlings to liming and NPK application

The definition of nitrogen doses for baru species becomes necessary because each forest species responds differently to nitrogen fertilization. The aim of this study was to evaluate baru seedlings' response to nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) fertilization and liming. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse in a randomized blocks design, arranged in a 5 × 2 factorial scheme, being the factors consisted of five doses of nitrogen in covering (0, 75, 150, 225, and 300 mg dm^?3) and substrate with and without limestone and PK, with four replications. At 60 days after transplanting, the plant height, stem diameter, number of leaflets, leaf area, shoot dry mass, chlorophyll content, N content in the leaves, root length, root volume, root dry mass, height/stem diameter ratio, shoot dry mass/root dry mass ratio, and Dickson quality index were evaluated. The substrate with liming influences positively the root dry mass. Nitrogen and PK fertilization promote increase in the relative chlorophyll content and N concentration in the leaves.     

施氮对半湿润农田夏玉米冠层氮素及叶绿素相对值(SPAD值)垂直分布的影响

以半湿润地区土垫旱耕人为土为供试土壤,采用田问试验,研究了不同施氮水平下夏玉米(Zea maysL.)拔节期、灌浆期和成熟期3个生育期冠层叶片氮素、叶绿素相对值(SPAt)值)的垂直分布规律及其差异;同时对各层叶片含氮量、SPAR值与施氮量进行相关分析.结果表明,在各生育期不同叶层叶片含氮量按上、中、下层顺序呈明显递减规律,从全生育期不同施氮处理看,上层比中层增加6.64%,中层比下层增加5.18%.随施氮量增加,中上层叶片含氮量差异增大,中下层叶片含氮量差异减小.冠层内叶片SPAD值垂直分布规律与叶片含氮量分布规律相类似.相关分析表明,全生育期各层叶片SPAD值与叶片含氮量呈极显著线性正相关关系(R=0.503**).进一步分析发现,各层叶片SPAD值,叶片含氮量与施氮量的相关性以上层叶关系最为密切,揭示了夏玉米氮素营养诊断的较好叶片是上层叶位.     

Effect of Sulfur and Iron on Enzymatic Activity and Chlorophyll Content of Mungbean

ABSTRACT

A field trial was conducted at Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner, India, in the summers of 2002 and 2003 to determine the effect of sulfur (S) in improving iron (Fe) nutrition of mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) grown on calcareous soils. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with three replications. Four levels of sulfur (0, 20, 40, and 60 kg S ha^?1) were applied in main plots. In sub-plots, eight levels of Fe were replicated. Three levels of Fe were applied as a basal application of FeSO₄ (0, 12.5, and 25.0 kg FeSO₄ ha^?1) and the remaining five were applied as a foliar application of 0.5% FeSO₄ at branching, flowering, and at both branching and flowering with or without 0.1% citric acid. The results of the experiment revealed that application of sulfur at the higher doses had a significant positive effect on activities of catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, guaiacol peroxidase, synthesis of chlorophyll, and active Fe content of green leaves compared with lower doses. Application of 0.5% FeSO₄ and 0.1% citric acid at both branching and flowering had no effect. The best results were recorded with basal application of 25.0 kg FeSO₄ in combination with 40 kg S ha^?1. The frequency of foliar application had an appreciable effect on chlorophyll synthesis, enzymatic activities, and active Fe content in green leaves. Plants that received foliar application of 0.5% FeSO₄ + 0.1% citric acid at both branching and flowering responded more than those that received treatment at either branching or flowering. For best results, it is suggested to use 25.0 kg FeSO₄ ha^?1 in a basal application along with 40 kg S ha^?1, as plants require most of their S and Fe at the early growth stages.     

Sweet passion fruit yield and fruit quality related to fertilization with urea and cattle manure

An experiment was conducted in Campos dos Goytacazes in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in order to evaluate the applying effect of nitrogen and cattle manure doses on sweet passion fruit yield and quality. The experimental outline used was complete block, in a 5 × 2 factorial arrangement, five nitrogen doses (0, 50, 150, 250 and 350g plant^?1 year^?1) and two types of organic fertilization (with and without cattle manure), with 4 replications. Sweet passion fruit yield presented an increase of 44.4% due to the application of the best nitrogen doses in comparison with the treatment which did not receive nitrogen fertilization. The treatments that did not receive cattle manure presented higher average weight, diameter and thickness of the fruit skin, while the addition of cattle manure presented greater juice concentration and higher percentage of seeds in sweet passion fruit fruits. The increase in nitrogen doses allowed an increase in concentration and total titratable acidity of the fruits.     

叶绿素仪在氮肥推荐中的应用研究进展

叶绿素仪(Chlorophyll.meter)是近年来欧美一些国家在推荐施氮中开始使用的一种新型便携式仪器。这种仪器以叶绿素对红光和近红外光的不同吸收特性为原理来测定植物叶片的相对叶绿素含量,通过叶绿素与叶片全氮的关系来反映作物的氮营养状况,进而确定作物是否缺氮。这种新型仪器的使用为简便、快速、准确地进行氮肥推荐提供了一种新的思路。因此,通过研究不同作物,不同种植条件下叶绿素仪测定值与作物叶片全氮、作物产量之间的相关性,确定叶绿素仪测定值的临界水平,以及不同作物的测定部位、样品采集数量及影响测定准确性的因素,使这种技术尽快地应用于田间生产,有助于推动我国推荐施氮技术的进步。     

Effect of Different Nitrogen Doses on Dry Matter Ratio,Chlorophyll and Macro/Micro Nutrient Content in Sweet Herb (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni)

With this study, the effect of different nitrogen (N) doses applied to sweet herb (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 N kg ha^?1) on the macro/micro nutrient element content, dry matter ratio and on the chlorophyll amount in the plant leaves is examined. The research was carried out in the research and trial field of Faculty of Agriculture Agronomy department, Akdeniz University, during the 2012–2013 growing season under field conditions for 2 years with four replications according to the randomized block trial design. Chlorophyll amounts were determined and the average was obtained with three readings from each leaf by a chlorophyll meter when the plants were in the beginning of flowering. Post-harvest macro and micro nutrient elements of the sweet herb were also investigated. According to the obtained data, while the highest chlorophyll and N amounts in the leaf for both the first and second years were determined as 46.97 SPAD (Minolta Corp, NJ, USA) and 1.34 N% 44.9 SPAD, 1.42 N%, respectively, under 200 kg ha^?1 N application, the lowest chlorophyll and N amounts were determined in the control group. In addition, N application in different doses for both years increased the phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) contents and increased the microelement contents, especially in the second year. At the same time, a correlation between the chlorophyll content in the plant leaves and the N amount was determined and a linear increase was observed in the chlorophyll amount with the increased green part.     

Response of mango tree nutritional status and biochemical constituents to boron and nitrogen fertilization

Abstract

A field experiment was conducted at Al Malak Valley Farm, El-Sharkeya Governorate-Egypt (30°–51° N; 32°–53° E) using 15 years old productive mango (Mangifera indica L.) trees cv. Zebda. The experiment was repeated for two successive seasons (2014/2015) and (2015/2016). The trees were planted 8×8 meters apart in sandy soil under drip irrigation system using the Nile water. Treatments included three concentrations of boron (0.0, 250, 500?mg L^?1) and three concentrations of nitrogen (1000, 1250, 1500?g nitrogen/tree/year). Boron was applied as foliar spray of boric acid and nitrogen was applied to the soil as ammonium sulfate. Treatments were arranged in a factorial Completely Randomized Block Design with three replicates for each treatment. Results show that boron application has improved mango tree nutritional status. Leaf nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and boron concentrations significantly increased as the boron application rate increased. In addition, boron application resulted in significant increase in leaf total chlorophyll, total carbohydrates, total sugars, carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio and decrease in total phenol content. Boron showed higher impact than nitrogen on all tested parameters. The interaction treatment of 250?mg L^?1 boron and 1500?g/tree nitrogen proved to be the best treatment.     

Interaction between diazotrophic bacteria and N-fertilizer doses on sugarcane crop

The current study aimed to verify the effect of the inoculant constituted by diazotrophic bacteria applied in different ways, associated to different nitrogen (N)-fertilizer doses, on the yield and N utilization efficiency of sugarcane ratoon. The use of inoculant did not affect the N content in leaves, the chlorophyll content, tiller number, stalk diameter, or any of the other assessed technological attributes. However, the use of inoculant associated to doses of 60 and 90 kg N ha^?1 promoted increase in stalk yield, dry matter, and N accumulation and efficiency of N fertilizer, and, on the other hand, the association of inoculant with 120 kg N ha^?1 caused reduction of these parameters.     

不同缓/控释氮肥对基质栽培甜瓜生理特性与品质的影响

【目的】缓/控释氮肥的养分释放速率因介质而异,应根据作物种类、 栽培模式及土壤等环境条件合理选择缓释肥类型。本试验以异丁叉二脲(IBDU)、 硫包衣尿素(SCU)、 脲甲醛(UF)、 亚甲基脲(MU)、 树脂包膜尿素(ESN)5种不同缓/控释氮肥为试材,通过研究在等养分水平下对基质栽培甜瓜生理特性及品质的影响,筛选出适宜基质栽培的缓/控释氮肥,以期为西北地区非耕地甜瓜的高品质、 简约化栽培提供理论依据。【方法】采用基质盆栽(草炭 ∶蛭石 ∶珍珠岩=3 ∶1 ∶1,V ∶V)试验,设CK(不施氮肥)、 U(普通尿素)、 IBDU、 SCU、 UF、 MU和ESN 7个处理。幼苗长至2~3片真叶时,定植于高30 cm、 直径30 cm的盆中,在甜瓜营养生长旺盛期即开花期取功能叶片进行生理生化指标的测定。【结果】与普通尿素相比,5种缓/控释氮肥可不同程度地提高甜瓜开花期叶片的叶绿素含量、 净光合速率、 蒸腾速率、 氮含量和根系活力;缓/控释氮肥处理均能显著提高甜瓜单瓜重,有效改善甜瓜品质。效果表现为亚甲基脲(MU)异丁叉二脲(IBDU)脲甲醛(UF)树脂包膜(ESN)硫包衣尿素(SCU),化学型缓/控释氮肥(MU、 IBDU、 UF)好于物理型缓/控释氮肥(ESN、 SCU)。其中MU缓/控释氮肥处理的甜瓜叶片叶绿素a、 叶绿素b和叶绿素a+b含量分别较U处理增加了41.0%、 31.0%和38.3%,叶片光合速率和蒸腾速率提高了28.9%和95.5%,叶片全氮、 可溶性蛋白质、 硝态氮含量分别增加了23.7%、 24.3%、 269.7%,根系活力提高了37.5%,果实单瓜重、 中心可溶性固形物、 可溶性糖、 Vc含量分别提高了54.5%、 4.1%、 10.6%、 16.7%,硝酸盐含量降低了9.9%。【结论】缓/控释氮肥可提高基质栽培甜瓜叶片的叶绿素含量,改善光合作用,增强甜瓜根系吸收功能,促进氮素的吸收和同化,进而提高产量和品质。缓/控释氮肥处理的甜瓜产量和品质与叶绿素、 光合速率、 叶片全氮、 可溶性蛋白质、 硝态氮、 根系活力等生理指标有一定的相关性。     

钾钙镁营养对香蕉产量、品质及贮藏性的影响

香蕉是嗜K作物,养分需求最大的4种元素为KNCaMg,而K、Ca、Mg三者间存在交互作用。本文研究了不同K、Ca、Mg营养条件下香蕉产量、品质及其贮藏性的变化,结果表明:适量配施K、Ca、Mg肥能有效促进香蕉果实的生长发育,提高香蕉果实品质及产量;有效降低香蕉果皮多酚氧化酶活性、果皮丙二醛含量和果肉淀粉酶活性,减少贮藏过程中的重量损失,延缓香蕉果实的衰老进程,提高香蕉果实的耐贮藏性。在广东省高州市香蕉产区,为实现香蕉高产优质耐贮藏,适宜施肥量为K2O990kg·hm-2,Mg37.5kg·hm-2,Ca90.0kg·hm-2。