In situ remediation of cadmium-polluted soil reusing four by-products individually and in combination

Purpose

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of mining, industrial and agricultural solid by-products in the in situ immobilisation of soil cadmium (Cd) based on soybean plant Cd content, soil pH, Cd extractability, bioavailability, leachability and Cd distribution in soils.

Materials and methods

The experiment was conducted as a field experiment in Cd-polluted-soil, wherein four by-products, including fly ash, spent mushroom substrate, silkworm excrement and limestone, were tested individually and in combination. The total Cd in soybean and the soil/by-products samples were determined. The Cd contents in the contaminated soil were analysed by the diffusive gradients in thin-film technique, the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure and four chemical methods. Changes in the fractions of Cd were determined following the Tessier method.

Results and discussion

The results showed that all the additions of the by-products increased the soil pH significantly and simultaneously decreased Cd mobility, bioavailability and leachability, particularly weakened the rate of Cd²⁺ ion transport from soil to solution. The by-products caused 23.5–76.4% of the exchangeable (EX) fraction of Cd to immobilised Cd fractions which include carbonates bound (CA), Fe-Mn oxides bound (OX), organic matter bound and residual fractions. The mobile faction of Cd was reduced from 33.7 to 16.8–27.8% for the amendments addition, respectively. Limestone was the most effective in immobilising the soil Cd among all the treatments, followed by fly ash. Soil pH observed significantly negative correlations with the Cd concentration in extractability, bioavailability and leachability. Soil pH had positive correlations with the percentages of CA-Cd and OX-Cd, but negatively correlated with the percentages of EX-Cd and the sum of EX-Cd and CA-Cd.

Conclusions

By-products addition increased the soil pH and decreased Cd mobility, bioavailability and leachability. The addition of limestone and fly ash exhibited higher efficiency than the other five additions. The combined additions had better performance on Cd extractability and soil pH than the corresponding single treatment, which decreased more concentrations of mobile, bioavailable and leachable Cd. This study offered four potentially cost-effective amendments singly or jointly for Cd immobilisation, reducing the potential hazards associated with excess Cd and the waste-disposal pressure and promoting a resource-saving development strategy.     

Fractionation of Cd and Zn in Cd-contaminated soils amended by sugarcane waste products from an ethanol production plant

Purpose

Sugarcane waste products (boiler ash, filter cake, and vinasse) from an ethanol production plant were used as soil amendments by adding 3 % (w/w) in single and/or in combination, with a research focus towards stabilization of cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) in contaminated soils. The objective of this laboratory study was to evaluate the effects of adding these sugarcane waste products on bioavailability of Cd and Zn over time (aging) in Cd- and Zn-contaminated agricultural soils of Thailand.

Materials and methods

Two agricultural contaminated soils of low (<3 mg kg^?1) and high (10–15 mg kg^?1) Cd concentrations were collected from Tak Province, Northwest Thailand. Fourteen treatments were sampled at 2-week intervals for 84 days for metal bioavailability using BCR extraction procedures (proposed by The Standards, Measurements and Testing Programme of the European Union, SM&T) that determined exchangeable (BCR1), reducible (BCR2), oxidizable (BCR3), and residual (BCR4) fractions, and total concentration was determined using aqua regia digestion and microwave digestion.

Results and discussion

Cd was potentially bioavailable, predominantly in exchangeable (BCR1) and reducible (BCR2) fractions, while the higher contribution of Zn was more prevalent in refractory fractions (BCR2 and BCR4). Aging had an influence on fractionation of Cd and Zn, most notably in the first two fractions (BCR1 and BCR2) of BCR sequential extraction, which resulted in reduction of exchangeable Cd during the first few weeks of incubation (T?=?0 to 28 days). At the end of pot experiment, the exchangeable Cd fraction in the low Cd (LCdS) soil was reduced from 2.3 to 4.7 % and 9.4 to 39.9 % in low and high Cd (HCdS)-contaminated soils, respectively, as compared to nonamended soils.

Conclusions

The observed reduction in exchangeable Cd (BCR1) in the amended soils at the 3 % (w/w) application rate, the low total metal concentrations, and the significant amount of essential plant nutrients (N, P, and K) within these waste products highlight the benefits of amending metal-rich soils with them.     

Reducing Bioavailability and Leachability of Copper in Soils using Coal Fly Ash,Apatite, and Bentonite

Soils treated with two concentrations of copper (Cu; 200 and 400 mg kg^?1) were amended with three amendments (coal fly ash, apatite, and bentonite) at the rates of 1.5% and 2.5%, respectively. The effects of amendment application on the bioavailability and leachability of Cu in the soil were evaluated using the wheat uptake, single extraction, and sequential extraction tests. The addition of coal fly ash, apatite, and bentonite at the rate of 2.5% increased wheat biomass by 50.5%, 41.1%, and 61.7%, respectively. The application of amendments significantly (P < 0.01) reduced the Cu contents extract that will buy DW (deionized water), TCLP (toxicity characteristics leaching procedure), and DTPA (diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid) in the soil. The amendments also reduced the water-soluble/exchangeable, carbonate, iron (Fe)–manganese (Mn) oxide, and organically bound fraction contents of Cu but increased the amounts of residual Cu in soil. Our results demonstrated that these amendments were effective in reducing the bioavailability and leachability of Cu in soil.     

Sugarcane by-products used as soil amendments on a sandy soil: Effects on sugarcane crop nutrition and yield

Agricultural by-products applied as soil amendments have the potential to improve crop production on low organic matter (OM) soils. This two-year study investigated the use of two readily available sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) milling by-products, mill mud, and mill ash, as soil amendments to improve first sugarcane crop (plant cane) and subsequent crop (first ratoon) grown on a sandy Spodosol. Sugarcane was grown in lysimeters receiving mill mud, mill ash, and a 50:50 (v:v) mill mud to mill ash mix. Amendments were applied at low, medium, and high application rates (5, 10, and 15 cm depths, respectively) and then incorporated 30 cm deep. Amendment effects on plant nutrition, soil characteristics, and crop yield were determined. High rate applied mill mud and mill ash had the highest soil OM content for both years and soil OM did not significantly change between crops for all treatments except for high rate mill mud, which increased the second year (ratoon crop). Leaf nutrient levels for nitrogen (N), iron (Fe), and copper (Cu) for all treatments both years were insufficient; nutrient levels for magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), and silicon (Si) were within marginal to sufficient range for all treatments both years. All amendments produced significantly higher biomass and sucrose yields for plant cane and first ratoon crops compared to the control. Mill ash treatments produced the greatest increase in sucrose and biomass yields from plant cane to ratoon crops, which corresponded with an increase in potassium (K) in leaf tissue. However, mid and high rates of mix produced the highest sugarcane biomass and sucrose yields for the both the plant cane and ratoon crops.     

Chemical fractions of copper and zinc in organic‐rich particles from aqueous extracts of a metal‐contaminated granite soil

Abstract

Chemical fractions of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) in the organic‐rich particles collected from filtered aqueous extracts (<20 μm) of an acid soil were determined. A sequential extraction procedure was used to partition the particulate Cu and Zn into four operationally defined chemical fractions: adsorbed (ADS), iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) oxides bound (FeMnOX), organic matter bound (OM) and residual (RESD). Total extractable concentrations of Cu and Zn in the fine particles were higher than their total concentrations in the original bulk soil. The concentration of particulate Cu was usually much higher than that of particulate Zn. Addition of lime stabilized sewage sludge cake and/or inorganic metal salts markedly increased the concentrations of particulate Cu and Zn in aqueous extracts, especially from limed soil. The proportional distributions of particulate Cu and Zn were quite similar. The two particulate metals were present predominantly in the ADS and FeMnOX fractions, with less (about 20%) in the OM and RESD fractions. Some of the ADS metal fraction was associated with dissolved organic substances. The concentrations of particulate Cu and Zn in the various extractable fractions were significantly affected by the application of lime, lime stabilized sewage sludge cake, or inorganic metal salts.     

In-Situ Immobilization of Cadmium and Lead by Different Amendments in Two Contaminated Soils

Different soil amendments, including 1% zeolite, 1% bentonite,5% Penghu soil (PHS), 5% Penghu soil + 1% manganese oxide (PHS + MO), 1% MO, and 1.5% silicate slag (SS), were used to immobilize Cd and Pb in two contaminated soils evaluated by single and sequential extractions and by uptake of Chinese cabbage (Brassica Chinensis L.). Results indicated that the PHS and MO significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the 0.1 M HCl extractable Cd and Pb in the two contaminated soils. Allamendment treatments did not change the organic and residual amounts of Cd and Pb in soils A and B, but the PHS andPHS + MOtreatments significantly reduced the exchangeable amounts of Cdand Pb in the two soils as measured by sequential extraction. Thecombination of PHS and MO amendments was associated with ahigh pH value and negative soil surface charge showed the best immobilizing efficiency of Cd and Pb in this study. All soil amendments investigated did not increase the dry matter weight of the plant, and most of them decreased the uptake of Cd and Pb, especially for the PHS and MO. The PHS and MO treatments reduced the extractability of Cd and Pb in two soils and theiruptake by the plant, but only the Pb content in Chinese cabbagefrom the amended soils was less than the background levels of heavy metals in leaf vegetables of Taiwan.     

土壤主要理化性质对湘粤污染农田镉稳定效果的影响

利用盆栽试验研究了稳定剂(石灰、海泡石联合施用)对湖南、广东两省区不同性质土壤上生长的小青菜(Brassica chinensis L.)生物量、重金属吸收以及土壤pH和重金属提取态含量的影响,探讨了影响镉(Cd)稳定修复效果的土壤性质参数。结果表明:施加稳定剂对增加酸性土壤上小青菜生物量效果显著,土壤pH、有机质(OM)、全量Cd和黏粒是影响小青菜生物量变化的主要因素;土壤pH、阳离子交换量(CEC)、OM、黏粒是影响小青菜Cd含量变化的主要因素;土壤pH、CEC、全量Cd和黏粒是影响土壤提取态Cd含量变化的主要因素。     

Assessing the immobilization efficiency of organic and inorganic amendments for cadmium phytoavailability to wheat

Purpose

Rapid industrialization in China accelerated environmental pollution by xenophores and trace metals particularly cadmium. Numerous studies have been conducted to address soil contamination using organic and inorganic amendments under pot or incubation conditions, but few were performed under field conditions, particularly in the wheat-growing areas. This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of pre-applied soil amendments for Cd immobilization, changes in soil pH, and metal uptake by wheat.

Materials and methods

In this study, 12 treatments, i.e., control (CK), lime, DaSan Yuan (DASY), DiKang No. 1 (DEK1), biochar, Fe-biochar, Yirang, CaMgP, and green stabilizing agents (GSA-1, GSA-2, GSA-3, and GSA-4), were evaluated for Cd immobilization in incubation and field experiments. Changes in soil pH and available metal content with amendments were monitored from 30 to 150 days of incubation. Single extraction method and DTPA-extractable and sequential extraction procedures were employed to assess the variations in available Cd contents of field soil. The impact of soil amendments on Cd uptake and bioaccumulation in food part of wheat was measured at harvesting stage in a contaminated site.

Results and discussion

Lime treatment increased soil pH by 32% and reduced available Cd to 0.213 mg kg^?1, as compared to CK (control) in the incubation experiment (0.343 mg kg^?1). Effects of the amendments on wheat growth, soil pH, and Cd phytoavailability were reported. Wheat biomass was highest in treatment GSA-2 (13,880 kg ha^?1) and GAS-4 resulted in an increase in grain yield (5350 kg ha^?1). Soil pH of the treated field at harvesting stage increased up to 6.50, 6.50, and 6.47 by application of GSA-4, GSA-2, and lime, respectively. Cadmium contents in wheat grain were declined significantly in the treatments of GSA-2, GSA-4, and lime.

Conclusions

Results of this study revealed a significant decrease in available Cd concentration with the application of amendments. Composite amendments were more effective in terms of metal uptake and bioaccumulation in wheat. In addition, our results indicate the effectiveness of composite amendments in stabilizing Cd in contaminated soil.

     

Changes in soil acidity and the size and activity of the microbial biomass in response to the addition of sugar mill wastes

The effects of additions of three wastes from sugar mills on the properties of two acid soils were investigated. The wastes used were boiler ash and filter cake from a conventional mill and fly ash from a new mill, where filter cake is burnt. Additions of each of the wastes raised soil pH, reduced concentrations of exchangeable Al and total and monomeric Al in soil solution and increased maize yields in a pot experiment. Microbial biomass C and the percentage of organic C present as microbial biomass were decreased by additions of wastes but the effect was less marked at the higher rate of addition. Although basal respiration was decreased or unaffected by the lower rate of addition of wastes it was increased by the higher rate. The metabolic quotient increased in the order: control4⁺ and NO₃^- accumulated during incubation and arginine ammonification rate were all less at the higher rate of addition of each of the wastes. This was attributed to microbial immobilization of mineral N and arginine due to the wide C/N ratio of light fraction organic matter present in the study soil. It was concluded that all three waste materials were effective liming materials but their effect on soil microbial activity was complex.     

利用薄膜扩散梯度技术研究不同土壤性质影响下镉对黑麦草的生物有效性

A generally accepted method for predicting the bioavailability and transfer of cadmium (Cd) from soil to plants has not yet been established. In this study, the diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) and conventional extraction methods for metal fractions were used to investigate how effective these methods were at predicting Cd bioavailability to ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and to assess whether these holistic variables were independent of the soil property variables. The influences of soil properties on the predictive capabilities of the different methods were evaluated using multivariate statistics. The Cd concentrations in the shoots and roots of ryegrass correlated more closely with the effective Cd concentration measured by DGT (C_E), compared with those with soil total Cd, pore water Cd, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt (Na₂EDTA)- and acetic acid (HOAc)-extractable Cd. When soil properties were included in a stepwise multiple linear regression, Cd transfer to L. perenne was negatively influenced by pH and positively influenced by organic matter (OM). The multivariate statistics showed that the adjusted correlation coefficients for the plots involving soil total Cd, pore water Cd, and Na₂EDTA- and HOAc-extractable Cd had been significantly improved after considering the influences of soil properties, which suggested that these methods were pH and OM dependent. For C_E, the relationship was pH independent or only dependent in strongly acidic soils. These results suggested that the main soil factors affecting bioavailability had the lowest impact on the DGT technique. Therefore, the DGT technique provided significant advantages over conventional methods when assessing Cd bioavailability.     

Effect of organic amendments on the retention and mobility of imazaquin in soils

The influence of two organic amendments consisting of an urban waste compost (SUW) and a commercial amendment from olive mill wastes (OW) was assessed on the sorption properties and leaching of the ionizable herbicide imazaquin on four soils with different physicochemical characteristics. A loamy sand soil (CR), a loam soil (P44), a silt loam soil (AL), and a clay soil (TM), with low-medium organic matter contents, were chosen. Sorption-desorption experiments were performed on the original soils and on a mixture of these soils with the organic amendments at a rate of 6.25% (w/w). These mixtures were used just after preparation and after aging for 3 months. Imazaquin adsorption was higher on AL soil because of its high content of amorphous iron oxides, whereas it was related to the soils' organic matter (OM) contents on TM and CR soils and to acid pH on P44 soil. Addition of exogenous OM to soils caused a decrease in the adsorption of the herbicide with the only exception of CR soil, due to blocking of adsorptive surfaces and/or equilibrium pH rise. The extent of this decrease was dependent only on the nature of the added amendment on AL soil. The adsorbed amounts of imazaquin on aged organic fertilized soils were usually fairly close to that on original soils. Results of soil column experiments indicate that addition of exogenous organic matter cannot be considered as a regular practice for retarded movement of imazaquin.     

土壤改良剂对鄱阳湖区潜育性稻田的改良作用研究

潜育化水稻土存在渍、冷、烂、闭(气)、毒及缺素等障碍因素,土壤改良剂是其改良的有效办法之一。本文研究了有机与无机材料相结合对鄱阳湖区潜育化稻田的改良效果,旨在为湖区此类土壤改良提供技术参考。田间定位试验设有机、无机改良剂10个互作处理,分别为(1)对照,T1;(2)牛粪+粉煤灰,T2;(3)牛粪+石灰,T3;(4)枯饼+粉煤灰,T4;(5)枯饼+石灰,T5;(6)牛粪+粉煤灰+石灰,T6;(7)枯饼+粉煤灰+石灰,T7;(8)牛粪+枯饼+粉煤灰,T8;(9)牛粪+枯饼+石灰,T9;(10)牛粪+枯饼+粉煤灰+石灰,T10,研究了土壤改良剂对土壤氧化还原电位、还原物质总量及土壤肥力的影响,并结合水稻产量分析了有机无机改良剂相结合的改良作用。结果表明:在提高土壤氧化还原电位方面,T5处理最明显,在抽穗期比T1显著提升了69.2%(P0.05)。在消减土壤还原性物质方面,各施用改良剂处理均能显著降低土壤还原性物质,其中T5、T8、T10三个施用石灰的处理效果最为显著,比T1分别降低了84.5%、79.3%和72.2%(P0.05)。施用土壤改良剂对土壤有机质、碱解氮、水溶性碳无显著影响,但对土壤速效磷、速效钾、pH值、电导率和水溶性氮有显著的提升作用。在提高水稻SPAD值方面,所有施枯饼的处理T4、T5,T7~T10均能显著提高水稻SPAD值,在抽穗期比T1提高了13.5~28.6%(P0.05)。3年平均产量表明,T10能显著提高潜育性稻田产量,比T1显著提高10.3%(P0.05)。因此,枯饼与石灰配合是降低鄱阳湖区潜育化稻田土壤还原性物质、提升氧化还原电位、电导率的最有效措施;牛粪、枯饼、粉煤灰、石灰相配合则是综合提升水稻产量的最有效措施。     

Sorption behavior of copper,zinc, and cadmium in response to simulated changes in soil properties

Abstract

Environmental changes and management practices which alter soil properties may affect the capacity of soils to sorb trace metals, such as copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and cadmium (Cd), and thus influence the bioavailability and leach ability of the metals. Two agricultural soils were treated to partially oxidize organic matter and to decrease soil pH for evaluating the effects of acidification and organic matter oxidation on trace metal sorption onto soils. For the one soil with a pH value of 6.74 and organic carbon (C) content of 46.9 g‐kg^‐1, loss of 11% of its organic matter reduced by 97, 72, and 62% the original sorption capacity for Cu, Zn, and Cd, respectively, while the corresponding values caused by acidifying the soil one pH‐unit were 32, 16, and 29%. For the another soil with a pH of 4.69 and organic C content of 16.3 g‐kg^‐1, a decrease in pH by one unit resulted in a loss of 43, 21, and 52% of the sorption capacity for Cu, Zn, and Cd, respectively.     

Effect of organic matter on the distribution, extractability and uptake of cadmium in soils

Distribution and plant uptake of soil Cd as influenced by organic matter and soil type were investigated in a greenhouse experiment. Three soils (a sand, sandy loam and clay loam) were used. The rates of organic matter in its moist state added were 0,20,40, 80, 160 and 320 g kg^-1 of the air-dried soil on mass basis. Ryegrass (Lolium multörum L.) was used as a test crop. Soil Cd was analysed by a sequential extraction technique and by extraction with 1 M NH₄NO₃ and 0.005 M DTPA. The exchangeable fraction of Cd as determined by 1 M MgCl₂ in the sequential extraction procedure increased, whereas the Fe-Mn oxidebound fraction decreased, with increasing levels of organic matter addition in all three soils. The dry matter yields of ryegrass were not affected by the addition of organic matter, but the Cd concentrations in both cuts of ryegrass decreased with increasing amounts of organic matter added. The plant Cd was highly but negatively correlated to soil CEC. At any level of organic matter addition, the decrease in Cd concentration of ryegrass was in the order: sand > sandy loam > clay loam.     

Organic Matter Influence in Cadmium Uptake by Sorghum

Abstract

The influence of soil organic matter (OM) in the uptake of cadmium (Cd) by Sorghum will be studied in order to get a better knowledge in the yield and understanding of detoxification mechanisms of soils. Plants were grown for 60 days in a greenhouse pot experiment using a contaminated soil with 4.5 and 35 mg Cd kg^?1, in absence and presence of OM. An Irish peat moss (70 g kg^?1 of soil) was added as OM. In the presence of OM the biomass production of root and shoot was increased with a positive correlation between biomass increment and contamination level. For experiments with 35 mg Cd kg^?1 of soil the biomass production was increased of about 7 times in the presence (vs. absence) of OM. Although the presence of OM had decreased Cd root concentration by decreasing Cd bioavailability in soil, the increase of biomass in presence of OM led to an increase of about 3 times on the Cd amount in shoot, result that can be important in soil phytoremediation.     

氧化节杆菌生物降解苯并芘

A pot experiment was conducted with multi-metal (Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn) contaminated acidic soil to investigate changes in available metal burden resulting from the application of industrial wastes (fly ash and steel slag). The efficiency of amendments-induced metal stabilization was evaluated by diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT), sequential extraction, and plant uptake. The stability of remediation was assessed by an acidification test and by chemical equilibrium modeling. Addition of fly ash (20 g kg-1 ) and steel slag (3 g kg-1 ) resulted in similar increase in soil pH. Both amendments significantly decreased the concentrations of metals measured with DGT (C DGT) and the metal uptake by Oryza sativa L. Significant correlations were found between C DGT and the concentration of a combination of metal fractions (exchangeable, bound to carbonates, and bound to Fe/Mn oxides), unraveling the labile species that participate in the flux of metal resupply. The capability of metal resupply, as reflected by the R (ratio of C DGT to pore water metal concentration) values, significantly decreased in the amended soils. The C DGT correlated well with the plant uptake, suggesting that DGT is a good indicator for bioavailability. Acidification raised the extractable metal concentration in amended soil but the concentration did not return to the pre-amendment level. Equilibrium modeling indicated that the soil amendments induced the precipitation of several Fe, Al and Ca minerals, which may play a positive role in metal stabilization. Chemical stabilization with alkaline amendments could be an effective and stable soil remediation strategy for attenuating metal bioavailability and reducing plant metal uptake.     

广东韶关主要矿区周边农田土壤铅、镉的形态分布及生物有效性研究

采用改进BCR法和DTPA提取法研究了韶关主要矿区周边农田土壤Pb、Cd的形态分布和生物有效性。结果表明,参照土壤环境质量标准二级标准,韶关主要矿区周边农田土壤Pb、Cd的超标率分别为14.1%和92.3%;参照食品中污染物限量标准,调查的5种蔬菜样品Pb、Cd的超标率分别为57.7%和48.7%。土壤Pb以可还原态为主,占到4种形态和的76.13%,Pb各形态的分布顺序为：可还原态〉残渣态〉可氧化态〉酸提取态;土壤Cd以酸提取态和可还原态为主,占到4种形态和近89%,Cd各形态的分布顺序为：酸提取态〉可还原态〉可氧化态〉残渣态。用DTPA提取得到的土壤Pb、Cd有效态均值分别为24.91、1.29 mg·kg-1。相关性分析表明,除了胡萝卜Cd,5种蔬菜Pb、Cd含量与土壤酸提取态、可还原态、可氧化态及土壤有效态含量显著相关,与土壤pH和有机质相关性不大。逐步回归分析表明,只有土壤残渣态含量对蔬菜Pb、Cd含量影响不显著。     

Efficiency of KOH-modified rice straw-derived biochar for reducing cadmium mobility, bioaccessibility and bioavailability risk index in red soil

Cadmium (Cd) pollution in agricultural soils has exerted a serious threat due to continuous application of pesticides, fertilizers, and wastewater irrigation. The present study aimed to test the efficiency of KOH-modified and non-modified rice straw-derived biochar (KBC and BC, respectively) for reducing Cd solubility and bioavailability in Cd-contaminated soil. Cadmium-contaminated soil was incubated for 60 d with 15 and 30 g kg^-1 BC and KBC. At the end of incubation, Cd mobility was estimated by the European Community Bureau of Reference sequential extraction and toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP), while bioavailability was determined using 1 mol L^-1 NH₄NO₃ extraction. The bioavailability risk index and bioaccessibility, assessed by a simple bioaccessibility extraction test, of Cd were used to examine the potential effects of Cd on living organisms. The results indicated that application of both KBC and BC significantly increased soil pH, cation exchange capacity, nutrients, and organic carbon. The soluble fraction of Cd was significantly decreased by 30.3% and 27.4%, respectively, with the addition of KBC and BC at 30 g kg^-1 compared to the control (without biochar addition). Similarly, the bioaccessible Cd was significantly decreased by 32.4% and 25.2%, respectively, with the addition of KBC and BC at 30 g kg^-1 compared to the control. In addition, both KBC and BC significantly reduced Cd leaching in the TCLP and NH₄NO₃-extractable Cd in the amended soil compared to the control. The reduction in Cd solubility and bioaccessibility by KBC and BC may be due to significant increases in soil pH and surface complexation. Overall, KBC at an application rate of 30 g kg^-1 demonstrated positive results as soil amendment for Cd immobilization, and reduced bioaccessible Cd in contaminated soil.     

Multi‐element stable isotopic dilution and multi‐surface modelling to assess the speciation and reactivity of cadmium and copper in soil

Chemical extraction, multi‐element stable isotopic dilution (ID) and multi‐surface modelling were used to investigate the lability of cadmium (Cd) and copper (Cu) in nine types of soil with different properties and contaminated or not with Cd and Cu. The chemical extraction and ID analyses both showed that Cd was more labile than Cu in all the soil types studied. From the ID results, 32.8–93.3% of total Cd and 14.7–71.8% of total Cu were isotopically exchangeable after 3 days of equilibration. A single extraction in 0.43 m HNO₃ gave similar results to the 3‐day ID assay for Cu in most of the soils and for Cd in the non‐calcareous soils. However, an eight‐step selective sequential extraction (SSE) procedure gave different results from the ID assay for both metals. Predictions of the multi‐surface model for the amounts of Cd and Cu adsorbed, based on measured metal ion activities in the soil solution and the concentrations of reactive surfaces in the soil, agreed with the ID results. The model predicted that soil organic matter was the predominant sorbent for Cd and Cu in the soils and that manganese oxide was the least important sorbent. The contributions of iron oxides to sorption were predicted to be small except in soil with a high pH and little organic matter. The predicted sorption on different soil components did not match SSE measurements.     

油枯对镉污染土壤的钝化研究

为了研究油枯对镉(Cd)污染土壤的钝化效果,以油枯为外源添加物(质量比:1%、2%、3%、4%、5%),模拟田间条件在塑料桶中进行为期45 d的培养,对镉污染土壤中Cd形态分布特征、DTPA提取态Cd(DTPA-Cd)含量、pH、有机质含量进行分析。结果表明,添加油枯可显著降低镉污染土壤中可交换态镉(Ex-Cd)的比例,提高碳酸盐结合态镉(Cb-Cd)、铁锰氧化物结合态镉(Fe-Mnb-Cd)以及有机质及硫化物晶格态镉(OMb-Cd)的比例,而残渣晶格结合态镉(RLb-Cd)变化不明显。添加油枯显著降低镉污染土壤中DTPA-Cd含量,降幅最高可达49%。镉污染土壤p H值维持在6.0左右,1%~4%添加处理中土壤pH波动幅度较大;而5%添加处理的土壤pH波动幅度小。添加油枯均能显著提高镉污染土壤中有机质含量。由此可见,油枯对镉污染土壤有较好的钝化效果,这为重金属污染土壤的修复和农业废弃物的循环利用提供了参考。