33份黄瓜核心种质对枯萎病的抗性评价及遗传特性研究

以33份黄瓜核心种质为试材,通过苗期接种和成株期自然发病,调查黄瓜种质的生态类型、性型、瓜皮色、瓜形、瓜刺色、瓜瘤大小、瓜刺瘤稀密及枯萎病病情指数,分析了不同黄瓜种质对枯萎病的抗性及抗性分布频率。结果表明,在供试的33份黄瓜种质中,高抗种质3份,占9.09%;抗病种质占33.33%,中抗种质占21.21%;感病种质占30.30%,高感种质占6.06%。具有欧洲温室型亲缘关系的种质较华南型种质抗枯萎病,强雌黄瓜较雌雄黄瓜抗枯萎病,皮色较绿的黄瓜对枯萎病抗性较强,无瘤黄瓜较中瘤和大瘤黄瓜抗枯萎病,瓜刺瘤密种质较刺瘤稀的抗枯萎病。利用其中6份黄瓜自交系配制6份杂交1代,通过苗期和成株期抗性鉴定,表明黄瓜枯萎病抗性为数量性状遗传,抗性为显性基因控制,抗病与感病亲本的杂交1代抗病性介于双亲抗性均值与强抗病亲本之间,抗病性表现出中亲优势,没有发现超亲优势。     

25份小黑麦品种(系)的抗黄矮病鉴定与评价

2015年采用田间人工接种法,对25份小黑麦品种(系)进行了由大麦黄矮病毒(Barley yellow dwarf virus,BYDV)引起的小黑麦黄矮病的田间抗性鉴定和评价。结果表明,在供试的25份小黑麦品种(系)中未检测出免疫、高抗和抗病材料。有4份材料(农41、1519、1529和41)表现为中抗(MR),占供试材料的16.00%;12份材料表现为感病(S),占供试材料的48.00%;9份材料表现高感(HS),占供试材料的36.00%。将25份小黑麦品种(系)进行聚类分析,可划分为3类,从谱系图上可以看出,抗病性相同的品种(系)大致划分在同一个类中。     

国家区试冬小麦品种在甘肃陇南的田间抗条锈病性评价

为精准评价冬小麦品种田间对条锈病的抗性,科学指导抗病育种和抗病材料的合理应用。在位于甘肃陇南不同生态区的甘肃省农业科学院植物保护研究所甘谷试验站和汪川良种场两地,于2017 — 2020年,对122个国家区域试验品种进行了连续3 a的成株期抗条锈病性评价。结果表明,有WJ18-1等19个品种3 a两地均表现抗病,且抗性表现稳定,占供试品种的15.57%; WJ18-494等49个品种具有慢条锈特性,占供试品种的40.16%。绝大多数品种表现出差异性,菌源、环境是主要原因。     

38份燕麦种质抗坚黑穗病鉴定与评价

为明确不同燕麦(Avena sativa ) 种质抗病性差异, 2015 — 2016年对38份燕麦种质进行了人工接种坚黑穗病菌(Ustilago segetum var avenae)田间抗性鉴定和评价。结果表明,在供试的38份燕麦种质中,17份材料对坚黑穗病表现为免疫,9份表现高抗,6份表现抗,6份表现中感,分别占供试材料的44.7%、23.7%、15.8%和15.8%。通过鉴定获得的有效抗坚黑穗病种质,可为品种的合理布局及抗病育种提供核心抗源。     

茶用菊苗期枯萎病抗性鉴定技术研究

为了建立茶用菊枯萎病抗性鉴定的方法,了解茶用菊种质资源对枯萎病抗性的差异,筛选抗性种质用于抗病育种,本研究以茶用菊为试验材料,通过枯萎病病原菌分离、形态学和真菌18S rDNA/ITS鉴定和致病力研究,开展茶用菊资源苗期枯萎病人工接种鉴定,并筛选优异抗病种质。结果表明,从发病的福白菊植株上分离到M15和M16 2株枯萎病病原菌菌株,经鉴定,这2株菌株均属于尖孢镰刀菌,致病力检测发现M15为强致病力菌株。通过枯萎病抗性鉴定,筛选到七月白1份高抗品种,杭白菊、苏菊7号等9份抗病品种,滁菊、亳菊等17份中抗品种,福白菊、苏菊6号等3份感病品种以及皇菊1份高感品种。本研究建立了一种高效的茶用菊品种抗枯萎病的鉴定方法,为茶用菊抗枯萎病品种改良奠定了基础。     

冬小麦新品种天选58号选育报告

冬小麦新品种天选58号为天水市农业科学研究所小麦抗锈育种中心以天817为母本,天选40号为父本进行有性杂交,采用系谱法经连续的定向选择而成。在2013 — 2015年甘肃省陇南片区域试验中,折合产量6 619.50 kg/hm2,较对照品种兰天25号增产7.20%。该品种株高100.00 cm,穗长平均8.50 cm,千粒重44.00 g,容重790.00 g/L。籽粒粗蛋白含量12.87%,湿面筋含量22.70%,沉降值45.00 mL, 赖氨酸含量0.36%,粗灰分1.7%。经接种鉴定,苗期对条锈混合菌表现中抗,成株期对供试菌系及混合菌表现中抗至高抗,总体表现抗病。适宜在天水市、陇南市河谷川道区种植。     

花生新品种对疮痂病抗性筛选研究

对参试的45份花生新品种进行疮痂病抗性人工接种鉴定试验。结果表明:45份花生新品种中,中抗(MR)品种有4个,占8.9%;中感(MS)品种有27个,占60.0%;感病(S)品种有14个,占31.1%。建议花生产区结合各地生产条件和品种综合性状,先利用中抗(MR)品种,再合理利用连续试验两年抗性较稳定的部分中感(MS)品种作生产用种,或作抗病(R)亲本利用。     

甘肃省小麦品种叶锈病抗性鉴定及评价

小麦叶锈病是由专性寄生菌(Puccinia triticina)引起的主要小麦病害之一。选育并种植抗病品种是防控小麦叶锈病最经济、有效和安全的方法。为了掌握甘肃省小麦品种的抗叶锈特点，为全省小麦抗叶锈病育种、品种合理布局以及小麦锈病的综合治理提供参考依据。2016 — 2017年度和2017 — 2018年度对1013份甘肃省小麦生产品种、高代材料、后备品种及抗源等不同小麦材料和33份甘肃省主栽小麦品种采用苗期室内接种和成株期田间接种的方法进行抗叶锈病性鉴定。结果表明，小麦种质资源中，苗期表现抗病的材料有301份，分布频率为31.19%；成株期表现抗病的材料380份，分布频率为44.92%。另外，筛选出10份全生育期抗叶锈病的材料，即2006-1-4-1-4-2-7-1-1-8、小黑麦CM-12、010-61-3-1-1、02-129-2-1-1-3-2-1、0439-6-5-1-1-1-1-2-1、9629-03A-3-2-1-1、09-104-1-3-1-1、01-29-7-1-1-2-1-3、SW-14和陇麦491。甘肃省主栽品种中，苗期表现抗病的有5份，分别为兰天22号、天选43号、天选67号、天选72号和中梁38号，分布频率为15.15%；成株期表现抗病的有12份，分别为陇中5号、天选46号和天选48号等，分布频率为36.36%。其中，中梁38号、天选67号和天选72号在全生育期表现出近免疫-中抗，未检测出对供试混合菌表现免疫的品种；此研究可为抗叶锈病鉴定材料在小麦育种中应用提供依据。     

苗期耐低磷毛叶苕子品种的筛选及其磷效率类型评价

筛选毛叶苕子耐低磷品种,并评价其磷效率类型,为毛叶苕子磷高效品种的选育和生产应用提供理论依据.采用苗期水培的方法,以22个毛叶苕子品种为供试材料,在低磷(2μmol/L Pi)和正常磷(200μmol/L Pi)处理下,测定毛叶苕子的主根长、株高、地上部干重、根系干重、根冠比、地上部全磷含量和磷累积量,通过主成分分析和...     

小麦苗期氮素吸收利用效率差异及聚类分析

【目的】氮肥过量施用,不仅造成氮素大量流失,还增加了农业生产成本,对生态环境带来了巨大的威胁。筛选和培育氮高效小麦品种是提高氮肥利用率、 降低环境污染风险的有效途径。本文通过对44个小麦品种苗期性状的考察,初步筛选出具有氮高效潜力的小麦品种。【方法】利用循环营养液培养方法,研究了安徽省44个小麦品种(系)在正常氮(5 mmol/L)和高氮(45 mmol/L)条件下苗期氮素吸收利用效率的差异。采用隶属函数法将评价指标数据进行标准化,区间为[0,1];而后采用客观赋权法将标准化后的数据整合成一个无量纲的综合值,最后基于综合值运用最短距离法、 欧氏距离平方聚类分析方法,将44个小麦品种划分成不同的氮效率类型。【结果】在两种供氮水平下,不同小麦品种的茎叶干重、 根干重、 叶面积、 茎叶氮累积量和根氮累积量存在显著性差异,其变异系数分别在27.9%～33.7%和21.5%～32.8%之间,可作为小麦苗期氮效率的评价指标。小麦苗期氮效率综合值在正常氮和高氮水平下分别在0.053～0.920和0.001～0.853之间,其中鉴76在正常氮和高氮条件下的氮效率综合值均大于80%。通过隶属函数氮效率综合值及其聚类分析,将44个供试小麦品种分为氮高效型、 氮中效型和氮低效型三类;其中扬麦16和鉴76在正常氮和高氮条件下均表现为高效型,皖麦68、 F60501-4、 鉴62和安农1026只在高氮条件下表现为高效型。氮高效型、 氮中效型、 氮低效型小麦品种在正常供氮和高氮条件下分别占供试品种总数的4.54%、 54.55%、 40.91%和13.63%、 38.64、 47.73%。【结论】在正常供氮和高氮条件下,44个供试小麦品种的茎叶氮累积量、 茎叶干重、 根部氮累积量、 根部干重和叶面积存在显著性差异,可以作为小麦苗期氮效率评价指标;初步确定扬麦16和鉴76为正常供氮和高氮条件下的氮高效型品种,皖麦68、 F60501-4、 鉴62和安农1026 为高氮条件下的氮高效型品种。     

Role of chitinase and sormatin accumulation in the resistance of sorghum cultivars to grain mold

Experiments were conducted to determine the association between resistance to grain mold and the accumulations of chitinase and sormatin. Eight sorghum lines were treated at 50% bloom with Fusarium thapsinum, Curvularia lunata, a mixture of the two fungi, and a water-sprayed control. At maturity, percent disease severity, seed germination rates, and kernel weight were recorded. Chitinase and sormatin content (mg/g of dry weight) were measured in seed samples taken at 30 and 50 days after treatment (DAT). Seed chitinase content was moderately affected by sorghum line (P = 0.10) and significantly affected by the developmental stage of the kernels (P = 0.05). Cultivars Sureno, 98LB650, and 98LB723 exhibited larger negative changes in chitinase content at 50 DAT over water-sprayed control treatment at 30 DAT than the susceptible cultivars Dorado, RTx2536, and RTx430. In 2000, significant negative correlations were observed for percent disease severity and chitinase content at 30 DAT, seed germination and sormatin content at 50 DAT, and between seed germination and kernel weight. There also was a significant positive correlation between germination and chitinase content at 30 DAT. No association between disease severity and changes in chitinase content at 50 DAT was observed. Sormatin content also was significantly affected by the stage of kernel development. Sorghum cultivars inoculated with fungal pathogens responded differently as indicated by the significant sorghum line x treatment interaction for sormatin content in 2000. In both years, larger increases in sormatin content over the water-sprayed control treatments were observed on moderately susceptible to susceptible cultivars such as 98LB650, 98LB723, 98LB789, RTx430, and RTx2536 than on Sureno. Except for percent disease severity and germination, there was no significant association among all of the other parameters measured in 2001. The results of this study did not clearly demonstrate a strong association between resistance to grain mold and the accumulation of sormatin and chitinase. Thus, there is the possibility that certain moderately resistant to resistant sorghum cultivars, such as Sureno, may employ other strategies to eschew or restrict fungal invasion either before or after physiological maturity.     

Evaluation of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) phenolic acids during grain development and their contribution to Fusarium resistance

The phenolic acid profiles of six cultivars of wheat with known tolerance to Fusarium head blight were evaluated during plant development from anthesis through maturity. Analysis by HPLC of grain at anthesis revealed that p-coumaric and ferulic acid were the two principal phenolic compounds present. The effect of these two phenolic acids on Fusarium species was evaluated in vitro. Both phenolic acids demonstrated significant reductions (p < 0.05) of Fusarium species growth at all concentrations tested. Ferulic acid is the primary phenolic acid in grain at all stages of development, and its concentration increased steadily during grain development prior to a 50% decrease during grain ripening. The accumulation of ferulic acid synthesis from anthesis until approximately 20 days after anthesis appears related with cultivar resistance to Fusarium. Concentrations of ferulic acid in the grain were similar at maturity, implying that the end-use quality would be similar for both resistant and susceptible cultivars.     

抗病性不同大豆品种根面及根际微生物区系的变化 Ⅱ.连作大豆(重茬)根面及根际微生物区系的变化

采用平板计数法测定了两个抗根腐病连作大豆品种生育期间根面和根际微生物区系动态变化。结果表明,两个品种大豆根面细菌随生育期增加呈递减趋势,品种间无差异。合丰25(H25)的根际细菌数量随生育期呈递减趋势,绥农10号(S10)根际细菌数量从三叶期到鼓粒初期不断增加,到成熟期又急剧减少。感病品种H25根瘤重明显低于抗病品种S10。H25根面真菌和镰孢霉总数在三叶期和成熟期均高于S10,苗期是根腐病的主要发病期。总之,在连作条件下,无论抗病品种还是感病品种大豆成熟期其根面和根际细菌减少,真菌和主要病原菌(镰孢霉Fusarium)都会大量富集,表明根系分泌物对根面和根际的微生物种群有选择性地促进或抑制作用。     

Calcium uptake and resistance to bacterial wilt of mutually grafted tomato seedlings

Bacterial wilt of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) caused by Ralstonia solanacearum Smith is a serious disease in Japan. We previously reported that calcium (Ca) nutrition in tomato significantly affected the resistance to the disease, and that highly resistant cultivars were characterized by a high Ca uptake. We examined the relationship between the Ca uptake and resistance using mutually grafted seedlings of tomato cultivars differing in their resistance. A susceptible (‘Ponderosa’) or moderately resistant (‘Zuiei’) cultivar (scion) was grafted on the rootstock of a susceptible, moderately resistant, or highly resistant cultivar (‘Hawaii 7998’). Roots or petioles of the grafted seedlings were inoculated with the pathogen, and the development of bacterial wilt was observed. Although Ca uptake by shoot increased by grafting on the rootstock of a highly resistant cultivar, the development of the disease was not influenced by the difference in Ca uptake, and depended on the resistance of the cultivar to which the inoculated part of the graft belonged. It was concluded that the differences in Ca uptake of the shoot of the grafted tomato seedlings might not be related to the expression of the resistance to bacterial wilt.     

土壤干旱对冬小麦功能叶过氧化物酶同工酶及抗旱性的影响

以６个抗旱性不同的冬小麦品种为试验材料，研究了土壤干旱对拨节期冬小麦功能叶片过氧化物酶同工酶、生物产量及某些经济性状的影响。结果表明：一定程度的土壤干旱可导致小麦功能叶片过氧化物酶同工酶发生相应的变化，抗旱性不同的小麦品种其同工酶酶谱不同，其酶谱变化与抗旱性间存在着一定的相关性。     

Tolerance of rice cultivars to iron toxicity

Iron toxicity is an important growth‐limiting factor for flooded rice production in various parts of the world, including Brazil. Data related to the reaction of rice cultivars to iron concentrations are limited, especially for large numbers of cultivars. Forty rice cultivars were grown in a greenhouse in nutrient solutions containing 0.09, 0.89, and 1.78 mM Fe (5, 50 and 100 ppm Fe). The effects of excess iron were measured on plant height, root length, and root and shoot dry weight. Root and shoot dry weight were found to be more sensitive to excess iron concentration. Based on dry matter yield, reduction of shoots at higher Fe concentrations compared to the optimum or control treatment, rice cultivars were classified as tolerant, moderately tolerant, moderately susceptible or susceptible.

The effect of Fe concentrations on concentrations and contents of other nutrient was also investigated. Higher concentration of Fe in the nutrient solution exerted an inhibiting effect on the concentrations and contents of almost all macro and micronutrients.     

抗病性不同大豆品种根面及根际微生物区系的变化 Ⅰ.非连作大豆(正茬)根面及根际微生物区系的变化

采用平板计数法测定了3个抗病性不同的大豆品种在生育期内根面和根际微生物区系的变化情况,并应用荧光计数法直接测定了根际细菌和真菌的生物量。结果表明,土体的微生物种类最丰富、根际的次之、根面的较单一。播种后从三叶期到鼓粒初期,根面和根际的可培养细菌总数随生育期逐渐增加,鼓粒初期达最大值,而成熟期则有明显的下降;大豆根际细菌生物量也存在相同的变化规律。抗病性不同的大豆品种其根面、根际可培养细菌总数存在差异;抗病品种大豆的根瘤重明显高于感病品种。种植一季后感病品种根际积累的病原生物(镰孢霉Fusarium.sp.和大豆胞囊线虫Heterodera.glycines的胞囊数)明显高于抗病品种。说明大豆根系分泌物对微生物具有选择性的促进或抑制作用,不同大豆品种以及同一大豆品种在不同生育时期根系分泌物的组成和数量不同,从而使大豆根面及根际形成了特定的微生物区系组成。     

不同抗性烤烟品种根际微生物数量及多样性差异研究

以不同烤烟品种云85（高抗）、K326（中抗）、净叶黄（中感）和红花大金元（高感）为材料,通过平板菌落计数法和Biolog方法比较了不同烤烟品种不同生育时期以及接种黑胫病菌后根际可培养微生物数量及群落功能多样性差异。结果表明,不同品种根际细菌数量随生育进程先增加后减少,真菌刚好相反,且细菌和真菌趋势拐点均出现在现蕾期,放线菌变化不大;团棵期和旺长期细菌和放线菌数量与品种抗性正相关,真菌数量与品种抗性呈负相关。人工接种黑胫病菌条件下,抗病品种根际环境刺激了细菌生长,而相对抑制感病品种细菌生长,不同品种均促进了根际真菌和放线菌生长,且真菌数量与品种抗性负相关。Biolog功能多样性分析表明,不同品种碳源总体利用能力及功能多样性存在一定差异,团棵期和旺长期抗病品种AWCD值、Shannon指数和Mclntosh指数大于感病品种;接种降低了感病品种碳源总体利用能力及功能多样性。以上结果说明,不同品种微生物数量及群落多样性受生长发育和品种抗性影响,且抗性差异主要表现在烤烟现蕾以前;与黑胫病互作后根际微生物数量及群落多样性存在明显差异且与品种抗性密切相关。     

Early blight destroys potato foliage in the northern Baltic region

In recent years, potato early blight [Alternaria solani (Ellis & G. Martin) L.R. Jones, A lternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl.] has occurred with increasing frequency in European potato fields, including those in northern regions. In our study, early blight was evaluated during the two years 2010–2011 on potato plants in a conventional farming experiment. Both growing seasons were very favourable for early blight development and evaluation. Our study indicates that, despite chemical treatments, potato early blight is a great problem for potato growers in conventional farming systems in the North-East region in years when temperatures are higher than average. In 2011, early blight damage was particularly high on the untreated (N0P0K0) treatment plots where severity increased abruptly from an initial 2% to 91%, and killed the potato haulms within five weeks. In 2010, the most severely infected plants were also recorded on the untreated (N0P0K0) plots, where 70% of foliage was destroyed by the end of the growing season. Results showed that a more efficient chemical strategy is needed against this disease on susceptible cultivars. Breeding and growing more resistant cultivars of potato is considered the most efficient, cost effective and environmentally friendly control method for sustainable cultivation in conventional growing systems. As an increase in the frequency of warmer summers is predicted, greater problems from this pathogen are to be expected in Northern Europe.     

硅对水稻几丁质酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性的影响及其与抗纹枯病的关系

在溶液培养条件下,以水稻抗病品种91SP和感病品种Lemont为材料,研究施硅和接种纹枯病菌对水稻纹枯病发生情况、外切几丁质酶、内切几丁质酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性的影响。结果表明,施硅能降低抗病品种91SP的纹枯病病级和病情指数,显著降低感病品种Lemont的病级和病情指数。在未接种纹枯病菌条件下,施硅增加了抗病品种几丁质酶活性,增加了感病品种的几丁质酶活性,但对β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性影响不大。接种纹枯病菌后,水稻几丁质酶活性被迅速激活后又下降,施硅通过提高抗病品种91SP几丁质酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性,以及通过提高感病品种Lemont几丁质酶活性来增强对纹枯病的抗性,但感病品种Lemont施硅处理的几丁质酶活性降低幅度小于抗病品种91SP。