泵站进水池超低水位下组合整流方案与验证

泵站在超低水位下运行时,将引起泵站进水水流流态恶化,危及泵站的安全稳定运行。为了解决这一问题,该文通过对黄河下游田山一级泵站在进水池超低水位下运行时存在的严重不良流态及其对机组造成的危害进行了分析,提出了在进水池设置导流台、水下消涡板和W型后墙导流墩的组合整流措施,应用三维数值计算方法对进水池的水流流态和该组合整流措施下的整流效果进行了数值模拟,并采用透明的进水池模型对数值模拟结果进行了检验。数值计算和模型试验结果表明:组合整流措施消除了进水池表面、池底、边壁的漩涡、回流以及死水区,进水池的水流流态和进水喇叭口的轴向速度分布得到了有效的改善。研究成果可为超低水位下运行的泵站提供参考。     

基于BPNN-GA的泵站前池整流底坎参数优化

为了减少泵站进水结构内的不良流态,提高泵组运行效率,该研究基于计算流体动力学以及BPNN-GA(Back Propagation Neural Network-Genetic Algorithm)算法对泵站前池内底坎的结构设计参数进行优化。为便于计算遗传算法的适应度,在轴向流速分布均匀度和速度加权平均角基础上提出了前池水流流态的综合评价指标F。以综合评价指标F为目标参量,通过遗传算法优化训练好的BPNN模型,得出最优底坎结构设计参数,并同正交试验设计的最优方案的数值模拟结构对比分析。研究结果表明,在1、2、4号水泵机组运行情况下,相比于正交试验设计的最优方案泵站前池水流流态, 1号水泵进水流道的轴向流速分布均匀度提高了16.58个百分点,速度加权平均角增加了4.66°;2号水泵进水流道的轴向流速分布均匀度提高了0.49个百分点,速度加权平均角下降了2.81°;4号水泵进水流道的轴向流速分布均匀度提高了8个百分点,速度加权平均角增加了7.81°,综合评价指标F为1.16,表明前池流态得到较大幅度的提高。基于BPNN-GA算法对泵站前池整流底坎参数进行优化,克服传统方法陷入局部最优的缺陷,可在满足设计要求的范围内选出当轴向流速分布均匀度和速度加权平均角最优时的底坎设计参数,为计算智能在泵站优化水力设计方面提供参考。     

大型泵站进水流场组合式导流墩整流效果分析

大型泵站前池和进水池经常存在表面旋涡和附壁涡,从而影响水泵运行稳定性。而由于大型泵站的尺度大,单一型式的导流墩很难改善这类泵站的进水流场。该文以广东省永湖泵站为研究对象,采用数值计算和现场测试相结合的方法,研究了组合式导流墩在改善大型泵站前池、进水池流态方面的效果,构建了由八字型导流墩、川字型导流墩和十字型消涡板相结合的组合式导流墩。三维流体动力学计算发现,组合式导流墩利用前端的八字型导流墩降低前池扩散角,减弱前池大尺度表面旋涡,借助后续的川字型导流墩调整流动均匀度,将水流均匀导入进水池,再通过水泵吸水喇叭管下部的十字型消涡板去除水泵吸水喇叭管周边的附底涡,提高流速分布均匀度,经计算喇叭管底面、水泵进口断面流速分布均匀度分别提高了7.8%、10.6%。实际测试表明,组合式导流墩将水泵最大压力脉动降低17.1%,将水泵振动由D区降低到C区,达到水泵技术标准规定的振动要求,保证了泵站的安全稳定运行。该研究对大型泵站建设提供了参考。     

箱涵式进水流道的立式轴流泵装置水动力特性分析

为了研究有涡时箱涵式进水流道的立式轴流泵装置水动力性能,该文采用CFD(computational fluid dynamic)和高速摄影技术对箱涵式进水流道的立式轴流泵装置进水流道内部附底涡流动特征及其对泵装置水动力性能的影响进行了分析。数值模拟和试验结果表明,基于CFD数值模拟技术,成功捕捉到各工况时箱涵式进水流道内部附底涡轨迹,与高速摄影捕捉到附底涡的运动轨迹较为一致,且均发生于喇叭管口下方,附底涡对泵装置的安全运行稳定性有直接影响。有、无消涡锥的箱涵式进水流道出口断面的轴向速度分布均匀度与速度加权平均角的差异性较小,但其水力损失值下降较大;叶轮所受轴向力相对比值m1在0～7.0%范围内波动,轴向力随流量系数的增大而减小,附底涡对叶轮所受径向力的影响较大,径向力相对比值m2在5.0%～110.0%范围内波动,涡带对叶轮受力有一定程度的影响,实际工程中应避免箱涵式进水流道内部涡带的出现。     

泵站正向进水前池扩散角对池内流场结构的影响

针对从多沙河流取水的大型泵站进水前池内水流流态较差,易在池内产生大尺度回流区域,导致泥沙严重淤积等问题,该研究以甘肃省景泰川电力提灌工程典型泵站的正向进水前池为研究对象,构建不同扩散角体型结构的正向进水前池三维模型,基于Mixture多相流模型和Realizable k-ε模型开展数值模拟计算,阐明了正向进水前池流场结构特征,提出了有效改善正向进水前池流场结构的扩散角范围。结果表明：泵站机组全开时,正向进水前池内流场结构对称分布,在进水前池中央形成主流区,两侧形成回流区,中央主流区域水流流速远大于两侧回流区,主流效应显著;随着扩散角的减小,两侧低流速区面积减小,主流区域流速呈下降的趋势,区域宽度呈现增加的趋势,进入前池的水流扩散效应增加明显;扩散角在25°～30°之间时,入池的水流沿流程发展和扩散较为充分,有效改善多泥沙河流引水泵站前池的泥沙淤积,研究成果可为同类泵站的设计和更新改造提供指导和参考。     

泵站前置竖井进水流道三维湍流数值模拟与模型试验

为探求大型泵站竖井流道的标准化水力设计方法,对基于规则化设计的竖井进水流道进行了三维湍流数值模拟,研究9个不同工况下的流道内部流动特性,揭示不同水平截面和纵向截面的流速分布,分析水泵入口断面的速度分布均匀度、加权平均入流角以及流道水力损失随流量变化规律。结果表明:竖井进水流道流线平顺,水流均匀渐缩,无漩涡或脱流,流态良好;水泵入口断面的速度均匀度和入流角度随流量变化很小,其平均均匀度Vu=95.46%,入流角度?=87.94°;流道水力损失随流量增大而增大,但局部阻力系数随流量增大而减小。设计制作了透明模型进水流道,测得9个不同流量下的流道水力损失,比较了数模与试验结果,并观测流态。由模型进水流道的试验结果可得出,流道水力损失较小,局部阻力系数2?6.249 10???,未见不良漩涡,数值结果与试验结果基本吻合。开展了竖井流道模型泵装置的能量特性试验,测得5个叶片角度下模型泵装置Q-H、Q-P和Q-η曲线。试验结果表明,模型泵装置在特低扬程较大的范围内均具有较高效率,其中在叶片角-2°、装置扬程1.83 m时的最高效率可达80.52%。该研究可为大型泵站竖井流道的水力优化设计提供参考。     

中隔墩长度对斜式轴伸泵装置出水流道水力特性的影响

为研究大型低扬程泵站斜式出水流道水力特性,采用数值模拟方法对某斜20°轴伸泵装置三维湍流流场进行了数值计算,发现斜式出水流道内存在严重的偏流问题,基于4种计算方案的数值模拟结果分析了偏流的成因,在研究了中隔墩长度对斜式出水流道流态和水头损失影响的基础上提出了解决偏流的措施,并得到模型试验的验证。研究结果表明:顺水流方向看,中隔墩长度为14 m时的斜式出水流道内的主流明显偏于左侧,在流道右侧下部存在较大范围的旋涡区;导叶体出口具有较大周向速度分量的水流呈螺旋状进入"S"形弯曲的斜式出水流道,两者相互作用导致斜式出水流道产生偏流;随着中隔墩长度的增加,斜式出水流道左右孔的偏流系数逐渐减小、流道水头损失呈先减小再增大趋势,当中隔墩加长至23.35m时出水流道左右两侧的出流流量达到基本相等;采用长中隔墩斜式出水流道的泵装置模型试验最优工况点效率达到80.56%,泵装置模型试验结果与数值模拟结果一致,取得了预期的纠偏效果,得到有关工程设计院的认可,并应用于工程实际。     

开机组合对泵站进水系统泥沙浓度分布的影响

针对泵站来流含沙条件下不同开机组合对进水系统泥沙浓度分布的影响问题,该研究开展了基于欧拉-欧拉算法的大型泵站进水系统固液两相流数值分析。首先,为了定量描述泥沙对流场均匀性的影响,对比分析了清水和浑水情况下进水流场的流速分布均匀度和回流系数,发现质量浓度10 kg/m3且粒径为25 μm的泥沙会使进水流场内的同轴漩涡变成沿水深方向更大尺度的螺旋状漩涡,进水池内的回流系数增长20.6%,流速分布均匀度下降8%。其次,通过对不同开机台数和机组组合方式下进水系统内泥沙浓度分布的对比分析,发现前池和进水池两侧边壁附近泥沙浓度最高,与引渠等宽的中心区域泥沙浓度最低,两侧边壁的泥沙浓度随开机台数的减少而增大,边机组不运行会破坏流场的对称性并在边机组与边壁区域形成死水区或漩涡区,增大泥沙浓度;基于开机组合的多工况分析,建立来流速度与流场内泥沙沉积效率的二次多项式模型。最后,开展了泥沙浓度与速度之间的相关性分析,发现泥沙浓度与横向速度平方呈幂函数关系,当泥沙粒径为25 μm且质量浓度为10 kg/m3时,进水流场的不淤速度为0.421 m/s,并且不淤速度随开机台数的减少而降低。研究结果可为含沙泵站进水系统防淤措施设计提供依据。     

电站尾水渠内鱼道进口位置布局

电站尾水渠是上溯鱼类较为理想的聚集场所,利用电站尾水渠合理布置鱼道进口,是目前大中型河流鱼道建设中的研究热点之一。该文通过数值模拟,结合鱼类游泳能力,对利用电站尾水诱鱼的鱼道进口布置进行研究。结果表明:机组运行方式、鱼道进口位置与出流方向均对鱼道进口诱鱼水流产生较大影响。机组运行方式决定了尾水渠内主流的位置,并在主流两侧形成多个回流区。回流区水流的旋转方向和位置对鱼道进口诱鱼水流的影响较大,鱼道进口的诱鱼水流动量较小,其出流方向应与回流区水流方向一致,并可根据电站运行方式,设置多个鱼道进口。主流与回流区之间的过渡区域是布置鱼道进口的重点区域。该研究结果可为优化改进大中型河流鱼道进口设计提供重要参考。     

不同形状的泵站封闭式进水池喇叭口水力性能模拟与验证

泵站封闭式进水池是泵站常用的进水建筑物,喇叭口距水泵叶轮室最近,其形状对水泵性能的影响最为敏感。基于定常不可压缩流体的控制方程和重整化群湍流模型应用SIMPLEC算法,定常模拟不同喇叭口形状的泵站封闭式进水池内水流流动。研究表明,喇叭口对叶轮的进水流态有重要的导流整流作用;过小的喇叭口会严重影响叶轮的进水流态,随着喇叭口逐渐增大,叶轮进口处的进水流态越好,水力损失越小;过大的喇叭口水力损失大,同时需加大池宽,增加了土建投资。喇叭口大小相同,口形1/4圆弧的喇叭口较口形为1/4椭圆的喇叭口,管内流速分布更均匀,流态越好,水力损失较小。计算结果与试验数据在设计工况点处吻合较好,相对误差仅为1.7%,表明计算结果可靠。基于研究结果,推荐工程中喇叭口形状采用1/4圆弧,圆弧半径为叶轮直径的1/3~1/2倍。     

Precipitation chemistry at sinhagad-a hill station in India

The chemistry of precipitation in remote sites such as mountain tops is of interest in the study of atmospheric pollution and acid rain. The chemical composition measured at mountain site which is away from industrial and urban areas is useful as a reference level and it allows to determine the extent of anthropogenic contamination. Hence, rain water samples were collected at Sinhagad (18°21N, 73°45E, 1450 m asl during the monsoon season (June-September) of 1992 and were analysed for major ions. The precipitation samples collected at Sinhagad were alkaline in nature and pH values ranged between 5.9 to 6.76. The ionic composition was dominated by soil dust The concentration of Ca²⁺ was highest among all the ions. The concentrations of excess SO₃ ^2– and NO₄ ^– were small (23.8 and 15.2 eq l^–1 respectively) compared to the values of polluted regions in India. The correlation coefficient between the ions and pH values was calculated and it was found to be maximum in case of Ca²⁺. Precipitation samples collected at Sinhagad were alkaline owing to higher concentration of Ca²⁺ and lower levels of acidic pollutants (SO₄ ^2– and NO₃ ^–).     

区域自动站信息统计、查询系统

自动站资料的应用是自动站发挥作用的关键。气象资料实时查询系统对气象资料共享、服务产品的开发与决策服务将起到重要的作用。     

Supplemental oxygenation of electric generating station cooling water

The Delaware River Basin Commission established the requirement that the Philadelphia Electric Eddystone Generating Station shall add 5000 pounds (≈2.3 tonnes) of dissolved oxygen (DO) per day to the Delaware River as a condition for increased use of cooling water at this station. It has been found that the Eddystone Station normally adds from ≈1 to 3 tonnes per day of DO to the river arising from entrainment of air into the cooling water discharge tunnel. Further additions can readily be accomplished by bleeding air into the condenser tailpipe. The Delaware River Basin Commission's requirements can readily be met without significant expenditure of funds and without altering normal plant operating conditions.     

压片法和熔融盐法制备沸石氮肥的养分释放特性

不同沸石分别与硝酸铵混合压片和硝酸铵熔融盐反应制备沸石氮肥，利用水冲洗和土壤淋溶法对它们的释放特性进行初步评价和比较。发现熔融盐反应制备的沸石氮肥比用压片法制备的沸石氮肥具有更强的抗水冲洗和土壤盐溶液溶解能力，在平稳释放的过程中负载硝酸铵的量也较高。他们以较低的浓度平稳释放，具有一定缓慢释放的效果。     

Influence of thermal power station effluents on hydrobiology of seawater

The hydrobiological parameters of the waters in the vicinity of ash slurry and cooling water outfall from Ennore Thermal Power Station located on the shore of Bay of Bengal, Madras were determined. In the outfall site, an increase in mean temperature (35 °C), salinity (3.5%), nitrite ? N (25 μg L^?1), ammonia ? N (185 μg L^?1), phosphate ? P (1 mg L^?1), silicate ? SiO₂ (1.65 mg L^?1), chlorophyll a (21.1 mg m^?3), respiration (76% of gross production), suspended solids (3.84 g L^?1), BOD (3.65 mg O₂) and decrease in pH (8.1), dissolved oxygen (DO) (5.5 mg L^?1), nitrate ? N (15 jig L^?1), gross production (16.6 Mg C m^?3 hr^?1) were recorded. Phaeopigment and respiration were inversely related with chlorophyll a and net productivity, respectively. Microbial biomass varied spatially, but was generally low (114.5 jig L^?1), at the outfall site. The hydrobiological characteristics of water with high turbidity indicate that the ash slurry and coolant water play a crucial role in a localized area resulting in environmental disturbance. The effect was profoundly influenced by an initial dilution, dispersion, wave mixing and current direction. The ecological relationships between these parameters and their implications in coastal pollution are discussed.     

Modelling soil temperature in forest clearcuts using climate station data

A physically based numerical model was developed to estimate the time courses of soil temperature in forest clearcuts from measured solar irradiance, air temperature and wind speed. The model is based upon a finite difference solution of the one-dimensional soil heat flow equation with a surface boundary condition determined from aerodynamic heat transfer and energy balance theory.Modelled soil temperatures were compared with data from two other studies reported in the literature and with temperatures measured in a forest clearcut during 6 and 16 day periods in the summer. The model calculated surface and subsurface soil temperatures accurately over these long intervals. Modelled soil temperatures were relatively insensitive to air temperature, soil thermal properties and the lower boundary soil temperature but quite sensitive to solar irradiance, wind speed and surface roughness.     

Deposition around a coal-fired power station during a wintertime precipitation event

The contribution to local wet deposition of emissions from a coal-fired power station at Inkoo on the south coast of Finland has been investigated during a wintertime precipitation event. Making use of intensive radiosonde and weather radar observations of meteorological factors, concentrations of sulphur in deposition due to plume washout were predicted by a short-range deposition model. The model used the scavenging coefficient to parametrize the wet removal of pollutants, and it took into account the wind drift of falling precipitation particles within the plume. The model predictions were then compared with the chemical analysis results from snowfall samples collected within 10 km of the power station during the experiment.The experiment was performed ahead of a deeply-occluded front during a period with strong advection of long-range transported pollutants. No reliable sign of the influence of the power station on the sulphate deposition could be identified. On the other hand, the deviations of acidity from the mean pH-value of 4.1 were concentrated in one sector near the expected area of deposited plume pollutants. If local emissions were responsible for these deviations, the explanation may lie in a slightly incorrectly estimated plume direction or the effects of alkaline fly ash. Nevertheless, definite conclusions cannot be drawn, because only a few collectors happened to be sited in the modelled sector of plume washout and none in its maximum area.     

基于EWT-KMPMR组合模型的光伏电站短期功率预测

为提高光伏电站短期功率预测的精度,提出一种基于经验小波变换(empirical wavelet transform,EWT))和核最小最大概率回归机(kernel mini max probability machine regression,KMPMR)的组合预测模型,对晴天、阴天和雨天3种天气类型下的光伏电站出力分别进行了预测分析。该文首先采用EWT将相似日光伏功率序列分解为具有特征差异的AM-FM分量,然后根据各AM-FM分量的变化特点建立相应的KMPMR预测模型分别进行预测并叠加得到最终预测结果。试验结果表明,相比SVM方法,该文方法在晴天、阴天和雨天可提高预测精度(MAE)分别为56.19%、54.15%和76.33%;相比EMD-KMPMR方法,在降低近一半左右计算规模的同时,可提高预测精度(MAE)分别为9.42%、38.74%和64.52%。以阿克苏地区光伏电站实际运行数据进行试验验证表明,该文方法在3种天气类型下均可取得较高的预测精度。     

基于气象分析的二滩电站月径流预报

采用相关概率法对月径流与前期气象因子进行相关分析,建立月径流的前期气象因子集,应用BP网络建立基于气象分析的二滩电站月径流预报模型。电站枯水期和丰水期月径流的拟合和预报结果均显示了较高的预报精度,预测值较好地反映实测值发展趋势,这表明基于气象物理成因的月径流预报是可行的。