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我国水土保持四十年 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
新中国成立40年来,水土保持工作有4个发展较快时期,其中以党的十一届三中全会以来较为健康、扎实。国务院加强了领导,逐步建立健全了机构,加强了法制,先后确定13片重点防治区,实行了多种形式承包治理责任制,使水土保持工作由单一分散治理转向按流域综合集中治理,由防护性治理转向开发性治理,取得了成效。全国累计治理面积达50万平方公里,占水土流失面积的1/3。以多沙闻名世界的黄河,已治理水土流失面积30%,由于治理每年减沙2亿多吨。长江上游水土保持亦进入了有计划重点防治的新阶段。科研和人才培养也有较大发展。文章总结了40年来我国水土保持工作的经验、教训,展望了本世纪末的前景。 相似文献
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黄河水土保持绥德治理监督局在"十二五"期间积极开展科研业务工作,在水土保持项目、黄河水土保持生态工程建设与管理、水土保持技术服务工作、其他业务工作方面成绩显著,为治理黄河和发展区域经济做出了重要贡献。针对存在的问题和不足,在新形势下黄河水土保持绥德治理监督局将认真贯彻黄河水利委员会、黄河上中游管理局发展的总要求,结合实际,发挥优势,撸起袖子加油干,脚踏实地真心干,积极探索新的发展思路,力争"十三五"期间再创水土保持科研业务工作的新辉煌,为黄土丘陵沟壑区第一副区特别是黄河粗泥沙集中来源区的治理和维持黄河健康生命做出新的更大的贡献。 相似文献
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黄河流域水土保持综合治理空间均衡性分析 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
黄河流域具有多类别的泥沙来源区,水沙异源特性突出,研究水土保持综合治理空间均衡性,对于优化水土保持空间布局和有效持续减少入黄泥沙极为必要。基于黄河泥沙来源区特征和水土保持综合治理现状分析,利用统计学理论与方法,研究水土保持综合治理空间均衡性的概念、评价原理和评价方法,并对治理现状的均衡性进行评价。结果表明:(1)与流域水土流失强度空间分异性相对应、且在一定程度上能够有效控制侵蚀产沙强度的治理是空间治理均衡性的基本体现,其治理程度可以利用治理效应定量反映;(2)不同治理程度的减沙作用不同的,通过分析全流域系统内不同分区治理措施减沙作用度的差异,可以判识治理的空间均衡性;(3)治理空间均衡性的评价内容主要包括划分评价流域分区、计算水土保持措施减沙作用度和空间治理均衡系数判识弱治理区;(4)目前黄河流域空间治理是不均衡的,兰州—头道拐片区、头道拐—龙门区间陕西北片的水土保持措施减沙作用度、空间治理均衡系数都很低,属于典型的弱治理区。提出的水土保持综合治理空间均衡性评价方法可定量识别弱治理区,为优化水土保持发展格局提供新的技术方法。 相似文献
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黄河中游水利水土保持措施减沙关系黄河治理战略全局,对其进行回顾和展望,可为目前开展的黄河综合规划修编提供重要参考。结果表明:1960—1984年,平均每年拦蓄泥沙约5亿t,其中干流水库1.0亿t(19.6%)、支流水库1.2亿t(23.5%)、灌溉引沙0.6亿t(11.8%)、淤地坝拦沙2.0亿t(39.16%)、梯田拦沙0.3亿t(5.9%);到20世纪80和90年代,这种减沙构成略有变化,总体来看,水利措施减沙比例变化不大,而水土保持措施拦沙比例有所减小;70—90年代,黄河中游年均减沙3亿t左右,目前,水利水土保持措施现状减沙约3.5亿~4.5亿t。展望水利水土保持措施减沙作用后认为:近年来,黄土高原水土流失地区暴雨强度较小,实测来沙量资料不能作为黄河综合规划修编中水土保持现状减沙效果计算的主要依据;由于未来黄河中游来沙量变化取决于多种因素的组合,因此,对未来水利水土保持措施减沙作用应持慎重和偏于安全的态度,并作为今后长期认真研究的问题。 相似文献
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作者认为,今后黄河流域水保科研工作的发展,有三个主要方面。1)水土保持为黄河减沙的研究:答复水土保持减少入黄泥沙的程度和生效时期问题。2)水土保持在流失区创造财富的研究。3)水土保持基础工作研究:自然资源普查;技术标准和工作规范的制订;水土流失的监测和预防。 相似文献
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安阳市近10年来建成的水土保持工程的主要建设管理方式可分为3种,即:乡村组织治理,完成后分配给农户分散经营;乡村组织治理,由村成立专业队代表村集体管理;把小流域或荒山承包给个体或私人经济组织,由其自行治理和经营管护。3种建管方式中以后者为最优,其经济效益是分散经营管理的5倍、专业队经营管理的3.5倍。针对水保工程建设管理中存在的问题和适应农村税费改革等要求,提出了加快安阳市水保生态建设的建议。 相似文献
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我国滑坡、崩塌的区域特征、成因分析及其防御 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
论述了我国滑坡、崩塌的区域分布特征,滑坡和崩塌的危害程度,滑坡和崩塌类型和成因分析,并且提出了灾害的防御措施,以期达到环境保护成为社会发展过程中的一个重要组成部分。 相似文献
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Much evidence has indicated that the occurrence of montmorillonite and vermiculite containing Al-interlayers is very common in solis, particularly acid soils. Viewed in the light of soil clay minerology, it would be required to investigate the properties of their original minerals. For the latter purpose, the Al-interlayer has been removed prior to the Mg-glycerol,K-saturation and heating tests for identification of montmorillonite and vermiculite. Its removal has been accomplished in sevsral ways; KOH plus KCl (1), NH4F, KCl plus HCl (2), Na-citrate (3),400C de hydroxylation-NaOH (4) dissolution. Although these methods are effective for the removal of Al-interlayers, they seem drastically to affect the minerals or are time-consuming. Inthe course of the study of hydroxy-Al interlaid complexes of expanding 2:1 layer lattice clay minerals, the authors have noticed the difference between the (001) spacings of hydroxy-Al complexes of montmorillonite and vermiculite; the former exhibited the 20 A basal spacing at room temperature against the 14 A spacing of the latter. This difference might be useful for differentiating montnmorillonite-chlorite intergrades in soils. 相似文献
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为探讨硒、钴在提高苜蓿生长影响,在河南省沿黄滩区,开展了硒、钴单施和配施下对紫花苜蓿生长以及产量和品质影响研究。结果表明,硒、钴单施和配合基施均能够显著提高苜蓿从现蕾到开花期的净光合能力,降低呼吸消耗,提高单位叶面积干物质的生产速率,有利于苜蓿花前青干草生产和果实发育;其中,以硒570 g/hm2、钴762g/hm2配施下效果显著,青干草增产8.06%,种子千粒重可提高12.85%。单施钴和硒钴配施还能促进0—20 cm耕层苜蓿根瘤菌的生长和积累,增强苜蓿的固氮能力。说明硒钴合理基施对苜蓿青干草和优质种子生产具有很好的应用效果。 相似文献
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Separation and analysis of diastereomers and enantiomers of cypermethrin and cyfluthrin by gas chromatography 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Synthetic pyrethroid (SP) insecticides are of environmental significance because of their high aquatic toxicity. Due to their chirality, SP compounds contain multiple diastereomers and enantiomers. However, due to great structural similarities and lack of isomer standards, gas chromatographic (GC) analysis of SP diastereomers or enantiomers is poorly developed. In this study, we used a HP-5 column to separate the diastereomers and a beta-cyclodextrin-based enantioselective column (BGB-172) to separate the enantiomers of cypermethrin (CP) and cyfluthrin (CF). Resolved peaks were identified by comparing chromatograms of isomer-enriched CP products. Diastereomers of both CP and CF were separated on the HP-5 column. On the BGB-172 column, enantiomers of all cis diastereomers were separated, while those of trans diastereomers were not separated. The elution order appears to be regulated by configuration, a finding which may allow peak identification in the absence of isomer standards. When coupled with electron capture detection, the developed methods had low detection limits and may be used for analysis of SP diastereomers and enantiomers in environmental samples. 相似文献
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Experiments were conducted to study the influences of synthetic bayerite, non-crystalline aluminum oxide (N-AlOH), goethite, non-crystalline iron oxide (N-FeOH) and kaolinite on the adsorption, activity, kinetics and thermal stability of invertase. Adsorption of invertase on iron, aluminum oxides fitted Langmuir equation. The amount of invertase held on the minerals followed the sequence kaolinite > goethite > N-AlOH > bayerite > N-FeOH. No correlation was found between enzyme adsorption and the specific surface area of minerals examined. The differences in the surface structure of minerals and the arrangement of enzymatic molecules on mineral surfaces led to the different capacities of minerals for enzyme adsorption. The adsorption of invertase on bayerite, N-AlOH, goethite, N-FeOH and kaolinite was differently affected by pH. The order for the activity of invertase adsorbed on minerals was N-FeOH > N-AlOH > bayerite > reak goethite > kaolinite. The inhibition effect of minerals on enzyme activity was kaolinite > crystalline oxides > non-crystalline oxides. The pH optimum of iron oxide- and aluminum oxide-invertase complexes was similar to that of free enzyme (pH 4.0), whereas the pH optimum of kaolinite-invertase complex was one pH unit higher than that of free enzyme. The affinity to substrate and the maximum reaction velocity as well as the thermal stability of combined invertase were lower than those of the free enzyme. 相似文献
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吉林省水土流失十分严重 ,多年来 ,在各级政府和领导的高度重视下 ,目前累计治理水土流失面积 483 0 8km2 ,水土保持工作取得显著成效。进入 2 1世纪 ,吉林省水土保持面临许多困难和问题 ,必须依法强化监督、全面开展黑土区水土流失综合防治、依靠生态自然修复能力恢复林草植被 ,加大科技开发与成果转化 ,实现建设生态省的战略目标 相似文献
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