不同基肥措施对甜瓜产量和土壤性质、细菌多样性的影响

设施甜瓜种植作为河北省特色农业，广泛存在连续种植、化肥农药过量施用，造成土壤性质恶化、微生态菌群失衡等问题，设置了施用腐熟羊粪、土壤调理剂和生物有机肥的措施，研究不同基肥措施对土壤理化性质、细菌多样性及甜瓜产量的影响。结果表明，羊粪、土壤调理剂和生物有机肥平均提高0～20 cm土层土壤pH和可培养微生物总数1.94%和9.10%，降低土壤容重、水溶性盐总量和真菌数量6.25%、24.68%和6.80%。与生物有机肥(T1)相比，腐熟羊粪(T2)、生物有机肥+土壤调理剂(T3)、腐熟羊粪+土壤调理剂(T4)处理增加了变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)和硝化螺旋菌门(Nitrospirae)等的丰度，降低了绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)等的丰度，T3、T4明显增加了土壤细菌丰度；T4显著提高耕层土壤有效磷、速效钾、微生物数、细菌数和细菌/真菌29.07%、57.65%、20.82%、21.07%和11.93%，降低了土壤容重6.68%，增产2.87%。综合比较，腐熟羊粪+调理剂既能显著改良土壤微生态环境，又能增产提质，可以在河北省设施甜瓜栽培中推荐应用。     

稻虾种养新模式对稻田土壤肥力和微生物群落结构的影响

摘 要：为探究稻虾种养新模式对稻田土壤肥力和微生物群落组成的影响，本研究基于稻田土壤理化指标测定和16S rDNA扩增子高通量测序技术，比较了稻虾种养新模式（NRS）、稻虾种养传统模式（TRS）和水稻单作模式（CK）对稻田土壤理化指标和微生物多样性和群落结构的影响。结果显示：与CK和TRS相比，稻虾种养新模式能显著提高土壤pH、有机质、速效钾、有效磷含量和土壤微生物多样性和丰富度。与CK相比，NRS稻田土壤细菌优势菌门中的酸杆菌门、绿弯菌门和疣微菌门相对丰度分别增加30.89%、36.38%和2.16%，变形菌门和脱硫菌门相对丰度分别降低17.96%和58.59%。与TRS相比，NRS稻田土壤细菌优势菌门中的脱硫菌门相对丰度增加14.93%，绿弯菌门、疣微菌门、变形菌门和酸杆菌门相对丰度分别降低39.29%、37.42%、16.27%和6.81%。相关性分析表明，土壤有机质、速效钾、有效磷、速效氮和pH是影响稻田土壤微生物群落结构的主要理化因子。以上研究表明，稻虾种养新模式有利于提升稻田土壤肥力，显著提高了稻田土壤微生物多样性和改善微生物群落结构；研究结果对稻虾种养新模式的示范推广具有一定的指导意义和参考价值。     

土壤调理剂及其配施微生物菌肥对设施菜田次生盐渍化土壤改良效果研究

针对设施菜田土壤次生盐渍化问题,研究分析不同用量土壤调理剂及其配施微生物菌肥对促进土壤脱盐、改善土壤理化性质及土壤微生物多样性的改良效果。试验结果表明,施用土壤调理剂和微生物菌肥后,土壤理化性质明显改善,土壤容重、EC、全盐量均有不同程度下降,Na+、K+、Ca2+、Cl-、HCO3-含量降低,有效抑制土壤返盐;且施用土壤调理剂和微生物菌肥后,土壤细菌群落多样性和丰富度趋于增加,尤其是固氮菌和分解有机质菌属的数量显著增加,土壤有益菌含量的增加对黄瓜生长起到促进作用。土壤调理剂及其配施微生物菌肥在改善土壤理化性质、降低土壤表层盐分、提高土壤微生物细菌群落多样性方面具有显著效果,可为设施菜田次生盐渍化土壤缓解盐胁迫提供参考。     

长期施用有机肥潮土细菌的多样性及功能预测

  【目的】  细菌作为土壤中最多的微生物物种,其多样性是土壤质量和土壤健康的标志。施肥不仅为土壤细菌提供了矿质养分,也为细菌提供了不同的碳源。探究长期不同施肥下潮土细菌的多样性及其功能,对于深入理解土壤养分转化的微生物驱动过程及优化施肥管理措施具有重要意义。  【方法】  选取潮土上连续37年不施肥(CK)、单施化学氮肥(N)、单施有机肥(M)、有机肥和化学氮肥配施(MN) 的4个处理,采用高通量测序方法分析土壤细菌丰度(16S rRNA基因拷贝数)、α多样性和β多样性,采用FAPROTAX功能预测的方法分析主要功能种群的丰度在处理间的差异,采用Mantel 检验分析细菌多样性等与产量、土壤养分含量间的相关关系。  【结果】  长期施用有机肥显著提高了土壤细菌丰度,MN和M处理下土壤中的16S rRNA基因拷贝数分别是CK和N处理平均值的11.8和10.7倍(P< 0.05)。土壤细菌多样性指数(Shannon index)和丰富度指数(Chao1 index)均在M处理下最高。潮土中变形菌门、酸杆菌门和放线菌门为优势菌门。与CK相比,施肥处理均提高了潮土拟杆菌门、厚壁菌门和疣微菌门的相对丰度。与N处理相比,MN处理显著提高了潮土变形菌门、厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门的丰度,降低了酸杆菌门的丰度。潮土细菌生态功能以化能异养、有氧化能异养、发酵作用、硝化作用和硝酸盐还原为主,相应种群丰度均在1%以上。MN处理下化能异养功能细菌的丰度较其他处理显著提高2.2%～4.2%。MN和M处理中起发酵作用的种群相对丰度是其他处理的3倍以上。与CK 相比,3个施肥处理均显著增加了光异作用和光异养作用功能种群的相对丰度。土壤细菌β多样性和功能结构均与土壤有机质(SOM)、全氮(TN)、硝态氮(NO₃?-N)含量及作物产量呈显著(P < 0.05)或极显著(P < 0.01)相关。  【结论】  长期施用有机肥提高了潮土中细菌的数量和多样性,提高了土壤中变形菌门、厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门的丰度,降低了酸杆菌门的丰度。有机肥和化肥配施处理中化能异养型细菌丰度较高,可能是施用有机肥后优化土壤养分循环和响应作物产量提高的主要菌群,今后可进一步深入研究其菌群组成和功能调控。     

不同年限玉米秸秆还田对土壤微生物多样性的影响

秸秆还田是培肥地力、改良土壤的重要措施。内蒙古高原向松辽平原过渡地带春玉米区,玉米长期连作导致了耕层变薄、土壤次生盐渍化等土壤退化问题。采用田间定位试验的方法,研究连续多年(8、5、2年)秸秆旋耕还田条件下对土壤微生物的影响。结果表明,秸秆还田土壤中最丰富的细菌类型为变形菌门(Proteobac-teria),其次为放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadetes)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes);真菌类型为子囊菌门(Ascomycota)和担子菌门(Basidiomycota)。随着秸秆还田年限的增加,变形菌门和酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)相对丰度增加、放线菌门相对丰度下降,拟杆菌门相对丰度较稳定;子囊菌门、担子菌门、接合菌门(Zygomycota)相对丰度先下降后上升,而球囊菌门(Glomeromycota)和壶菌门(Chytridiomycota)相对丰度变化规律相反;属水平上Sphingomonas、Lysobacter、Hannaella相对丰度先上升后下降,而Leptosphaeria和Mono-dictys相对丰度变化规律相反;Pseudarthrobacter、Fusarium相对丰度下降,Gaiella相对丰度较稳定;Guehomyces相对丰度增加;并且细菌和真菌相对丰度拐点均出现在秸秆还田5年后。随着秸秆还田年限的增加,土壤细菌和真菌多样性均有所降低;秸秆还田与秸秆不还田土壤的差异物种有Aquicella、Fusicolla和Spizellomyces;由此可推测,秸秆还田增加土壤氮和钾含量,减少病害;试验区连续多年的玉米秸秆还田改变了土壤微生物群落组成,玉米秸秆连续还田5年后土壤微生物多样性有下降趋势。     

持续施用生物有机肥对花生产量和根际细菌群落的影响

我国红壤旱地花生连作现象普遍，化肥施用量大，花生产量却逐年降低。为了揭示集约化经营制度下施用生物有机肥对花生连作障碍的调控，采集旱地红壤进行了连续5年的盆栽实验，实验处理包括花生-玉米轮作、施用化肥的花生连作和施用生物有机肥的花生连作，探究持续施用生物有机肥防控花生连作障碍的根际微生态机制。结果显示，相比于轮作，施用化肥的连作花生产量显著降低；相比于连作花生施用化肥，持续施用生物有机肥可以显著缓解连作花生产量降低的问题，在施用有机肥第5季荚果干重提高27%。与施用化肥的连作处理相比，持续施用生物有机肥显著增加了花生根际细菌多样性和丰富度，与轮作花生处理无显著差异。持续施用生物有机肥显著提高了连作花生根际变形菌门和拟杆菌门的相对丰度，降低了厚壁菌门的相对丰度。属水平上，花生根际促生菌Rhizobium，Mesorhizobium和Bradyrhizobium的相对丰度较化肥处理分别提高了295%、89%和40%，而Leifsonia和Burkholderia的相对丰度分别降低了67%和47%。冗余分析进一步发现，土壤有机质和pH值是根际细菌群落结构改善的重要理化因素。这表明持续施用生物有机肥可以改良红壤理化环境（如pH值和有机质含量），进而优化连作花生根际细菌群落结构并提高根际抗病性能，实现花生稳定增产的目标。     

碱性植烟土壤微生物群落对深耕培肥的响应特征研究

为构建山地植烟土壤良好耕层,在保山市碱性植烟土壤区域设置随机区组大田试验,以深耕(30 cm)为主处理,不同培肥模式为副处理,于耕作前和烤烟收获后测定主要土壤理化性质,采用Illumina MiSeq测序技术分析微生物多样性、种群丰度、群落结构和功能类群特征,探讨深耕培肥对碱性植烟土壤质量改善效果。多样性分析结果显示,深耕配施生物有机肥和化肥处理的微生物种群的Chao指数和Shannon指数差异性不显著,但促进了微生物尤其是真菌群落组成结构差异性增强。微生物群落组成分析结果表明,与耕作前相比,化肥处理的Proteobacteria(变形菌门)、Acidobacteria(酸杆菌门)、Mortierellomycota(被孢霉门)和Basidiomycota(担子菌门)的丰度显著增加,Actinobacteria(放线菌门)和Ascomycota(子囊菌门)种群丰度显著降低;增施生物有机肥处理的Proteobacteria和Mortierellomycota的丰度显著增加,Chloroflexi、Acidobacteria和Basidiomycota的丰度显著下降;与化肥处理相比,增施生物有机肥处理的Actinobacteria、Proteobacteri和Ascomycot种群丰度显著增加,Chloroflexi、Acidobacteria和Basidiomycot丰度显著降低。BugBase表型预测和FUNGuild功能预测结果表明,深耕配施生物有机肥和化肥处理的致病性细菌和真菌丰度显著下降,显著提高土壤微生物功能类群丰度。相关性结果表明,土壤容重和有机质是影响土壤微生物群落结构的主要理化因子,深耕配施生物有机肥和化肥通过改善土壤理化性质而调节土壤细菌和真菌群落结构组成,提升有益微生物种群丰度、降低病原菌丰度。     

种植模式对宁南山区土壤团聚体和微生物多样性的影响

探究了施肥量与间作栽培下土壤环境因子对微生物多样性的影响,以期为宁南山区马铃薯连作障碍问题解决提供科学理论依据。试验采用裂区设计,主区为常规施肥和减量施肥,副区为马铃薯连作、马铃薯 -玉米间作,测定了土壤理化性状与微生物多样性指标。结果表明,间作栽培使土壤全氮含量显著下降了 9.21%～13.60%,有机质含量显著升高了 7.00%～12.10%、有效磷含量显著升高了 19.42%～32.40%,土壤中 >0.25 mm粒级的水稳性团聚体(DR 0.25)含量显著增加了 9.88%～15.54%。测序结果表明,土壤细菌多样性指标(香农指数、辛普森指数)与丰富度指数(Chao1)处理间无显著差异。可操作分类单元(OTUs)共为 63426个,门水平中优势菌门为放线菌门、变形菌门、绿弯菌门以及酸杆菌门。与马铃薯单作相比,间作模式显著提高了酸杆菌门的相对丰度,高肥力水平的土壤环境有助于酸杆菌门的相对丰度提高。酸杆菌门相对丰度与有效磷以及 DR 0.25呈显著正相关,放线菌门相对丰度水平与全氮呈显著正相关,与 DR 0.25、有效磷呈显著负相关。马铃薯间作玉米的土壤养分变化以及土壤环境的变化是驱动土壤细菌组成改变的主要因素,这两者间可能存在复杂反馈调控机制。试验结果表明,马铃薯 -玉米 1∶1间作栽培有助于研究区域土壤结构及肥力改善和微生物区系丰度的提升。     

蚯蚓粪益生菌肥对铁棍山药不同生长时期 共生微生物群落及其品质的影响

蚯蚓粪富含有机质、腐殖酸及微生物菌群,可作为植物养分供应和土壤理化性质改善的常用有机肥基质,然而,其对山药的生长和品质的影响尚不清楚。以木质纤维素饲喂的赤子爱胜蚓得到的蚯蚓粪为基质配施益生菌剂开展山药施用效果的研究,统计分析蚯蚓粪益生菌肥添加对山药生长和品质的变化,探究其对于山药共生微生物群落的影响。结果表明:蚯蚓粪益生菌肥的使用促进了铁棍山药的株高及单株重,提高了山药的产量,收获期铁棍山药中黄酮含量升高了2.48 mg/g,增长约37.48%,可溶性糖、蛋白质及皂苷等营养成分分别提高0.26、0.14、0.31 倍;通过对铁棍山药不同生长时期根际微生物和内生微生物群落结构的分析表明,施肥后根际土壤中链霉菌、鞘氨醇单胞菌、芽孢杆菌明显增多,绿僵菌等明显减少,并且这些丰度明显改变的微生物也与土壤理化性质之间有着明显的相关性。内生微生物中泛菌、枝孢菌明显增多,青枯菌、Cyphellophora 等病原微生物丰度明显减少。蚯蚓粪益生菌肥的施用改善了山药根际微生态健康状况,减少了发病率,提高了山药品质。     

基于高通量测序的两种植被恢复类型根际土壤细菌多样性研究

为研究库布齐沙地生态恢复过程中不同植被恢复类型土壤微生物细菌群落结构、多样性的变化特征,以流动沙地为对照,运用高通量测序技术,对自然恢复的油蒿群落、人工种植的中间锦鸡儿群落根际和非根际土壤细菌多样性进行了研究,并分析了土壤理化性质对其分布的影响。结果表明:(1)与流沙对照相比,两种植被恢复类型对细菌多样性产生了正效应,细菌群落丰度、多样性和均匀度明显增加。其中,自然恢复的油蒿群落土壤细菌丰度高于人工种植的中间锦鸡儿群落;(2)变形菌门、酸杆菌门和放线菌门为研究区土壤中的优势细菌类群,其中变形菌门在各样地丰度比例最高,变形菌的4个亚群变化趋势一致,α-变形菌相对含量在油蒿和中间锦鸡儿群落根际土壤中明显增加,尤其是自然恢复的油蒿群落根际土壤中α-变形菌得到了很好的恢复;(3)土壤有机质、全氮、速效氮、速效钾含量和土壤含水量是影响土壤细菌群落丰度和多样性的主要土壤因子,典型相关分析表明土壤有机质、全氮、全钾、速效钾、速效氮含量对于研究区土壤细菌群落遗传多样性的变化起着重要作用。     

Effect of tillage treatments upon soil tests for soil acidity,soil phosphorus and soil potassium at three soil depths

Abstract

Soil samples were obtained at 0–3, 3–6, 6–9 and 0–9 inch depths from experimental plots receiving five tillage treatments. Each of two samplers composited approximately six one‐inch cores from each plot. Soil samples were analyzed for acidity, P and K using routine analysis procedures in the University of Illinois Soil Testing Laboratory.

Few significant differences were attributed to sampler and it was concluded that samplers using similar sampling techniques were obtaining soil samples from the same population.

No significant differences in soil acidity at different depths were observed. The different tillage methods did significantly affect soil P at the 0–3 inch depth, but had no significant effect on soil P at deeper depths. Different tillage methods also significantly affected soil K values at different depths.     

Usability of soil survey soil texture data for soil health indicator scoring

Soil textural information is an important component underlying other soil health indicators. Soil texture analysis is a common procedure, but it can be labor intensive and expensive. Soil texture data typically are available from the Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO) database, which may be an option for determining soil health texture groups (SHTG). The SSURGO database provides soil texture information in the soil map unit (SMU) name, taxonomic class category (family), and detailed values (≤ 2 mm soil fraction) of percent sand, silt and clay by soil horizon. The objective of this study was to examine the possibility of using SSURGO data for SHTG at the 147-ha Cornell University Willsboro Research Farm in New York state as an alternative for soil texture data determined manually on collected soil core samples. Comparative results revealed that representative values for soil texture from the SSURGO database generally matched measured mean values for all SMUs.     

土壤含水率与土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响

土壤含水率和土壤碱度是表征土壤物理化学性质的两个重要参数。通过室内三轴不固结不排水试验，研究了土壤含水率和土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响。试验处理采用5种土壤碱度(土壤可交换钠百分比ESP=0、5、10、20、40)和4种土壤质量含水率(0.05、0.10、0.20以及饱和含水率0.34)水平。试验结果显示，土壤黏聚力随着土壤含水率的增加基本上呈先增大后减小之趋势；当土壤含水率在0.10附近时黏聚力达到其最大值。土壤内摩擦角随着土壤含水率的增加而线性减小。土壤碱度对土壤黏聚力的影响机理较为复杂，其影响效果随土壤含水率的增加而减小；但土壤碱度对土壤内摩擦角的影响较小。土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响程度明显地小于土壤含水率对其的影响程度。     

Relationships between soil respiration and soil moisture

The interaction of soil microbes with their physical environment affects their abilities to respire, grow and divide. One of these environmental factors is the amount of moisture in the soil. The work we published almost 25 years ago showed that microbial respiration was linearly related to soil-water content and log-linearly related to water potential. The paper arose out of collaboration between two young researchers from different areas of soil science, physics and microbiology. The project was driven by not only our curiosity but also the freedom to operate without the constraints common to the current system of science management. The citation history shows three peaks, 1989, 1999 and from 2002 to the present day. Interestingly, the annual citation rate is as high as it has ever been. The initial peak is due to the application of the work to studies on microbial processes. The second peak is associated with the rise of simulation modelling and the third with the relevance of the findings to climate change research. In this article, our paper is re-evaluated in the light of subsequent studies that allow the principle of separation of variables to be tested. This re-evaluation lends further credence to the linear relationship proposed between soil respiration and water content. A scaled relationship for respiration and water content is presented. Lastly, further research is suggested and more recent work on the physics of gas transport discussed briefly.     

Volumetric soil measures for routine soil testing

Abstract

The design, dimensiors and materials for constructing volumetric soil measures for routine soil testing use are presented. Scoop calibration techniques are also described. Reproducibility of results obtained under routine laboratory, conditions are shown. The measures include volumes of 1.0‐, 2.5‐, 5.0‐ and 10‐ cm³ respectively.     

A soil core for routine soil sampling

Abstract

The design, materials and dimensions for constructing a coring device for sampling soil fauna and flora at different depths is described.     

Relationship between soil respiration and soil moisture

Microbial activity is affected by changes in the availability of soil moisture. We examined the relationship between microbial activity and water potential in a silt loam soil during four successive drying and rewetting cycles. Microbial activity was inferred from the rate of CO₂ accumulating in a sealed flask containing the soil sample and the CO₂ respired was measured using gas chromatography. Thermocouple hygrometry was used to monitor the water potential by burying a thermocouple in the soil sample in the flask. Initial treatment by drying on pressure plates brought samples of the test soil to six different water potentials in the range -0.005 to -1.5MPa. Water potential and soil respiration were simultaneously measured while these six soil samples slowly dried by evaporation and were remoistened four times. The results were consistent with a log-linear relationship between water potential and microbial activity as long as activity was not limited by substrate availability. This relationship appeared to hold for the range of water potentials from ?0.01 to ?8.5 MPa. Even at ?0.01 MPa (wet soil) a decrease in water potential from ?0.01 to ?0.02 MPa caused a 10% decrease in microbial activity. Rewetting the soil caused a large and rapid increase in the respiration rate. There was up to a 40-fold increase in microbial activity for a short period when the change in water potential following rewetting was greater than 5 MPa. Differences in microbial activity between the wetter and drier soil treatments following rewetting to the original water potentials are discussed in terms of the availability of energy substrate.     

Why soil erosion models over-predict small soil losses and under-predict large soil losses

Evaluation of various soil erosion models with large data sets have consistently shown that these models tend to over-predict soil erosion for small measured values, and under-predict soil erosion for larger measured values. This trend appears to be consistent regardless of whether the soil erosion value of interest is for individual storms, annual totals, or average annual soil losses, and regardless of whether the model is empirical or physically based. The hypothesis presented herein is that this phenomenon is not necessarily associated with bias in model predictions as a function of treatment, but rather with limitations in representing the random component of the measured data within treatments (i.e., between replicates) with a deterministic model. A simple example is presented, showing how even a `perfect' deterministic soil erosion model exhibits bias relative to small and large measured erosion rates. The concept is further tested and verified on a set of 3007 measured soil erosion data pairs from storms on natural rainfall and run-off plots using the best possible, unbiased, real-world model, i.e., the physical model represented by replicated plots. The results of this study indicate that the commonly observed bias, in erosion prediction models relative to over-prediction of small and under-prediction of large measured erosion rates on individual data points, is normal and expected if the model is accurately predicting erosion rates as a function of environmental conditions, i.e., treatments.     

节水灌溉对盐渍土盐分调控与土壤微生物区系的影响

河套灌区是我国大型自流灌区之一,盐渍化是该区土壤主要障碍因素之一。目前,河套灌区葵花田生育期灌溉量约为1 100～1 200 m3hm-2,灌溉用水量偏大和地下水位偏高已成为制约当地灌溉农业可持续发展的主要障碍:一方面,水资源浪费严重;另一方     

自然侵蚀量和容许土壤流失量与水土流失治理标准

在总结分析国内有关自然侵蚀量、容许土壤流失量研究成果的基础上,探讨自然侵蚀量与容许土壤流失量的关系,讨论制订水土流失治理标准的思路。认为水土流失治理标准的确定有3个参考值：1）标准值,即一定条件下的容许土壤流失量,是水土流失治理至少要达到的目标,且随着对不同土地利用类型的功能需求与可实施的最佳水土保持措施、以及所在水土流失类型区的侵蚀危害与治理约束条件的不同而不同;2）理想值,即正常自然侵蚀状态下的土壤流失量;3）极端值,即土壤流失量为0,不发生水土流失。水土流失治理应是先控制到现时生态环境与社会经济条件下的容许土壤流失量范围内,逐步达到自然正常侵蚀量或制止水土流失的发生;还应引入环境伦理、环境美学及景观设计等理念,最终实现土地的可持续利用、区域生态系统的健康稳定及人与自然的和谐友好发展。