风电工程施工过程中的边坡防护

边坡防护是风电场建设中最常见的水土保持工程措施之一。边坡防护的形式众多,选择合理的边坡防护形式对于减少风电场建设造成的水土流失、保持边坡稳定具有重要的意义。系统总结了不同地质条件下(土质边坡、岩质边坡和岩土混合边坡)风电场建设常见的边坡防护形式及其施工要点,并从安全性、经济性和美观的角度评判了常见边坡防护形式的优缺点,研究结论能为风电场建设过程中选择合理的边坡防护形式提供参考。     

一种新型的高速公路边坡生态防护技术

介绍一种新型的高速公路边坡生态防护技术——植被毯技术,对其生物防护的原理、特点、设计原则、施工工艺进行探讨,并在首都108国道（石门营-规划六环路）进行试验。该技术良好的生态防护效果及显著的经济技术优势为高速公路边坡尤其是劣性土质和岩质边坡生态防护开辟了新的途径。     

高速公路边坡生态防护技术研究进展与思考

随着我国高速公路建设快速发展以及人类环境保护意识的不断增强,边坡生态防护技术越来越受到重视,在高速公路建设中被广泛应用。边坡生态防护技术具有良好的经济效益、环境效益和社会效益,是公路建设工程中可持续发展的重要对策之一。目前,边坡生态防护技术在我国尚缺乏系统的研究和总结。结合工程实践,从边坡生态防护原理、护坡植物选择、生态防护施工方法及其经济效益比较等四个方面,研究和总结我国高速公路边坡生态防护技术的发展现状,指出存在的问题,提出进一步研究的方向。     

契合工程防护的岩质边坡生态恢复方法及应用

鉴于岩质边坡生态恢复较为困难,而现有生态恢复措施难以有效完成高陡岩质边坡生态恢复的实际,将边坡治理中的工程防护与生态恢复工程视为一个系统的两个方面,把握工程防护与生态恢复的时空特点,揭示其相互关系,在此基础上提出契合工程防护的岩质边坡生态恢复的技术方法及治理思想,提出主动防护网与植生袋植被恢复技术相结合、主动防护网与客土喷附技术相结合、锚固生态孔技术和生态型截排水技术等新技术和技术组合构成的方法体系,并应用于浙江某拆船厂高陡岩质边坡生态环境治理项目,验证了工程防护措施与生态恢复方法契合使用的可行性。     

城市河渠生态护坡技术效益对比——以北京市新开渠为例

在城市河渠整治工程的边坡防护中,已初步使用生态防护方式,但各种边坡防护措施的防护效果差异明显.应科学地采用生态边坡防护措施或生态与工程相结合的防护措施,使河道坡面稳定以实现生态治理的目的.通过建立边坡绿化试验小区,选择液体喷播、铺设生态植被毯、三维植被网等生态护坡技术,对各自的经济、生态效果进行分析,并对各类生态护坡技术进行评价.结果表明,铺设生态植被毯是一项经济可行、防护效果理想的技术措施.     

高速公路边坡生态防护物种选择的模糊多属性决策方法

高速公路边坡生态防护物种种类繁多,影响因素复杂,评价指标模糊性大,需综合考虑各种因素及其相互关系。通过现场试验、专家评估、文献调研等方法,基于模糊数学和多属性决策理论,建立了边坡生态防护物种评价的二级模糊多属性决策模型。以抗逆性、功能特性、培育特性和生长特性4个指标构建模型,并分别从4个指标出发详细划分第二层次指标,采用模糊数学理论对指标及指标相互间关联性进行了综合评估,以一级模糊多属性决策结果为基础再进行二级模糊多属性决策。该方法成功应用于粤北某高速公路边坡生态防护工程,结果证明了模糊多属性决策方法的有效性和易操作性,为高速公路边坡生态防护的物种决策提供一种新的思路与方法。     

高速公路岩质边坡生态防护技术评述

就我国目前高速公路岩石边坡采用的几种主要生态防护技术的技术原理、工艺流程的优缺点进行分析.结合湖南省近几年高速公路岩石边坡的应用实践,探索出一条适合湖南省实际情况的成本低,效果好的新的生态化防护模式,以期对湖南省高速公路生态防护建设提供依据.     

浅议生态防护在城市河道中的应用

主要研究了传统河道护坡方式的缺点及生态防护在国内外的发展及其现状。在充分吸收了国外河道整治和其他边坡防护经验的基础上,探讨河道生态防护技术的新方法,为城市河道整治提供方法和依据。     

边坡生态修复群落设计与工法组合模式研究

大型工程建设使得人工创面层出不穷,加上矿山遗留迹地,边坡生态修复任重道远。边坡立地条件非常复杂多变,虽然工程实践中的具体案例不少,但是缺乏对边坡生态修复普遍性规律的认识。通过大量案例资料研究,针对岩石边坡坡度、岩性、岩石风化情况三因子将边坡立地条件概括为9类,在此基础上提出了边坡生态修复群落设计与工法组合模式,并将该模式用于舟山海岛生境下的牛头山废弃矿山边坡生态修复,实际工程的检验证明研究提出的模式能够很好地为边坡生态修复工程提供技术支撑。     

西安市至安康市高速公路边坡防护形式及其对比分析

公路边坡是公路建设中破坏最为严重的区域之一。根据在陕西省西安市至安康市高速公路进行的试验研究,总结出了护面墙、框格防护、铺砌片石护坡、排水固结等19种边坡防护形式。施工中应根据具体的工程特点确定合适的防护方式。在该段高速公路具有代表性边坡和二级边坡设定了22个监测点,以观测包括灌木的干茎、冠径、高度的变化,草坪的覆盖度、成活率、出苗率、生长势等项目,并且分析了植被生长情况与环境条件的关系。研究结果可为高速公路边坡绿化模式的选择提供参考。     

pH对磷钾铝石形成的影响

Effects of column temperature and flow rate on separation of organic acids were studied by determining nine low-molecular-weight organic acids on reversed-phase C18 column using high performace liquid chromatography(HPLC) with a wavelength of UV(ultraviolet)214 nm and a mobile phase of 18 mmol L^-1 KH2PO4 buffer solution (pH2.1).The thermal stabiltiy of organic acids was determined by comparing the recoveries of organic acids in different temperature treatments.The relationships between column temperature,flow rate or solvent pH and retention time were analyzed.At low solvent pH,separatioin efficiency of organic acids was increased by raising the flow rate of the solvent because of lowering the retention time or organic acids.High column temperature was unfavorable for the separation of organic acids.The separating effect can be enhanced through reducing column temperature in organic acid determination due to increasing retention time.High thermal stability of organic acids with low concentrations was observed at temperature of 40℃-45℃,Sensitivity and separation effect of organic acid determination by HPLC were clearly improved by a combination of raising flow rate and lowering column temperature at low solvent pH.     

Emission of carbon dioxide and dynamics of inorganic N in a gradient of alkaline saline soils of the former lake Texcoco

A plan was developed to apply biosolid to soil of the former lake Texcoco to fertilize the pioneer vegetation. Because, no information exists about how differences in electrolytic conductivity (EC) might affect mineralization of biosolid and dynamics of C and N in soil, 20 soil samples forming a gradient in EC ranging from 22 to 150 dS m⁻¹ were characterized, amended with 500 mg biosolid C kg⁻¹ dry soil and incubated aerobically at 22 ± 2 °C while production of CO₂, concentrations of ammonium (NH₄⁺), nitrite (NO₂⁻), and nitrate (NO₃⁻), and NH₃ volatilization were monitored at 22 ± 2 °C for 70 days. Soil characteristics showed large variations with maximum values often >10-times larger than minimum values. The production of CO₂ in the unamended soil ranged from 25 to 159 mg CO₂-C kg⁻¹ day⁻¹ and NH₃ volatilization from 0 to 189 μg NH₃-N kg⁻¹ day⁻¹_. Application of biosolid increased production of CO₂ significantly 1.4-fold and volatilization of NH₃ 11.5-fold. The EC explained most of the variation in production of CO₂, while particle size distribution explained most of the variation in volatilization of NH₃. The concentration of NH₄⁺ in the biosolid-amended soil decreased sharply in the first 14 days, with the EC explaining most of the variation found, and remained constant thereafter with a small increase at day 70. Significant increases in the concentration of NO₃⁻ were generally found in soil with EC < 64 dS m⁻¹. The EC explained most of the variation in production of CO₂, and dynamics of NH₄⁺ and NO₃⁻ while clay positively and sand content negatively affected NH₃ volatilization. It was found that increases in EC inhibited C and N mineralization in soil of the former lake Texcoco.     

华北土石山区天然植被种间联结和生态位研究

 在华北土石山区潮关西沟流域天然森林植被调查的基础上,对森林植被群落种间联结和生态位进行研究。结果表明:种间正联结关系非常显著的有柞栎和蒙椴、柞栎和迎红杜鹃、蒙椴和山杨、蒙椴和白蜡、山杨和白蜡、春榆和北京丁香、春榆和大花溲疏、臭椿和山杏、臭檀和栾树、臭檀和大花溲疏、锐齿鼠李和孩儿拳头、小叶鼠李和酸枣。另外,依据种间联结关系,划分了4个生态种组。分析了主要乔灌木的生态位宽度,乔木树种蒙椴、柞栎、春榆和灌木树种荆条、小叶朴和酸枣的生态位宽度均较大。比较了不同种对的生态位重叠指数,乔木不同种对中,山杏和北京丁香、柞栎和白蜡、蒙椴和春榆具有较大的生态位重叠,灌木不同种对组合中,荆条和酸枣、绣线菊和迎红杜鹃、荆条和小叶朴、蚂蚱腿子和迎红杜鹃的生态位重叠较大。     

Hydrochemistry of Waters of Volcanic Rocks: The Case of The Volcanosedimentary Rocks of Thrace, Greece

This work is referred to the characterization of the environmental hydrochemistry in the broader Sapes area – Thrace region, on the basis of physico-chemical properties of surface and groundwaters occurring in the volcanosedimentary formations of this area, where gold mining activities are planned to operate. Volcanic rocks are considerably altered where they are in contact with hydrothermal solutions. Aquifers are formed within these formations. Surface and ground waters are strongly metalliferous and their hydrochemical facies present similar but complex water types. Certain characteristic chemical types are the following: Ca-Mg-HCO₃-SO₄, Ca-Mg-SO₄-HCO₃. Ca-SO₄, Ca-Mg-SO₄. Ca-Na-Cl-HCO₃, Na-Cl. A small majority of the water samples present the following order of anion dominance HCO₃ ^? > SO₄ ^2? > Cl^?. Calcium is the dominant cation. Bicarbonates and sulfate ions are the dominant anions. The order of dominance for the heavy metals in surface and ground waters is as follows: Fe > Mn > Zn > Ni > Cu. The saturation index of waters regarding minerals is low. Computer simulation indicates that calcite and dolomite are common minerals in all water samples which are saturated in respect to quartz and argillaceous-siliceous minerals. The most pronounced property of waters is their acidic character. The high metal concentrations are related to water with low pH. Sulfide minerals control the low pH values of waters which is an important control factor for the evolution of the water chemical composition. The abundance of sulfates is attributed to the dissolution of the minerals pyrite (FeS₂) and alunite (KAl₃(SO₄)₂(OH)₆. The water–mineral interactions are responsible for the chemical composition of waters. Water quality problems can be successfully handled by the use factor analysis. 17 chemical parameters can be substituted by five factors which successfully represent the hydrochemical processes as well as their geographic distribution. Volcanic rocks in the study area have the potential to produce acid drainage.     

Mechanisms of persistence of low numbers of bacteria preyed upon by protozoa

Tetrahymena pyriformis cultures were maintained when transferred serially in solutions containing 10⁵ to 10⁷Klebsiella pneumoniae cells.ml^?1, bacterial numbers that were observed to persist in the presence of protozoa. The number of cells of one strain of K. pneumoniae surviving predation in solution was essentially the same in the absence of an alternative prey as in the presence of a second K. pneumoniae strain. Toxins deleterious to protozoa did not appear as the animal consumed the bacteria. T. pyriformis reduced the abundance of Escherichia coli from about 10⁸ to 10⁶.ml^?1. but the latter number persisted for 15 days; however, in solutions containing chloramphenicol, the abundance of E. coli fell to 590 cells. ml^?1 in 15 days. In solutions containing the antibiotic, T. pyriformis reduced the Rhizobium sp. population from more than 10⁶ to less than 10³ cells in 10 days and K. pneumoniae from more than 10⁸.ml^?1 to zero in 18 days. An appreciable decline in abundance of these bacteria did not occur in the antibiotic-amended liquid free of protozoa. T. pyriformis did not greatly reduce Rhizobium sp. numbers when both were added to irradiated soil, but the predator caused the bacterial population to decline from 4 × 10⁸ to fewer than 10⁵.g^?1 in 16 days in chloramphenicol-treated soil. Colpoda sp. inoculated with Rhizobium sp. into soil sterilized by autoclaving only reduced the prey abundance from 10⁹ to 10⁸.g^?1, but the protozoan caused the bacterial population to fall to about 100.g^?1 in 15 days in the presence of the antibiotic. The population of Rhizobium sp. added to nonsterile soil dropped from in excess of 10⁸ to 6 × 10⁶.g^?1 in 29 days. but it declined to 550. g^?1 in the same period when chloramphenicol was also introduced. It is concluded that the ability of these bacteria to maintain themselves in solution and in soil is governed by their capacity to reproduce and replace the cells consumed by predation.     

Effect of reducing conditions on P sorption of soils

Abstract

The phosphate sorption (P _sor) capacity of soils increased when the soils were reduced (Willet and Higgins, Aust. J. Soil Res., 16, 319–326, 1978). The present study aimed at the elucidation of this mechanism using Na₂S₂O₄ and 5 different soils. The P _sor of the 5 soils increased with the addition of a small amount of Na₂S₂O₄. Fe(II) was released from the soils with the addition of the same small amount of Na₂S₂O₄. Furthermore, when the amount of FeCl₂ corresponding to the amount of Fe(II) released along with the small amount of Na₂S₂O₄ was added, the P _sor of the soil increased. However, the P _sor of the lowland soils, of which the hydrous Fe oxide content was lower than the others, decreased when the amount of Na₂S₂O₄ addition was increased up to 150–200 g kg^?1. Based on these results, the following process is inferred for the increase in the P _sor of the soils when they are reduced. Hydrous Fe oxide in soil takes the form of very fine, high-density particles and reacts with P mainly on their surface. When a small amount of Na₂S₂O₄ is added, the hydrous Fe oxide is partially reduced, dissolved and finally re-precipitates with P by oxidation with O₂ from the air during the experiment.     

Evidence of Long-Range Transport of Pollutants from the Size-Fractionated Ionic Composition of Aerosols in the Jeju Island of Korea

The ionic composition of total suspended particulate (TSP) and fine (PM_2.5) fractions was investigated from an 1,100 site in the middle of Mt. Halla in Jeju Island, Korea from March to November 2006. The sum concentrations of cation and anion species in TSP fraction were 205 ± 170 and 183 ± 164 neq m^?3, respectively, while those for PM_2.5 as 118 ± 129 and 88.5 ± 89.3 neq m^?3, respectively. In TSP, the concentration of the major ions changed in the order of SO₄ ^2? > NH₄ ⁺ > Ca²⁺ > Na⁺ > NO₃ ^? > Mg²⁺ > K⁺ > Cl^?, while its PM_2.5 counterpart as NH₄ ⁺ > SO₄ ^2? > Ca²⁺ > NO₃ ^? > Na⁺ > Mg²⁺ > K⁺ > Cl^?. Inspection of the temporal variabilities of ionic components indicated that most ions peaked in spring or fall months. The back trajectory analysis showed that the atmospheric composition of the major ionic species was affected fairly sensitively by long-range transport from China under the favorable meteorological conditions. In contrast, the lowest ionic concentration levels were seen most abundantly, when air masses passed from South Sea. Hence, the analysis of ionic concentration data suggests that their distributions are controlled by the combined effects of various source processes including the most prominent Chinese origin and the meteorological condition favorable for such transport.     

Determination of surface charge density of soils

Abstract

A simple and precise method for determination of surface charge density of soils is described. It involves saturating the negative and positive exchange sites with NH⁺ ₄ and NO^‐ ₃ ions, respectively, removing the excess solution by centrifugation, and determining the ions on the exchange sites by a steam distillation method. Results showed that the concentration and type of saturating ions and the extractant used significantly affected the surface negative charge densities. The average value of surface negative charge densities of 10 surface soils from Iowa, Chile, and Costa Rica by the proposed method agreed closely with that obtained by the original method proposed by Schofield in 1949 (14.6 vs. 13.7 cmol(‐) kg^‐1 soil). The advantages of the proposed method are no need for the laborious extraction steps and simplicity of the steam distillation method for determination of NH⁺ ₄ and NO^‐ ₃ in soil samples.     

Evaluation of nitrogen fixation by different strains of theAzolla-Anabaena symbiosis in the presence of a high level of ammonium

Summary The proportion of N derived from N₂ fixation for 99 strains ofAzolla spp. (comprising all known species) in the presence of ammonium (40 mg/1) was assessed using a¹⁵N-dilution technique. The percentage of N derived from air varied from 29.5% to 79.9%. Although the N concentration ofAzolla spp. was not correlated with fertilizer N, it correlated fairly well with N₂ fixation. Regression analysis suggests that the N yield ofAzolla spp. is more dependent on N₂ fixation than on ammonium assimilation. The high correlation between N yield and isotopically determined, fixed N₂ indicates that the N yield could be used as a parameter in the selection ofAzolla spp. strains that are capable of maintaining high N₂ fixation in the presence of a high level of ammonium.     

Mechanisms of fixation and release of ammonium in paddy soils after flooding II. Effect of transformation of nitrogen forms on ammonium fixation

An incubation experiment under aseptic and septic conditions using ¹⁵N-labelled NH₄⁺-N and NO₃^–-N, was carried out to study the effect of N transformations after flooding on NH₄⁺ fixation in a paddy soil from China. After flooding ammonification was favoured, providing NH₄⁺ for fixation by clay minerals. NH₄⁺ fixation was more pronounced under low redox potential (E_h) conditions. Close correlations existed between exchangeable NH₄⁺, E_h, and non-exchangeable NH₄⁺. Therefore, two major conditions for NH₄⁺ fixation induced by flooding in paddy soil were found, namely flooding promoted net production of NH₄⁺ due to the deamination of organic N and, in addition, decreased the E_h of the soil. A lower E_h was caused by reduction and dissolution of Fe oxide coating on the clay minerals' surfaces, eliminating the obstacles for NH₄⁺ diffusing into or out of the interlayers of clay minerals. A higher concentration of exchangeable NH₄⁺ from deamination of organic N would drive NH₄⁺ diffusing from the soil solution into the interlayers of clay minerals. ¹⁵N-labelled NO₃^– incorporated into the flooded soil was not reduced to NH₃. The addition of NO₃^– retarded the decrease in the soil E_h and, therefore, NH₄⁺ fixation.