柴达木盆地察汗乌苏绿洲土地覆盖分形研究

以RS和GIS为技术手段,利用国土资源卫星遥感数据,采用分形几何方法研究了柴达木盆地都兰县察汗乌苏绿洲土地覆盖类型分形情况,并对覆盖类型的分形特征差异等进行了分析.结果表明:研究区景观分离度最大的是林地,最小的是耕地,表明耕地分散程度最小,林地分散程度最大.区域景观破碎度最大的是林地,最小的是荒草地和河床与水利设施用地,说明林地被分割程度最大,荒草地和河床与水利设施用地最小.察汗乌苏绿洲分维数最大的是河床与水利设施用地,最小的是耕地,即河床与水利设施用地形状最不规则,受人为干扰最小,相对耕地形状最为规则,受人为干扰最大.     

基于RS和GIS的青海香日德绿洲景观格局特征分析

借助遥感(RS)、地理信息系统(GIS)等手段,运用生态学原理对青海香日德绿洲进行景观格局特征分析。结果表明,香日德绿洲景观多样性指数和均匀性指数分别为1.634和0.839 7,均处于中等水平。研究区景观优势度不高,但是耕地、林地、未利用土地仍占有较高的景观比例,尤其耕地,不但景观比例大而且随着移民的不断涌入还有增长趋势;研究区景观分离度最大的是交通用地,最小的是耕地,表明耕地分散程度最小,交通用地最大。区域景观破碎度最大的是耕地和林地,最小的是交通用地和水域,说明耕地被分割程度最大,水域和交通用地最小。分维数指数最大的是居民及工矿用地,最小的是耕地,即居民点及工矿用地形状最不规则,受人为干扰最小,相反耕地形状最为规则,受人为干扰最大。     

基于遥感的平顶山市土地利用及其景观格局变化研究

基于平顶山市1994年TM和2002年ETM 这2个时段的遥感图像,获取不同时期的土地利用信息,分析了平顶山市土地利用时空变化,借助FRAGSTATS软件进行了景观格局变化研究。研究结果表明,土地利用变化的总趋势是耕地、林地减少,荒草地、工矿用地、城市用地增加,土地利用综合程度指数增加;从景观尺度上看,斑块密度、多样性指数、优势度和均匀度指数增加,最大斑块指数、景观形状指数减小。最后提出了生态可持续发展对策。     

晋中市土地利用变化特征研究

根据晋中市1996－2004年土地利用数据资料,分析了该市土地利用的变化特征。结果表明:（1）耕地、牧草地、其它农用地和水利设施用地数量减少,林地、园地、居民点及工矿用地、交通运输用地和未利用地数量增加,其它土地数量没有变化,牧草地数量变化最大。（2）各类用地单一动态度由大到小的顺序是牧草地、交通运输用地、未利用土地、其它农用地、林地、居民点工矿用地、耕地、园地、水利设施用地、其它土地。（3）各类用地相对动态度区域差异性程度存在显著差别,牧草地的相对动态度区域差异性最大,耕地的相对动态度区域差异性最小。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区土地利用景观格局变化分析——以延河流域为例

为了给黄土丘陵沟壑区土地资源的合理利用和生态环境的改善提供依据,以延河流域为研究对象,应用GIS技术和景观格局指数分析方法,对研究区1978—2010年的土地利用景观结构特征、斑块特征和空间格局的变化规律进行了系统分析。结果表明:（1）延河流域各景观类型的变化幅度表现为:耕地 > 林地 > 草地 > 建设用地 > 水域,研究区1978—1990年变化速率最快的景观类型是草地,1990—2000年是林地,2000—2010年是建设用地,由以耕地为主导的景观结构转变为林地—草地复合的景观结构;（2）研究区破碎度较高的景观类型是耕地和草地,斑块形状也较复杂,主要是受地形地貌因素的影响。林地、建设用地和水域受人类活动的干扰强烈,斑块分布趋于集中化,破碎度较小,形状较为简单;（3）32年来,延河流域土地利用景观格局经历了“耕地主导—相对平衡—林草主导”的变化过程,向着集中化和简单化的方向发展,抗干扰能力降低,不利于景观的稳定性,但有利于生态环境的改善。     

珠江源头区占马地小流域不同用地水土保持作用研究

 对珠江源头区占马地小流域灌木林地、疏林地、耕地及荒草地4类不同用地的土壤含水量、理化性状、土壤侵蚀特性等进行测定分析,结果表明:1)在土层60 cm深度范围内,随着土层的加深,灌木林地和疏林地的土壤水分含量呈下降趋势,而耕地和荒草地则呈上升趋势。2)土壤在持水能力、通透性能等方面排列顺序是灌木林地>荒草地>疏林地>耕地;土壤有机质含量以荒草地最高,为2.34%,分别是灌木林地、疏林地和耕地的1.08、1.89和3.46倍;全氮含量顺序是荒草地>灌木林地>疏林地>耕地;全磷和全钾含量顺序是疏林地>荒草地>灌木林地>耕地。3)不同用地的初渗速率、稳渗速率与渗透系数均为灌木林地最大,荒草地最小,灌木林地的稳渗速率、渗透系数分别是耕地、疏林地、荒草地的1.142、.06和2.7倍。4)不同用地的土壤最大持水量,在020cm土层,排列顺序为耕地>灌木林地>疏林地>荒草地;在2060cm土层,则为疏林地>灌木林地>荒草地>耕地。5)在坡度相同的情况下,不同用地的降雨产流时间为荒草地>疏林地>灌木林地>耕地;地表径流量为荒草地>疏林地>灌木林地>耕地;土壤侵蚀量以耕地最大,分别是灌木林地、疏林地和荒草地的2.51、2.26和1.32倍。研究结果可为珠江源头区土地合理利用提供理论依据。     

重庆岩溶地区景观格局特征研究

景观格局是地貌格局、土壤格局、水资源格局、植物分布格局及生产力格局等的综合。根据地质、地貌和区域景观特征,可将重庆岩溶区划成三大景观区:渝东北中山区(I)、渝东南中低山区(Ⅱ)、渝中平行岭谷低山丘陵区(Ⅲ)。各景观分区景观格局特征主要表现为:景观多样性指数分别为Ⅰ区1.38、Ⅱ区1.35、Ⅲ区1.77;各景观分区的人工干扰指数分别为Ⅰ区0.33、Ⅱ区0.69和Ⅲ区0.95,人工干扰的程度按照区域代码顺序依次增强;景观均匀度、优势度和丰富度密度分别为Ⅰ区0.49、1.43和0.0005,Ⅱ区0.48、1.46和0.0003,Ⅲ区0.63、1.04、0.0025;景观变化态势按照景观分区代码Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ的顺序表现为耕地、居民工矿用地和水域面积比例呈明显递增,而林地、草地呈现明显递减的,园地分布比例为Ⅲ区远大于Ⅰ、Ⅱ区;未利用地比例出现Ⅱ区最小,Ⅲ区最大的现象。     

基于分形理论的土地利用景观格局变化研究——以镇赉县镇赉镇为例

为增进对土地利用空间行为变化的理解,以分形理论和景观生态学为指导,以吉林省镇赉县镇赉镇的土地利用空间数据为基础,应用GIS对土地利用类型的分形及稳定性进行了研究。将土地利用类型划分为8类:耕地、园地、林地、草地、水域及水利设施用地、道路、居民点及工矿用地和未利用地,并进行各土地利用类型图斑分形维数分析。结果表明:土地利用类型的分布具有分形结构,各土地利用类型分维数（D）介于1.056 5～1.960 4。根据分维数对各土地利用类型进行稳定性排序:水域及水利设施 > 园地 > 耕地 > 居民点及工矿用地 > 草地 > 林地 > 未利用地 > 道路。且土地利用的形状指数、破碎化指数以及分离度指数在空间上的分布规律很大程度上受到人为活动的影响与干扰。研究结果可为研究区域土地资源的合理利用提供若干参考。     

城市扩张对农田景观中非农生境的影响*——以辽宁省沈阳市沈北新区为例

农田景观因其巨大面积和更高的生产力,在全球生物多样性维持,甚至濒危物种的维持中扮演着重要角色。而农田景观中非农生境被蚕食的现象较为突出,尤其城市周边农田景观中更为普遍。本文以沈阳市沈北新区为例,采用景观紊乱度法将其划分为城市、城市边缘区和乡村3个区域,利用GIS技术分析3个区域农田景观中非农生境类型、数量与面积比例,探讨城市扩张对农田景观中非农生境影响程度。结果表明,随着与城市中心距离的增加,由城市、城市边缘区至乡村,非农生境类型呈现逐渐增加趋势,靠近城市中心的非农生境仅有林地,而在乡村区域有草地、林地、水域和农村道路4种类型。非农生境斑块数量比例呈现总体增加趋势,城市平均比例为8.63%、城市边缘区平均比例为17.08%、乡村平均比例为22.48%。非农生境面积比例呈现先增后减的倒"U"字型变化,城市边缘区的非农生境面积比例最高,值为1.93%。非农生境斑块密度呈现先增加、再减少和后增加的变化趋势,城市边缘区的非农生境斑块密度最小。最大斑块指数和聚集度指数呈现先减少后再增加的趋势,城市边缘区的非农生境最大斑块指数和聚集度指数最小。景观形状指数和多样性指数呈现先增加后减少的趋势,城市边缘区景观形状指数和多样性指数最大。总体而言,距离城市中心最近的城市区域受城市化强烈影响后,保留在城市景观之中的农田景观重新建立一种相对稳定的景观格局,残留其间的非农生境类型单一、斑块数量低,斑块较大、形状规则;正在受到城市建设切割的城市边缘区农田景观中非农生境面积比例、景观形状指数和多样性指数表现为虚高,但其斑块密度、最大斑块指数和聚集度指数均较小;距离城市中心最远的乡村区域非农生境受城市化影响较弱,类型趋于多样、斑块数量比例高、景观异质性较高。     

松嫩高平原黑土区耕地动态变化特征分析--以黑龙江省巴彦县为例

耕地动态变化特征的研究对耕地保护、整理和开发利用具有极其重要的意义。以巴彦县1991,2006和2009年3期遥感影像为数据源,利用GIS空间分析功能,提取3个时点耕地动态变化数据,分析了该区耕地变化幅度与速度特征、耕地转入转出特征、耕地变化空间分布特征及耕地景观格局分布特征。结果表明,巴彦县3个时点耕地面积持续增加,但年均净增速度却呈现下降趋势。未利用地、林地和建设用地始终是向耕地转变的主要土地利用类型;耕地主要向林地、未利用地、草地和建设用地转变。巴彦县耕地变化空间差异显著,新增耕地主要来自于研究区南部松花江沿岸河漫滩开垦、东北部低山丘陵地区毁林开荒及西北部建设用地转变。耕地斑块数量和斑块密度呈上升趋势,人类干扰程度加大,破碎化程度不断加剧;耕地景观形状指数和分形维数呈下降趋势,耕地景观的斑块形状更趋简单并越来越有规律;较高的耕地景观连通性,表明耕地景观在空间分布上具有较高的聚集度。     

Role of selenium in mitigation of cadmium toxicity in pepper grown in hydroponic condition

Selenium (Se) is an essential element for humans but is not considered as essential for plants. However, its beneficial role in improving plant growth and stress tolerances is well established. In order to study the role of Se in cadmium (Cd) toxicity in pepper (Capsicum frutescens cv. Suryankhi Cluster), this experiment was carried out in greenhouse conditions. Treatments comprised Cd [0, 0.25, and 0.5 mM cadmium chloride (CdCl₂)] and Se [0, 3, and 7 µM sodium selenite (Na₂SeO₃)] with three replications. The result showed that Cd decreased chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids, whereas Se supplementation diminished Cd toxicity on photosynthetic pigment. Selenium at 7 µM significantly increased the leaf area in the plants grown at 0.25 mM Cd. The application of Se at 3 µM with 0.25 mM Cd and Se at 3 µM and Se at 7 µM with 0.5 mM Cd increased the activity of catalase (CAT). Selenium at 7 µM decreased the proline content of pepper leaves exposed to Cd at 0.5 mM (30%). Selenium significantly enhanced the antioxidant activity of leaves, which was diminished by Cd toxicity. In general, Se has a beneficial effect on plant growth and is an antioxidant enzyme of pepper cv. Suryankhi Cluster under Cd stress and non-stress conditions.     

红壤区不同肥力水稻土根际硝化作用特征

通过根际培养箱(三室)——速冻切片技术研究了红壤地区高、低两种肥力下水稻苗期根表、根际和土体土壤矿质态氮含量和硝化强度,以及水稻生长、氮素积累的差异。结果表明,肥力水平对水稻根表和根际土壤铵态氮(NH4+-N)含量无显著影响,但高肥力显著提高土体土壤NH4+-N含量,以及根表、根际和土体土壤硝态氮(NO3--N)含量及硝化强度。两种肥力水稻土硝化强度最大值均出现在距根表2 mm处,分别为0.20和0.31μmol kg-1 h-1。土体土壤硝化强度随距根表距离增加而降低,低肥力土壤在距根表10～40mm处时硝化强度接近本底值,而高肥力土壤在距根表20～40 mm处时接近本底值。与不种水稻的CK相比,种植水稻显著提高根际土壤硝化强度。高肥力能显著改善水稻生长,增加植株氮素积累量,尤其显著促进根系生长及通气组织发育。由于红壤稻田肥力水平的差异造成水稻根际硝化强度以及水稻吸收NO3-的差异,导致高肥条件下水稻显示出更强的生长势和氮素吸收利用能力。因此,合理提高红壤稻田肥力水平对改善红壤区水稻根际土壤硝化作用及水稻氮素营养具有重要意义。     

自由基在鸡肾病发生中的作用研究

肾病即急性肾小管坏死.鸡肾病在养鸡生产中极为常见,尤其近年来,鸡肾病的发生日益增多,由于其发生机制不清楚,临床治疗鸡肾病的依据不足,致使治疗效果不佳,为此,提出本研究以探讨鸡肾病的发生机制,为本病防治提供理论依据.     

Accumulation of copper in soils and leaves of tomato plants in greenhouses in Turkey

Copper (Cu)‐containing fertilizers, fungicides, and bactericides has been used extensively in the greenhouses in the Antalya province in recent decades with the use of such materials tending to increase year by year. The level of DTPA‐extractable Cu was determined in 210 soils (0–20 and 20–40 cm depth) and 105 leaf samples obtained from 105 tomato greenhouses. The DTPA‐extractable Cu contents of the soils taken from the 0–20 depth ranged between 0.76 and 88.03 mg kg^‐1 (mean 7.79 mg kg^‐1). The percentage of soils containing DTPA‐extractable Cu greater than the critical toxicity level (20 mg kg^‐1) was 8.1. The Cu content of tomato leaf samples ranged between 2.4 and 1,490 mg kg^‐1 (mean 166.5 mg kg^‐1). The Cu concentration in leaf samples was very high due to the intensive use of foliar applied Cu‐containing chemicals. As a consequence, 24.8% of the leaf tomato samples analyzed contained over 200 mg Cu kg^‐1, the maximum accepted tolerance level. Therefore, it may be necessary to reduce the use of Cu‐containing pesticides and fertilizers, or at least reduce the amount of Cu‐containing fertilizers being used in those greenhouses where Cu‐containing pesticides have been or are being used.     

Occurrence of Sexual Hormones in Sediments of Mangrove in Brazil

The presence of sexual hormones (female estrogens) was assessed in sediments of a mangrove located in the urban region of southern Brazil. The estrogens are involved in human sexual reproduction. They act as the chemical messengers, and they are classified as natural and synthetic. The estrogens inputs in the environment are from treated and untreated sewage. The presence of estrogens in sewage is excretion from the female due to natural production and use of contraceptives (synthetic estrogens). With the indiscriminate release of sewage into the environment, estrogens can be found in rivers, lakes, and even in oceans. In this work, the presence of estrone (E1), 17-??-estradiol (E2), and 17-??-ethynilestradiol (EE2) in eight sedimentary stations in Itacorubi mangrove located on Santa Catarina Island, south Brazil, was investigated. Historically, the Itacorubi mangrove has been impacted by anthropogenic activities because the mangrove is inserted in the urban area of the Florianopolis. The estrogen EE2, used as contraceptive, had the highest concentration in mangrove sediment, 129.75?±?3.89 ng/g. E2 was also found, with its concentration ranging from 0.90?±?0.03 to 39.77?±?1.19 ng/g. Following the mechanism, under aerobic or anaerobic conditions, E2 will first be oxidized to E1, which is further oxidized to unknown metabolites and finally to CO₂ and water (mineralized). EE2 is oxidized to unknown metabolites and also finally mineralized. Theoretically, under anaerobic conditions, EE2 can be reduced to E1 even in environments such as mangrove which is essentially anaerobic.     

Meta-analysis in the Selection of Groups in Varieties of Citrus

Brazil is the largest producer of oranges (Citrus sinensis) in the world. The nutrient management of tree orchards is designed from experiments with a limited number of varieties. This knowledge is transferred to other varieties by diagnosing tissue nutrient composition and tree demand. Compositional data analysis has been first applied to tissue analysis of agricultural crops using centered log ratios with compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND-clr). The isometric log ratio (ilr) transformation is a new approach based on binary nutrient ratios and the principle of orthogonality (CND-ilr). We analyzed eleven nutrients: nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), boron (B), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and iron (Fe) in leaf tissue samples across 108 commercial plots (thirty-one grow Valencia, twenty-two Hamlim, twenty Pera, and thirty-five Natal). Nutrients were partitioned between macro- and micronutrients as well as anionic and cationic species. The effect size of varieties over Valencia was quantified by the mean and standard deviation of ilr values across ilr coordinates. Specific varietal nutrient profiles and ilr norms were defined. The nutrient profile of orange varieties could be classified into homogeneous groups to take advantage of fertilizer trials conducted on varieties of the same group. The Aitchison distance and a perturbation vector could be instrumental for diagnostic purposes and nutrient management.     

旱地果园水肥管理模式研究进展

分析了旱地果园水肥管理模式的研究进展和存在问题,指出水肥胁迫尤其是水钾已成为旱区果树高产稳产优质化的主要限制因子。在系统探讨旱地果园水分管理、养分管理、综合管理以及果树叶营养综合诊断施肥标准的基础上,提出了旱地果园的高效水肥管理模式。     

Effect of iron-quercetin complex on reduction of nitrite in in vitro and in vivo systems

This study investigated whether reducing agents such as quercetin and iron(II) facilitate formation of nitric oxide (NO) gas from orally ingested nitrite in an vivo study. When 3 mg/kg Na (15)NO2 was orally administered to rats with or without iron(II) or quercetin, Hb (15)NO, which is indicative of systemic (15)NO, was detected in the blood, with the maximum blood concentration of Hb (15)NO at 15 min after nitrite or nitrite plus quercetin treatment, whereas after administration of nitrite plus iron(II) or nitrite plus iron(II) and quercetin, the time was shortened to 10 min. Interestingly, iron(II), quercetin, or iron(II) plus quercetin did not affect the total amount of Hb (15)NO generated from orally administered Na (15)NO2. However, the systemic nitrite concentration was significantly decreased in the presence of iron(II) or iron(II) plus quercetin. These results may indicate that iron(II) is critical to the generation of NO gas from nitrite, whereas quercetin contributed little under the in vivo experimental conditions.     

Role of aldehyde oxidase in the hepatic in vitro metabolism of 3-methylindole in pigs

The metabolism of 3-hydroxy-3-methylindolenine (HMI), a recently discovered metabolite of 3-methylindole (3MI, skatole) produced by porcine liver microsomes, was investigated in vitro using porcine liver cytosol. HMI was rapidly metabolized to a single product, 3-hydroxy-3-methyloxindole (HMOI), by porcine cytosol. By the use of the selective inhibitors menadione and quinacrine, it was shown that the enzyme responsible for the oxidation of HMI into HMOI was aldehyde oxidase (AO; aldehyde:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.2.3.1). The activity of AO in the conversion of HMI to HMOI was measured in a population of pigs (n = 30) with a wide range of 3MI levels in back fat (0.07-0.30 mg/kg). AO activity was found to be negatively correlated (r = -0.70; P < 0.001) with the level of 3MI in fat. The results of the present study suggest that AO plays an important role in the metabolism of 3MI in the pig and that its catalytic activity is related to an adequate 3MI clearance.     

Role of hydrocolloids in the creaming of oil in water emulsions

The influence of guar gum and xanthan gum on the creaming of 10% oil in water emulsions has been investigated. The presence of very low concentrations of the polysaccharides (typically < approximately 0.075%) was found to induce depletion flocculation of the emulsion droplets and increased the rate of creaming. However, at higher polysaccharide concentrations (typically > approximately 0.1%) the creaming rate was reduced due to the increased viscosity of the aqueous phase. For most systems a delay period was noted before creaming started, which was found to be dependent on the zero shear viscosity of the continuous phase and independent of polysaccharide type. The delay period increased significantly at zero shear viscosities approaching 1 Pa s. A mathematical model has been used to fit the creaming rate profiles and a simple exponential relationship obtained between delay time and polysaccharide concentration.