钙对镉胁迫下玉米生长及生理特性的影响

采用溶液培养试验 ,研究不同的钙和镉处理对玉米植株生长、叶绿素含量、硝酸还原酶和ATPase酶活性以及叶片中丙二醛含量、活性氧清除酶系统活性的影响。结果表明 ,根部未供钙或叶面喷施CaCl2时 ,加镉处理玉米根、地上部生物量降低 ,根冠比加大 ;而根部供钙 ,植株生长较好 ,生物量较高 ,根冠比相对较小。营养液中加镉 ,玉米植株中镉浓度显著增加 ,根部镉浓度明显比地上部高 ,根中镉约占 65%～ 78% ,地上部镉占到 22%～35%左右。根部供钙比未供钙处理 ,根中镉含量虽没有显著性差别 ,但地上部镉浓度明显较低。叶片喷施CaCl2 4次比喷施 2次处理 ,地上部镉浓度增加。供钙明显增加了玉米植株中钙浓度。未供钙的玉米叶片叶绿素含量下降 ,但叶绿素a/叶绿素b比基本不变 ;加镉处理 ,玉米叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b及叶绿素总量下降更甚 ,叶绿素a/叶绿素b比升高 ;叶面喷施CaCl2 ,叶绿素含量也较低。前期和后期根部供钙处理 ,叶绿素下降程度有所缓解。而根部一直供钙 ,玉米叶片中叶绿素a、叶绿素b和叶绿素总量明显提高。镉抑制了玉米植株叶片硝酸还原酶活性、ATPase活性 ;根中ATPase活性以及活性氧清除酶系统超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)、愈创木酚过氧化物酶 (Gua POD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶 (AsA POD)、过氧化氢酶 (CAT)受镉的诱导而增加，叶片中丙二醛(MDA)含量升高。与未供应钙加镉处理相比，根部供钙加镉处理的玉米叶片硝酸还原酶活性、ATPase活性显著增加，也明显减轻了镉对根中ATPase活性、叶片中丙二醛含量、活性氧清除酶系统SOD，POD，CAT 活性的诱导效应。间隔供钙，在一定程度上缓解了镉的毒害，但是叶片喷施CaCl2，对减轻镉毒害无明显效果。因此在本试验条件下，根部供钙对缓解玉米镉毒害有重要作用。关键词:钙；镉；玉米；生理特性     

缺锌胁迫对‘天红2号/冀砧2号’苹果幼树生长、光合特性和内源激素含量的影响

【目的】研究‘天红2号/冀砧2号’幼树生长、光合特性及内源激素变化对缺锌胁迫的响应。【方法】以1年生‘天红2号/冀砧2号’砧穗组合苹果幼苗为试材,采用营养液浇灌方式进行盆栽试验。营养液设置供锌浓度分别为0μmol/L (Zn0)、2μmol/L (Zn2)、4μmol/L (Zn4,对照),共3个处理。处理后40天,测量幼树株高、叶面积,取样测定叶片锌含量、光合特性、叶绿素含量、叶绿素荧光参数、内源激素含量等指标,并分析叶绿素合成关键酶基因MdHEMA1、叶绿素降解关键酶基因MdPAO、生长素合成基因MdYUCCA4a和MdYUCCA6a相对表达量。【结果】‘天红2号/冀砧2号’幼树的株高、叶面积及叶片锌含量随供锌浓度的下降而显著降低;供锌浓度越低,生长素合成基因MdYUCCA4a和MdYUCCA6a相对表达量越低,植株体内IAA和GA3水平越低;与对照(Zn4)相比,净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)在缺锌条件下显著降低,胞间CO2浓度(Ci)升高;缺锌胁迫下,叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素含量下降,叶绿素a/b值上升,叶绿素合成关键酶基因MdHEMA1和叶绿素降解...     

外源NO对缺铁胁迫下花生生理特性的影响

为探讨外源NO对缺铁胁迫下花生生理特性的影响,采用溶液培养方法,研究了营养液中Fe(Ⅲ)-EDTA 浓度分别为0、10、100 mol/L 条件下,外施250 mol/L硝普钠（SNP, 一种NO 供体）对花生生理特性以及矿质元素含量的影响。结果表明,在相同供铁水平下,外施NO可促进花生幼苗的生长,提高根系活力、净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和叶片抗氧化酶活性,降低胞间CO2 浓度和MDA 含量,抑制花生对P 的吸收;在Fe(Ⅲ)-EDTA 浓度分别为0、10 mol/L 条件下综合效果更显著。在0、10、100 mol/L Fe(Ⅲ)-EDTA 中施加SNP 处理20d 后,叶片活性铁含量分别比未施加SNP处理提高了130.7%、136.4%、56.1%,差异显著;同时植株全铁含量及地上部吸铁量占植株总量的百分率也显著提高。说明外源NO可促进铁从根部向植株地上部的运输以及植株体内铁的有效性,提高了铁的运输和利用效率,有效缓解缺铁胁迫的抑制。同时,外施NO还可提高花生叶片叶绿素、类胡萝卜素含量和叶绿素a/b值。在Fe(Ⅲ)-EDTA 浓度分别为0、10 mol/L 条件下,添加SNP 可以明显降低生长介质的pH,比较 1d 内生长介质中pH 变化看出,花生在14h左右分泌H+ 的能力最强。     

不同钾水平对苗期玉米铬的吸收和生理特性的影响

采用溶液培养的方法,研究了不同钾素水平对苗期玉米地上、地下部铬的吸收、转运及其生理特性的影响。结果显示,在六价铬作用下,玉米幼苗的各项生理指标均受到一定的影响,生物量随着铬浓度的升高而呈现降低趋势。在铬浓度0-100μmol.L^-1之间,植株地上、地下部六价铬的含量随外界铬处理浓度的增加而增加,在100μmol.L^-1时,铬含量达到最大;叶绿素含量、根系活力随六价铬浓度的增加而降低,在100μmol.L^-1时,叶绿素、根系活力最小;丙二醛（MDA）含量呈先降低后上升趋势,在40μmol.L^-1时,丙二醛含量最小。钾素可缓解重金属铬对玉米幼苗的毒害作用,在400-1 600μmol.L^-1之间,不同钾水平处理均可显著减少玉米幼苗地下部对铬的吸收,钾浓度为1 600μmol.L^-1时,铬含量最小。随着钾浓度的提高,叶绿素含量、根系活力都增加,但丙二醛（MDA）含量变化没有呈现明显的规律。值得注意的是,当溶液中铬浓度在0-20μmol.L^-1之间时,地上部铬含量随着钾浓度的增大而逐渐减小,当铬浓度为40-100μmol.L^-1时,随着钾浓度的增大而呈增加趋势,说明高浓度铬处理时,钾可不同程度地促进铬由地下向地上部的转运。     

铜胁迫对芥菜光合特性及叶绿素荧光参数的影响

通过水培试验研究了铜胁迫对芥菜叶片光合特性与叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明,所有铜浓度处理均能降低芥菜胞间CO2浓度（Ci）和光化学淬灭系数（qP）。低浓度的Cu^2＋（≤1μmol·L^-1）能提高芥菜叶片叶绿素、类胡萝卜素含量以及净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Cs）和蒸腾速率（Tr）;高浓度的Cu^2＋（≥10μmol·L^-1）使得芥菜叶片叶绿素（Chl）、类胡萝卜素（Car）含量以及净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Cs）和蒸腾速率（Tr）下降。叶绿素荧光分析表明,当铜浓度低于1μmol·L。时,PSⅡ的最大光化学效率（Fv／Fm）和子叶产量（Yield）升高,当铜浓度高于10μmol·L^-1时降低,而最小荧光（Fo）和非光化学淬灭系数（qN）变化趋势与之相反。叶绿素a／b值在铜浓度低于10μmol·L。时升高,但比值随胁迫继续加剧而下降,两者间呈显著负相关（P〈0．05）;Car／Chl值在铜浓度小于50μmol·L-。时随浓度的增加而增大,之后则随铜浓度的增加而下降,两者呈极显著负相关（P〈0．01）。铜浓度与叶绿素、类胡萝卜素含量、Fv／Fm、qP和Yield均呈极显著负相关（P〈0．01）,与Pn、Cs、Tr呈显著负相关（P〈0．05）,而铜浓度与Fo和qN分别呈显著和极显著正相关。     

稀土元素在土壤—玉米体系吸刷的剂量效应关系研究

通过盆栽实验研究施加农稀土微肥后,玉米根、茎和叶中稀土元素的含量变化,结果表明,玉米根和茎叶稀土元素含量随外源稀土施入量的增加而增大,存在显著剂量效应关系,玉米根和茎中La/REE比值随外源稀土施加的浓度增大而逐渐与稀土微肥（常乐）的La/REE值趋于一致,发现随着施入稀土元素浓度的增加,玉米吸收的稀土元素逐步转为主要由外源施加稀土微肥贡献为主,随根施剂量加大,玉米根和茎吸收稀土元素的富集系数逐渐增大,说明外源稀土的生物有效性明显高于土壤本身的稀土,稀土元素在苗期的玉米叶片中不产生显著水平的富集。     

镉处理根表铁膜对水稻吸收镉锰铜锌的影响

本试验利用营养液和土壤培养系统,研究不同Fe、 Cd处理下根表铁膜对水稻吸收Cd、 Mn、 Cu、 Zn的影响。土壤中Fe的水平为0、 1、 2 g/kg Fe（以FeSO47H2O的形式供应）,Cd 的水平为0、 2、 10 mg/kg Cd（以3CdSO48H2O的形式供应）。营养液中Fe和Cd的水平分别为0、 10、 30、 50、 80、 100 mg/L Fe 和 0、 0.1、 1.0 mg/L Cd。收获后测定水稻根表、 根中和地上部Cd、 Fe、 Mn、 Cu、 Zn 含量。试验结果表明,两种培养方式下,随着介质中Fe浓度的增加,水稻根表铁膜（DCB-Fe）逐渐增多。土壤培养方式下,根表铁膜中Cd 和 Mn 含量随铁膜量增加而略有增加,所有元素含量均表现为根中大于铁膜中。营养液培养条件下,根表铁膜中Mn和Cu含量在高量 Fe 供应时有所增加, Mn、 Cu、 Zn表现为铁膜中大于根中。根表铁膜中Zn含量在两种培养方式下均未呈现一定规律性变化。根中和地上部 Cd、 Mn、 Cu、 Zn 含量一般都随介质中Fe浓度的增加而下降,Cu和Zn含量在加Cd处理中下降。以上结果证明,铁膜对Cd 的吸附阻挡能力有限,对Mn、 Cu、 Zn 的吸附作用因培养方式和元素种类不同而有所差异,植株体内微量元素含量的下降主要与它们之间的相互抑制作用有关。     

不同磷水平外源独脚金内酯和独脚金内酯抑制剂对油菜根系形态和产量的影响

为明确外源独脚金内酯及其抑制剂对不同磷水平油菜根系形态和地上部生长的影响,本研究采用营养液培养和根箱土培试验,研究正常磷(250μmol/L)和低磷(5μmol/L)水平下外源独脚金内酯(GR24)和独脚金内酯合成抑制剂(TIS108)对甘蓝型油菜中双11号根系发育、地上部生长、磷和生长素含量、分枝数和产量等的影响。结果表明,在0～5μmol/L范围内,随着营养液GR24浓度的增大,油菜根系和地上部生长受到的抑制越来越严重。在0～1μmol/L范围内,随着营养液TIS108浓度的增大,油菜根和地上部生物量逐渐增加,在0.1μmol/L时达到最大;在1～5μmol/L范围内,随着营养液TIS108浓度的增大,油菜根和地上部生长受到的抑制程度加剧,在5μmol/L时抑制作用达到最大。低磷和正常磷处理外源添加GR24(5μmol/L)油菜根系生长均受到抑制,添加TIS108(0.1μmol/L)油菜根系生长均受到促进。GR24对油菜根系生长的抑制主要表现为主根长和总根长变短,根系总表面积和总体积变小,根尖数减少,根干重降低,根系磷含量降低,根系生长素含量降低,但地上部生长素含量增加。TIS108对油菜根系生长的促进作用主要表现为主根长和总根长增加,根系总表面积和总体积增大,根尖数显著增加,根干重增加,根系磷含量增加,根系生长素含量增加,地上部生长素含量降低。土培盆栽试验结果表明低磷处理喷施GR24油菜株高增加,分枝数减少,地上部干重减小,产量降低;低磷处理喷施TIS108株高降低,分枝数增加,地上部干重增大,产量增加。综上可知,利用外源独脚金内酯合成抑制剂能够调控油菜根系形态,地上部分枝数和产量,在作物减磷增效中具有较好的应用前景。     

镁对烟草生长及叶片叶绿素荧光参数的影响

通过水培试验,研究了不同镁素水平对烟草生长、叶片叶绿素含量及叶绿素荧光参数的影响,为烟草优质栽培和镁肥的合理施用提供理论依据。结果表明营养液中镁浓度在2～4 mmol/L时,烤烟的干物质积累显著高于其它处理,最适宜烟株的生长,镁浓度过高或过低都会抑制烟株的生长;营养液中镁浓度在0～2 mmol/L范围内,烟草叶片叶绿素含量随镁浓度的升高而逐渐升高,但高于2 mmol/L时,烟草叶片叶绿素的含量逐渐下降;营养液中镁浓度在8 mmol/L时,烟草叶片量子产量（EQY）光合电子传递速率（ETR）、非光化学猝灭（NPQ）均达到最高。烟草叶片对强光有最大的适应性,缺镁和高镁均能导致烟草量子产量降低,光合电子传递受阻,减少对过剩的激发能的耗散,使植株对强光的保护性调节能力降低。     

灭菌土壤玉米一花生混作对花生铁营养的影响研究

盆栽试验研究灭菌土壤玉米 花生混作对花生植株Fe营养与根际土壤有效铁的影响结果表明 ,玉米 花生混作可显著提高花生新叶叶绿素及活性铁含量 ,下针初期可增加花生地上部全Fe含量和根际土壤活性铁含量 ,混作在改善花生Fe营养过程中始终起主导作用 ;而灭菌土壤处理则仅在花生生长早期有利于改善其Fe营养状况     

Forms of Iron and Their Association with Soil Properties in Four Soil Taxonomic Orders of Arid and Semi‐arid Soils of Punjab,India

Profiles of arid and semi‐arid zones soils of Punjab, northwestern India, were investigated for different forms of iron (Fe): total Fe, diethylenetriamine penta‐acetic acid (DTPA)–extractable Fe, soil solution plus exchangeable Fe, Fe adsorbed onto inorganic sites and oxide surfaces, and Fe bound by organic sites. Irrespective of the different fractions of Fe present, its content was higher in the fine‐textured Alfisols and Inceptisols than in the coarse‐textured Entisols and Aridisols. Lower content of total Fe was observed in the surface horizon and then increased in the subsurface horizons, whereas no set pattern was observed in Entisols. Also, irrespective of the soil orders, the contents of different forms of Fe were higher in the surface horizon and then decreased by depth. None of the forms of Fe exhibited any consistent pattern of distribution.

Organic matter and the content of clay and silt fractions had a strong bearing on the distribution of forms of Fe. Based on a linear coefficient of correlation, the soil solution plus exchangeable Fe adsorbed onto inorganic sites and DTPA‐extractable Fe increased with increase in soil organic carbon but decreased with increase in soil pH and calcium carbonate content. Total Fe increased with increase in cation exchange capacity (CEC) and clay and silt content. The results also revealed that there was equilibrium in different fractions of this element. Among the different Fe forms, Fe bound by organic sites, water‐soluble plus exchangeable Fe, and Fe adsorbed onto oxides (amorphous surfaces) were positively correlated with the DTPA‐extractable Fe. Though some forms are interrelated, none of the forms had any relationship with the total Fe.     

胡敏酸吸附解吸Fe3+反应特征研究

采用C-25葡聚糖凝胶层析方法研究了在不同酸度、离子强度、温度条件下胡敏酸（HA）吸附解吸Fe3^＋特征.结果表明,在相同离子强度、反应温度条件下,随着pH的升高,HA对Fe（Ⅲ）最大吸附量Smax和吸附平衡常数k增加,标准摩尔自由能变△Gom绝对值减小.相同pH和温度下,离子强度从0.00到0.10mol L^-1,HA对Fe（Ⅲ）最大吸附量Smax和吸附亲和力常数k增加,自由能变△G^o m绝对值减小,但离子强度从0.10 mol L^-1继续上升到0.15 mol L^-1,则上述特征常数变化刚好相反.温度升高,胡敏酸吸附Fe3^＋的最大吸附量、吸附平衡常数k、自由能变△G^o m绝对值均较大幅度降低,表明升高温度对吸附反应不利.吸附反应的焓变△H^o m和熵变△S^o m均小于零,为放热反应,反应向更有序状态进行;在相同条件下,pH越大,焓变△H^o m和熵变△rS^θ m绝对值越大,表明pH越大,越有利于吸附反应的进行.随着pH的升高,Fe3^＋被还原的百分率η减小,用幂函数方程拟合,相关系数达到显著水平.随着pH的降低,胡敏酸铁Fe3^＋解吸率增大;对解吸率曲线进行拟合,线形方程具有显著的相关系数.胡敏酸吸附Fe3^＋的反应为包括胡敏酸内部和外部结合的“两相”反应.     

~(59)Fe在4种栽培基质中的吸附和解吸附研究

研究了花卉常用的 4种栽培基质 (草炭土、植金石、仙土和含 2 0 %河砂的腐殖土 )对59Fe的吸附及解吸附。结果发现 ,植金石和腐殖土对59Fe吸附最高 ,且土柱上层高于下层 ,其解吸附较少 ,这与土壤的pH值有关 ,pH值高的吸附强     

苹果不同嫁接方法对~(59)Fe吸收、运输和分配的影响

~(５９)Ｆｅ 试验结果表明,采用腹接叶中含铁量显著高于劈接和切接;一年生苗叶片叶绿素含量和苗的高度、粗度也大于劈接和切接。用腹接取代劈接和切接作为果树高接更新品种的方法对于克服缺铁失绿症、促进更新品种生长具有重要意义。     

Effects of Fe compounds on nutrient uptake by plants grown in sand media with different pH

The effect of soil and foliar application of different iron (Fe) compounds (FeSO₄, Fe‐EDTA, Fe‐EDDS, and Fe‐EDDHA) on nutrient concentrations in lettuce (Lactuca sativa cv. Australian gelber) and ryegrass (Lolium perenne cv. Prego) was investigated in a greenhouse pot experiment using quartz sand as growth medium. Soil application was performed in both the acidic and alkaline pH range, and foliar application to plants grown in the alkaline sand only. Lettuce growth was depressed by Fe deficiency in the alkaline sand, whereas the treatments had no effect on ryegrass growth. Soil‐applied Fe compounds raised the Fe concentrations in lettuce. This was especially true for the Fe chelates, which also increased yields. Soil‐applied Fe compounds had no statistically significant effect on Fe concentrations in ryegrass. Concentrations of manganese (Mn) in lettuce were equally decreased by all soil‐applied chelates. In the alkaline sand, soil application of Fe‐EDDHA elevated copper (Cu) and depressed zinc (Zn) concentrations in lettuce. The chelates increased Zn concentration in ryegrass. Foliar application of Fe‐EDDS increased Fe concentrations in lettuce and in ryegrass most. Fe‐EDDHA depressed Mn and Zn concentrations in lettuce more than other Fe compounds, suggesting the existence of another mechanism, in addition to Fe, that transmits a corresponding signal from shoot to roots with an impact on uptake of micronutrients.     

An examination of Fe deficiency stress response in relation to Fe uptake in two sorghum hybrids and their parent cultivars

Two sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) hybrids CSH‐10 and ‐ 11 and their parent cultivars 296‐A, SB‐1055 and MR‐715 were examined for their tolerance to Fe‐deficiency stress, and also Fe uptake. It was observed that there was greater reduction of pH of the nutrient media and more rapid recovery from chlorosis only in the female parent 296‐A, and to some degree in the hybrids, but not in the male parents. The results indicated that Fe uptake‐translocation were inversely related to their Fe stress tolerance.     

不同铁效率玉米品种苗期适应低铁胁迫的根系特征与铁积累差异

  【目的】  石灰性土壤高pH和高重碳酸盐含量严重影响土壤中有效铁含量,导致作物缺铁黄化、减产,铁高效玉米品种的推广应用是实现石灰性土壤玉米高产稳产的重要途径。 本研究探讨不同铁效率玉米品种适应低铁胁迫的根系特征与铁积累差异,旨在为铁高效玉米品种的推广应用提供科学依据。  【方法】  试验以铁高效玉米品种正红2号 (ZH2)、正大619 (ZD619) 和铁低效玉米品种川单418 (CD418)、先玉508 (XY508) 为材料,设置极低铁处理 (Fe0,Fe浓度为0 μmol/L)、低铁处理 (Fe10,Fe浓度为10 μmol/L) 和正常供铁 (Fe100,Fe浓度为100 μmol/L) 3个处理,通过砂培试验,研究不同铁效率玉米品种适应低铁胁迫的根系形态特征、干物质重、铁积累及铁吸收利用差异。  【结果】  低铁胁迫下,玉米幼苗的根干重、单株干重、铁积累量、根系相对铁吸收效率均显著降低,而根冠比与铁素生理效率均显著升高,且随胁迫程度的增加变幅加大;总根长、根表面积、根体积和根直径则表现出明显的品种差异,与正常铁处理 (Fe100)相比,低铁处理下铁低效品种的总根长、根表面积和根体积显著降低,根直径显著增加,而铁高效品种的总根长和根表面积差异不显著,根体积显著增加,根直径在极低铁处理(Fe0)下显著降低,低铁处理 (Fe10)下差异不显著;铁高效品种总根长、根表面积、根体积、根干重、单株干物重、铁积累量和根系铁吸收效率的降幅及根冠比的增幅均明显低于铁低效品种,而铁生理效率的增幅高于铁低效品种。相关性分析结果表明,玉米幼苗铁积累量与总根长、根表面积、根体积和根干重均呈显著正相关,而与根冠比呈负相关,其中与总根长 (R2 = 0.8546) 和根表面积 (R2 = 0.8983) 相关性最强。  【结论】  与铁低效玉米品种相比,铁高效玉米品种低铁胁迫下具有较优的总根长、根表面积及较高的根系铁吸收效率与铁生理效率,促进了其对铁的高效吸收与利用,提高了其对低铁环境的适应能力。     

New Citrate-Bicarbonate-Ethylenediaminetetraacetate (CBE) Method for Chemical Extraction of Hydrous Iron Oxides from Plant Root Surfaces

In the present study, the sodium citrate, sodium bicarbonate, and ethylenediaminetetraacetate (CBE) method was evaluated for iron (Fe) extraction from plant root surfaces and compared with the dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate (DCB) method. Iron plaque on root surfaces was induced by growing rice seedlings in soil with 1.8 mM Fe²⁺. Iron plaque was extracted following CBE and DCB methods. The effects of pH, temperature, and incubation time of these methods on Fe extraction from root surfaces were also examined. Iron extraction of CBE and DCB methods did not differ significantly (P < 0.05) at pH between 6 and 8, whereas Fe extraction decreased substantially for further increase of the pH of CBE and DCB solution. In some instances, there were significant differences between CBE and DCB methods in extracellular Fe extraction for temperature and incubation time. The average Fe extraction of CBE and DCB methods were 94% and 81%, respectively, indicating that CBE method would be a better choice for Fe extraction from plant roots. The recommended optimal conditions for CBE method are pH 8, volume of the solution 30 mL, incubation time 30 min, and solution temperature 22 ± 2 °C.     

Immobilized EDDHA and DFOB as Iron Carriers to Cucumber Plants

Abstract

Iron chelators are the most effective Fe fertilizers known to date. However, due to their negative charge they are easily leached out of the root zone. Besides the risk of groundwater contamination with organic compounds and metals, repeated applications of expensive Fe chelates are often required. With the aim to reduce leaching, desferrioxamine B (DFOB) and ethylenediaminedihydroxyphenylacetic acid (EDDHA) were immobilized on Sepharose and tested as Fe sources to plants. Two cultivars of cucumber (Dlila and Kfir) grown in hydroponic cultures at pH 7.3, efficiently utilized Fe from immobilized FeDFOB, and immobilized FeEDDHA. In general, plant response to the immobilized fertilizers became comparable to that of soluble chelates within a period of 17 to 26 days. The kinetics of alleviating Fe induced chlorosis in plants treated with the immobilized chelates was slower than that obtained with soluble chelates. Moreover, the Fe³⁺ reduction rates obtained for immobilized FeDFOB were slower than those measured for soluble FeDFOB. Our observations suggest that immobilized FeDFOB can serve as a slow release Fe fertilizer. The slow kinetics of reduction and uptake from the immobilized as compared to the soluble chelates can be attributed to the lower accessibility to the plant's roots.     

Transformations and Availability of Iron to Wheat as Influenced by Phosphorus and Manganese Fertilization in a Typic Haplustept Soil

An investigation was conducted using Typic Haplustept, sandy loam soil, to investigate the interactive effects of phosphorus (P) and manganese (Mn) fertilization on native iron (Fe) pools in soil and their availability to wheat (cv. PBW-343) crop. Phosphorus fertilization moved Fe from residual mineral fraction of Fe to manganese oxides (MnOX), organic matter (OM), amorphous (AMPOX), and crystalline (CRYOX) Fe and Al oxide fractions. However, Mn application decreased specifically adsorbed (SAD)–Fe and CRYOX–Fe but increased OM–Fe and mineral fraction of Fe. Available Fe in soil decreased as Olsen P and P:Mn ratio increased in the soil. Higher Olsen P (>60 mg P kg^?1soil) reduced mean Fe uptake by shoot. P content and P:Mn ratio in soil as well as in root and shoot were inversely related to Fe concentration in both the plant parts. The role of soil Fe associated with oxides and organic matter was found most notable in Fe nutrition of wheat.