膜下滴灌水源矿化度对棉花生长的影响及AquaCrop模拟

利用微咸水灌溉是缓解干旱区灌溉淡水资源短缺的有效途径。为探讨膜下滴灌水源矿化度对棉花植株体内盐分累积、生长及产量的影响，该研究开展了2 a（2020－2021年）测坑试验，共设置 6个灌溉水矿化度，分别为1、2、3、4、5和6 g/L，分析了棉花生育期内不同土层盐分累积规律，构建了不同矿化度水源膜下滴灌棉花的AquaCrop作物生长模型。结果表明：1）不同矿化度水源膜下滴灌棉花土壤盐分在40～60 cm土层积累量达到峰值，80～100 cm土层盐分积累较少。不同矿化度水源膜下滴灌棉花2 a末40～60 cm土层盐分分别累积44.29%、42.68%、43.40%、34.92%、35.69%、39.32%。2）灌溉水源矿化度为3～4 g/L时棉花生长指标和产量优于其他处理，且从盐分积累看也不会造成盐分过高，灌溉水源矿化度为4 g/L与1 g/L相比棉花各生长指标和产量受到影响较小，综合考虑棉花适宜灌溉水源为3～4 g/L之间。3）通过构建AquaCrop作物生长模型模拟冠层覆盖度、地上干物质量模拟值与实测值的决定系数大于等于0.812，标准均方根误差不大于24.1，一致性指数不小于0.984，模拟效果较好。棉花产量模拟值与实测值的相对误差RE小于9.28%，可见AquaCrop作物生长模型能较好地模拟不同矿化度水源膜下滴灌棉花生长发育过程，可用于产量预测和农业水资源优化管理。研究结果可为干旱区咸水资源膜下滴灌技术可持续利用提供依据。     

微咸水灌溉条件下含黏土夹层土壤的水盐运移规律

黏土夹层影响着土壤水盐运移及分布,为了研究在含黏土夹层的土壤中进行微咸水灌溉时土壤的水盐运移规律,进行了春小麦微咸水灌溉大田试验,并在此基础上运用数值模型对土壤盐分累积趋势进行了模拟预测。结果表明,黏土夹层对土壤水盐运移具有显著的阻碍作用,黏土夹层以上土壤平均含水量、含盐量呈随灌溉水矿化度增大而增加的趋势,黏土夹层以下各处理土壤水盐分布几乎不受微咸水灌溉的影响;大定额冬溉洗盐后,各处理0～70 cm土层最大积盐率仍高达65.7%,部分盐分滞留在黏土夹层以上;土壤盐分分布预测结果表明,微咸水连续灌溉5 a后,灌溉水矿化度为4和5 g/L的处理土壤盐渍化倾向明显,不宜在含黏土夹层地区长期使用矿化度>3 g/L的微咸水进行灌溉,否则将对土壤环境产生严重危害。     

苏北滩涂水稻微咸水灌溉模式及土壤盐分动态变化

为研究微咸水灌溉对水稻水分利用效率和土壤盐分动态的影响,利用田间试验资料对SWAP(Soil-Water-Atmosphere-Plant)模型进行了率定和验证。用验证认可的模型模拟并分析了水稻生育期水盐运移规律和水稻水分利用效率,并预测了长期微咸水灌溉对土壤盐分的影响。结果表明:1.5 mg/cm3矿化度微咸水足量灌溉可以获得较高的产量和水分利用效率;各微咸水处理在60~90 cm土层均出现不同程度的盐分累积现象,具体累积深度和土壤盐分浓度与灌水量和灌水矿化度有关;采用1.5 mg/cm3矿化度微咸水进行微咸水长期灌溉研究,10 a的模拟结果显示此灌溉制度不会引起0~100 cm土层土壤次生盐渍化。该研究为滨海地区微咸水合理利用提供了理论依据。     

咸水沟灌对土壤水盐变化与棉花生长及产量的影响

为持续高效利用咸水资源,在棉花长期定位咸水沟灌试验(始于2006年)的基础上,研究了不同矿化度(1、2、4、6、8、10 g/L)咸水连续灌溉第10年土壤水盐分布与棉花生长响应以及历年土壤盐分和籽棉产量的变化特征。结果表明:1)年际间,各处理0～100 cm土层土壤盐分受灌溉和降水影响而波动,但未随灌溉年限的增加而逐渐累积,灌溉水矿化度≤4 g/L处理可基本维持土壤盐分周年补排平衡。单个棉花生长季(2015年),各处理沟底部位的土壤含水率大于垄上,灌溉水矿化度≥6 g/L时主根层土壤含水率高于1 g/L处理;土壤盐分随灌溉水矿化度增加而增大,随棉花生育期的推进先增大后降低,灌水沟剖面土壤盐分呈向垄上和深层运移的趋势;与播种时比,棉花收获后各处理主根层土壤盐分均未出现累积。2)低矿化度咸水沟灌对棉花成苗率、株高和叶面积指数影响不明显,超过一定限值后3项指标显著下降,与1 g/L处理相比,当灌溉水矿化度达到6 g/L时棉花成苗率和叶面积指数显著降低,当灌溉水矿化度达到8 g/L时株高显著降低;咸水沟灌对棉花纤维品质影响较小,5项品质指标在处理间差异均不显著。3)适量浓度的咸水灌溉对籽棉产量影响较小,与1 g/L灌水处理相比,2和4 g/L处理对历年籽棉产量(2006-2015年)无显著影响,大于6 g/L时历年籽棉产量显著降低。在该研究灌溉制度下,推荐试验区咸水沟灌棉花的灌溉水矿化度阈值为4 g/L。     

不同矿化度咸水结冰灌溉对重度盐碱地土壤水分入渗和盐分运移的影响

为探究不同矿化度咸水结冰灌溉对重度盐碱地土壤水分入渗和盐分运移的影响。采用室内有机玻璃土柱模拟试验,设置3个梯度灌水水质(蒸馏水、3 g/L微咸水、10 g/L咸水)和2种灌溉方式(结冰灌溉、直接灌溉)的6种不同处理,对土壤的水分入渗特性及脱盐效果进行对比分析研究。结果表明:(1)3个梯度灌水水质下,结冰灌溉方式的土壤初始入渗速率分别是直接灌溉方式的8.2,4.6,5.8倍。结冰灌溉方式下,灌溉水矿化度越高,土壤入渗速率越快;(2)Kostiakov模型适合拟合不同矿化度咸水结冰灌溉方式下的土壤水分入渗过程,Horton模型适合拟合不同矿化度咸水直接灌溉方式下的土壤水分入渗过程;(3)3个梯度灌水水质下,直接灌溉方式0—60 cm土层土壤含水率较结冰灌溉方式分别提高1.4%～6.3%,1.6%～3.6%,0.9%～7.6%;(4)各处理下0—30 cm土层土壤脱盐效果较为显著,盐分不断向土层60 cm处迁移,各处理土壤脱盐率逐渐降低。0—30 cm土层处,淡水直接灌溉方式下土壤脱盐率最大(93%～97%),3 g/L微咸水结冰灌溉的脱盐率次之(87%～91%)。50—60 cm土层处,淡水结冰灌溉方式下土壤脱盐率最高(13.3%),其次为3 g/L微咸水结冰灌溉方式(9.1%)。综合考虑,3 g/L微咸水结冰灌溉能够提高土壤水分入渗速率,有效降低0—60 cm土层的土壤盐分含量。     

干旱区咸水滴灌土壤盐分的分布与积累特征

通过三年咸水灌溉田间试验,探讨了新疆干旱区膜下滴灌条件下,咸水灌溉后土壤中盐分的分布及积累特征。研究结果表明:膜下滴灌棉田持续利用咸水进行灌溉,土壤中盐分逐年增加,积盐程度随灌溉水盐度的增加而加重。地表滴灌土壤盐分的表聚明显;而地下滴灌在滴灌管上部土层盐分含量较高。与地表滴灌相比,地下滴灌的盐分会被淋洗到更深的土层。两种滴灌方式下,0￣100cm土壤平均盐度均逐年增加,且积累程度随灌溉水盐度增加而加重。在干旱区连续进行咸水灌溉,盐分的累积效应非常明显,如果不采取必要的洗盐措施,土壤中盐分最终会累积到危害作物生长的程度。     

运用土壤水盐运移模型优化棉花微咸水膜下滴灌制度

为优化设计棉花微咸水膜下滴灌灌溉制度,利用HYDRUS建立含根系吸水项的土壤水盐运移数值模拟模型,并用田间试验资料进行参数识别和模型验证。用验证认可的数值模型优化设计棉花微咸水膜下滴灌和非生育期洗盐灌溉制度,并预测棉花生育期水盐运移规律和长期效应。结果表明:模型仿真度较高、运行速度较快;T检验说明土壤含水率和电导率模拟值与实测值均无显著差异;模型参数中形状系数α、n对含水率影响较大,纵向弥散度DL对电导率影响较大;当地膜下滴灌适合生育期一膜双管、低额高频灌溉,并结合非生育期1年1次或2年1次大水漫灌洗盐,20a的模拟结果显示此灌溉制度下不会引起土壤次生盐渍化。     

海冰水膜下滴灌对棉花产量和水分利用效率的影响

在河北省黄骅中捷农场进行矿化度为3 g/L的海冰水膜下灌溉试验,研究不同灌溉处理对土壤水分含量、盐分积累、棉花生长发育、产量及水分利用效率的影响.结果表明,与井水灌溉相比,海冰水灌溉可以增加土体的中下层土壤含水量.海冰水灌溉会引起土壤表层盐分含量的增加,但经过雨季水分的淋洗作用,盐分会得到很大程度的淋溶,因此,在棉花生长后期2种不同灌溉水源处理,土壤各层次盐分含量无显著差异,井水灌溉棉花产量略高于海冰水灌溉,但二者之间产量及产量构成指标差异不显著.海冰水膜下滴灌与漫灌相比,可以显著提高棉花产量和灌溉水利用效率,其中产量提高22%.研究结果表明,矿化度为3 g/L的海冰水可以用于棉田灌溉,结合膜下滴灌技术可以有效提高灌溉水的利用效率.     

不同潜水埋深条件下微咸水灌溉的水盐运移规律及模拟研究

采用大型蒸渗仪研究不同地下水埋深条件下微咸水(咸水)灌溉对土壤水盐的影响,在此基础上,建立了BP神经网络水盐耦合模型。研究结果表明:土壤中盐分含量随地下水埋深的增加而减小,随灌溉水盐分水平的增加而增大。在地下水埋深为2 m,3 m,4 m的地区,采用矿化度小于4 g/L的水进行灌溉,在夏玉米整个生长周期的0~100 cm土层内不会形成积盐现象;拓扑结构为8∶2∶2的BP网络模型,能模拟不同地下水埋深条件下微咸水(咸水)灌溉的水盐运移,且精度较高。     

不同潜水埋深条件下微咸水灌溉的水盐运移规律及模拟研究

采用大型蒸渗仪研究不同地下水埋深条件下微咸水（咸水）灌溉对土壤水盐的影响,在此基础上,建立了BP神经网络水盐耦合模型。研究结果表明：土壤中盐分含量随地下水埋深的增加而减小,随灌溉水盐分水平的增加而增大。在地下水埋深为2 m,3 m,4 m的地区,采用矿化度小于4 g/L的水进行灌溉,在夏玉米整个生长周期的0～100 cm土层内不会形成积盐现象;拓扑结构为8∶2∶2的BP网络模型,能模拟不同地下水埋深条件下微咸水（咸水）灌溉的水盐运移,且精度较高。     

Soil salinity measurements

Abstract. The soil solution may contain both plant nutrients and toxic ions. The total salt concentration affects both osmotic pressure and plant water stress. This review describes the main methods of evaluating soil salinity. They are listed as extraction methods (saturation and other soil extracts, suction cups), displacement methods (pressure membrane, centrifugation) and electrical methods of total salinity measurement (salinity sensors, four-electrode methods and time-domain reflectometry). The methods are compared so that the reader may choose the one most suitable for his purpose, based on cost, on the inherent advantages or drawbacks of the methods themselves, on his need for single or repeated measurements and either estimates of total salinity or the concentration of selected ions.     

Response of microbial activity and biomass to increasing salinity depends on the final salinity,not the original salinity

Salinization is a global land degradation issue which inhibits microbial activity and plant growth. The effect of salinity on microbial activity and biomass has been studied extensively, but little is known about the response of microbes from different soils to increasing salinity although soil salinity may fluctuate in the field, for example, depending on the quality of the irrigation water or seasonally. An incubation experiment with five soils (one non-saline, four saline with electrical conductivity (EC_e) ranging from 1 to 50 dS m⁻¹) was conducted in which the EC was increased to 37 EC_e levels (from 3 to 119 dS m⁻¹) by adding NaCl. After amendment with 2% (w/w) pea straw to provide a nutrient source, the soils were incubated at optimal water content for 15 days, microbial respiration was measured continuously and chloroform-labile C was determined every three days. Both cumulative respiration and microbial biomass (indicated by chloroform-labile C) were negatively correlated with EC. Irrespective of the original soil EC, cumulative respiration at a given adjusted EC was similar. Thus, microorganisms from previously saline soils were not more tolerant to a given adjusted EC than those in originally non-saline soil. Microbial biomass in all soils increased from day 0 to day 3, then decreased. The relative increase was greater in soils which had a lower microbial biomass on day 0 (which were more saline). Therefore the relative increase in microbial biomass appears to be a function of the biomass on day 0 rather than the EC. Hence, the results suggest that microbes from originally saline soils are not more tolerant to increases in salinity than those from originally non-saline soils. The strong increase in microbial biomass upon pea straw addition suggests that there is a subset of microbes in all soils that can respond to increased substrate availability even in highly saline environments.     

Bacterial salt tolerance is unrelated to soil salinity across an arid agroecosystem salinity gradient

In arid and semi-arid ecosystems, salinization is a major threat to the productivity of agricultural land. While the influence of other physical and chemical environmental factors on decomposer microorganisms have been intensively studied in soil, the influence of salinity has been less exhaustively assessed. We investigated the influence of soil salinity on soil bacterial communities in soils covering a range of salt levels. We assessed tolerance of the bacterial communities from Libyan agricultural soils forming a salinity gradient to salt (NaCl), by extracting bacterial communities and instantaneously monitoring the concentration-response to added NaCl with the Leucine incorporation technique for bacterial growth. To maximise our ability to detect differences in bacterial salt tolerance between the soils, we also repeated the assessment of bacterial growth tolerance after one month incubation with 1 or 2% added organic matter additions to stimulate microbial growth levels. We could establish clear concentration-response relationships between bacterial growth and soil salinity, demonstrating an accurate assessment of bacterial tolerance. The in situ soil salinity in the studied soils ranged between 0.64 and 2.73 mM Na (electrical conductivities of 0.74-4.12 mS cm⁻¹; cation exchange capacities of 20-37 mmol_c kg⁻¹) and the bacterial tolerance indicated by the concentration inhibiting 50% of the bacterial growth (EC₅₀) varied between 30 and 100 mM Na or between electrical conductivities of 3.0 and 10.7 mS cm⁻¹. There was no relationship between in situ soil salinity and the salt tolerance of the soil bacterial communities. Our results suggest that soil salinity was not a decisive factor for bacterial growth, and thus for structuring the decomposer community, in the studied soils.     

Determination of soil salinity based on WET measurements using the concept of salinity index

We evaluated the Malicki and Walczak model (MW) and its appropriately modification (MMW) in the prediction of the electrical conductivity of the soil solution (σ_p), utilizing the WET dielectric sensor. In the MMW approach, the prediction of σ_p requires determination of the WET‐based salinity index (X_s) and clay and sand contents of the soil. MMW appears to be more effective than MW in all cases except for the cases of finer soils when σ_p > 3 dS m^?1.     

Estimating soil salinity by disjunctive kriging

Abstract. Disjunctive kriging provides minimum variance estimates of properties from non-linear combinations of spatially correlated sample data. In addition it can be used to estimate the conditional probability that some critical threshold is exceeded or that there is a deficit at unsampled points. The technique has been applied to estimate and map the salinity of the soil in the Bet Shean Valley of Israel from measurements of electrical conductivity. In November 1985 the estimated electrical conductivity of the soil exceeded 4 mS per centimetre throughout most of the region, and in only a small area was the probability of salinity less than 0.2. By March 1986 the electrical conductivity had declined everywhere to less than 4 mS per centimetre, and the conditional probability of exceeding this value nowhere exceeded 0.25. Despite the fluctuation in salinity farmers seem to have it under control. The results suggest that winter wheat is likely to germinate poorly in the saltier parts of the region and that lucerne (alfalfa, Medicago sativa) is unlikely to yield its maximum over most of it. Cotton, a summer crop sown in spring, should not suffer.     

土壤盐分的原位测定方法

在干旱半干旱地区,土壤盐溃化是制约农业生产的重要因素.土壤盐分的测定和诊断是土壤盐渍化研究工作中的重要内容,传统上一般通过测定土壤浸提液电导率来测定土壤盐分,过程繁琐,费时费事,不可避免地要破坏原土样.在提倡精准农业的今天,土壤盐分的快速、有效和可靠的原位测定显得非常重要.土壤盐分原位测量方法有多种,在原理上可分为土壤...     

不同改良措施下新疆重度盐渍土壤盐分变化与脱盐效果

为了比较盐渍化土壤不同改良措施的治理效果,以新疆新开垦的重度盐渍化农田为研究对象,设置5个处理分别为农业改良措施、根区隔盐+农业改良措施、暗管排盐+农业改良措施、化学改良+农业改良措施和天然对照区,通过3 a的试验研究土壤盐分运移的影响因素、动态变化与不同改良措施脱盐效果。结果表明:人为灌溉、农田蒸散量、地下水埋深与土壤盐分均达到极显著相关,生育期灌水对耕层土壤盐分影响最大,相关系数为-0.871。整个改良过程中农业改良措施处理表层和底层盐分含量较高,根区隔盐处理盐分表聚现象明显,暗管排盐、化学改良处理均表现出底层盐分明显高于表层。从各处理3a的脱盐效果来看,第1年脱盐效果均不理想,第2年脱盐率显著提升,其中根区隔盐和暗管排盐处理各土层脱盐率均超过44%,改良效果最好,由于土壤总盐分含量减少第3年各措施脱盐率明显降低。总体来看,各改良措施均能够有效降低耕层土壤盐分,根区隔盐、暗管排盐处理在0~80 cm耕层脱盐率分别为61.33%、59.37%,优于其他处理;化学改良处理0~40 cm土层脱盐效果优于底层,其脱盐率为55.32%,明显高于农业改良处理的脱盐率45.42%,但0~80 cm土层脱盐率2处理间差异不大。新疆盐碱化程度重,农田根区隔盐、暗管排盐工程改良结合农业深耕、秸秆还田、增施有机肥等措施是综合治理重度盐渍化土壤的有效途径,研究结果能够为新疆干旱区盐渍化土壤有效改良和合理开发利用提供理论依据和参考。     

盐条件下产胞外多糖植物促生细菌研究

Salt-tolerant plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can play an important role in alleviating soil salinity stress during plant growth and bacterial exopolysaccharide (EPS) can also help to mitigate salinity stress by reducing the content of Na + available for plant uptake.In this study,native bacterial strains of wheat rhizosphere in soils of Varanasi,India,were screened to identify the EPS-producing salt-tolerant rhizobacteria with plant growth-promoting traits.The various rhizobacteria strains were isolated and identified using 16S rDNA sequencing.The plant growth-promoting effect of inoculation of seedlings with these bacterial strains was evaluated under soil salinity conditions in a pot experiment.Eleven bacterial strains which initially showed tolerance up to 80 g L -1 NaCl also exhibited an EPS-producing potential.The results suggested that the isolated bacterial strains demonstrated some of the plant growth-promoting traits such as phosphate solubilizing ability and production of auxin,proline,reducing sugars,and total soluble sugars.Furthermore,the inoculated wheat plants had an increased biomass compared to the un-inoculated plants.     

Secondary salinity effects on soil microbial biomass

Secondary soil salinilization is a big problem in irrigated agriculture. We have studied the effects of irrigation-induced salinity on microbial biomass of soil under traditional cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) monoculture in Sayhunobod district of the Syr-Darya province of northwest Uzbekistan. Composite samples were randomly collected at 0–30 cm depth from weakly saline (2.3 ± 0.3 dS m⁻¹), moderately saline (5.6 ± 0.6 dS m⁻¹), and strongly saline (7.1 ± 0.6 dS m⁻¹) replicated fields, 2-mm sieved, and analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity, total C, organic C (C_Org), and extractable C, total N and P, and exchangeable ions (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺, Na⁺, Cl⁻, and CO₃²⁻), microbial biomass (C_mic). The Na⁺ and Cl⁻ concentrations were 36-80% higher in strongly saline compared to weakly saline soil. The C_Org concentration was decreased by 10% and C_Ext by 40% by increasing soil salinity, whereas decrease in C_mic ranged from 18-42% and the percentage of C_Org present as C_mic from 8% to 26%. We conclude that irrigation-induced secondary salinity significantly affects soil chemical properties and the size of soil microflora.     

In vitro salinity resistance of three ectomycorrhizal fungi

The growth models, diameter growth rates, biomass yield and Na⁺ contents of three ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi, Suillus bovinus (L. ex Fr.) O. Kuntze, Suillus luteus (L. ex Fr.) Gray, Boletus luridus Schaeff ex Fr., were investigated at nine NaCl levels (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8 mol/L). The results showed that the growth models of the three ECM fungal species were not affected by the NaCl concentration, but the growth rates reduced with the increasing NaCl concentration. The growth rates of B. luridus and S. bovinus were significantly higher than that of S. luteus at the same NaCl level; the biomass yields of three ECM fungal species were different, S. bovinus < S. luteus < B. luridus. Of the three species, B. luridus exhibited the highest growth rates, best biomass yield, and greatest Na⁺ concentration in the mycelia over the NaCl gradient tested, indicating B. luridus has the most tolerance to NaCl stress and assimilation to Na⁺ under salt stress. The growth rate of S. luteus was the lowest, but the biomass yield and Na⁺ concentration in the mycelia were only lower than those of B. luridus. S. bovinus was the most sensitive to NaCl stress and its growth rate was faster than that of S. luteus, but the biomass yield and Na⁺ concentration in the mycelia were the lowest.