芽孢杆菌(Bacillus spp.)拮抗基因的分子标记

用ＢＯＸ－ＰＣＲ指纹图谱进行了１８４个格兰氏生菌株,其中有４１个菌株与标准菌种Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓ ａｍｙｌｏｌｉｑｕｅｆａｃｉｅｎｓ之间的ＤＮＡ指纹图谱相似性大于７０％,在离体条件下,测定这些菌株对水稻纹枯菌的拮抗性能。选出４个代表菌株（Ｇ４３３、Ｇ４３４＾－、Ｇ３９６＾＋、Ｇ２９２＾＋）用于筛选ＲＡＰＤ－ＰＣＲ的有效引物、先后共测试了１２４个随机引物,有８个随机引物能够产生明显与拮抗基因相关的ＤＮ     

苏云金芽孢杆菌cry1Aa10杀虫晶体蛋白基因的克隆、序列分析以及在大肠杆菌中的表达

本研究从对鳞翅目昆虫有强毒性的苏云金芽孢杆菌（Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓ ｔｈｕｒｉｎｇｉｅｎｓｉｓＢｔ）菌株ｋｕｒｓｔａｋｉＨＤ－１－０２中克隆到一个３．５ｋｂ的杀虫晶体蛋白基因ｃｒｙＩ－０２。全序列分析表明,该基因由３５３１ｂｐ的核苷酸组成,可编码１１７６个氨基酸组成的蛋白质,根据同源性比较,该基因被确定为ｃｒｙ１Ａａ基因。它与国外报道的Ｂｔｃｒｙ１Ａａ基因具有相似的限制性内切酶图谱,核苷酸和氨基酸序列     

鸡马立克氏病病毒(MDV)B抗原基因在烟草中的初步表达

为探索利用转基因植物产鸡马立氏病疫苗的新途径,将马立克氏病病毒（Ｍａｒｅｋ’ｓｄｉｓｅａｓｅｖｉｒｕｓ,ＭＤＶ）Ｂ抗原基因的两个片段,（Ｉ３和Ｋ３）整合连妆到相应的双元载体上,构建成带有ＮｐｔⅡ和Ｇｕｓ基因的ＭＤＶ Ｂ抗原基因的植物表达载体ｐＡｒｔ６９Ｉ３Ｋ３。     

淡紫灰吸水链霉菌及其紫外诱变菌株用于害物生防研究

从国内外不同生态条件下采集的土壤标本中分离到７０多个吸水链霉菌（Ｓｔｒｅｐｔｏｍｙｃｅｓｈｙｇｒｏｓｃｏｐｉｃｕｓ）,用其发酵离心上清液对水稻、稗草秧苗和稻纹枯病菌、恶苗病菌进行生物测定,结果有３个菌株对稗草根的生长具有较好的抑（杀）效果;有３个菌株对水稻病原菌有很好的抑制生长作用。其中淡紫灰吸水链霉菌（Ｓｔｒｅｐｔｏｍｙｃｅｓｌａｖｅｎｄｕｌｏ－ｈｙｇｒｏｓｃｏｐｉｃｕｓ）对稗苗及水稻的二种病原     

与黄原胶生物合成相关的"1.9" kb EcoRI DNA片段的序列测定分析

对Ｘａｎｔｈｏｍｏｎａｓｃａｍｐｅｓｔｒｉｓｐｖ．ｃａｍｐｅｓｔｒｉｓ（下称Ｘｃｃ）８００４菌株染色体基因组中９．４ｋｂＨｉｎｄⅢＤＮＡ的“１．９”ｋｂＥｃｏＲＩ酶切片段的测序分析结果表明,该ＥｃｏＲＩＤＮＡ片段的实际长度为１．８８ｋｂ。在核苷酸水平上与Ｘｃｃ的ｇｕｍ基因有９８％的一致性;这一ＥｃｏＲＩ片段上有两个有意义的ＯＲＦ：ＯＲＦ１和ＯＲＦ２。ＯＲＦ１是一个不完整的ＯＲＦ;在氨基酸水平上,ＯＲＦ１和ＯＲＦ２的推断性编码产物蛋白分别与ｇｕｍＡ基因编码的ＧｕｍＡ及ｇｕｍＢ基因编码的ＧｕｍＢ蛋白有１００％的一致性。因此在１．８８ｋｂＥｃｏＲＩ片段上存在一完整的ｇｕｍＢ基因。     

甘蓝黑腐病菌rPf基因簇对胞外蛋白酶Ⅰ基因表达的调控

甘蓝黑腐病黄单胞菌（ＸａｎｔｈｏｍｏｎａｓｃａｍｐｅｓｔｒｉｓＰｖ．ｃａｍｐｅｓｔｒｉｓ）产生的胞外蛋白酶Ⅰ在致病的早期阶段起重要作用，该酶以及其它胞外酶和胞外多糖的合成受一致病因子调控基因簇（ｒＰｆ基因簇）的正向调控。本研究利用带有β－半乳糖苷酶报道基因（ｌａｃＺ）的转座子Ｔｎ５－Ｂ２０诱变蛋白酶Ⅰ基因克隆，获得了ｌａｃＺ在蛋白酶Ⅰ基因启动子控制下表达的Ｔｎ５－Ｂ２０插入突变质粒。通过将这种突变质粒导入野生型和各ｒｐｆ基因突变体菌株后，测定ｌａｃＺ基因在细胞生长周期中的表达水平，不仅进一步证实了这些ｒｐｆ基因对蛋白酶Ⅰ基因的正向调控作用，而且明确了它们的调控水平．发现ｒｐｆＡ、ｒｐｆＣ、ｒｐｆＥ、ｒｐｆＧ或ｒｐｆＨ突变后，蛋白酶Ⅰ基因的转录会降低９０％左右，而ｒｐｆＢ突变后，蛋白酶Ⅰ基因的转录只降低４８％。     

根瘤菌中的nodD基因及其与弗兰克氏菌（Frankia）中的类nodD基因的功能互补

根瘤菌可在几种豆科植物上成瘤,结瘤基因（ｎｏｄ基因）赋予这些细菌以寄主专一性的方式诱导瘤的形成。目前,已被鉴定的三类主要结瘤基因是：＂公共＂结瘤基因,如ｎｏｄＡＢＣ,这类基因是结瘤不可缺少的,并具有高度的结构和功能上的保守性;另一类是寄主专一性基因,这类基因具有种属或菌株的专一性,它们决定了细菌的寄主范围;最后一类是结瘤基因Ｄ（ｎｏｄＤ）,这类基因编码一类调节蛋白,并和植物分泌的酚类化合物一道起动其他结瘤操纵子的转录。一些根瘤菌种属只有一个拷贝的ｎｏｄＤ基因,而另一些则可拥有三个拷贝之多。苜蓿根瘤菌（Ｒ．ｍｅｌｉｌｏｔｉ）中存在三个拷贝的ｎｏｄＤ基因,其中的任何一个发生突变都以依赖于寄主的方式影响结瘤效果。在慢生型大豆根瘤菌（Ｂ．ｊａｐｏｎｉｃｕｍ）中,ｎｏｄＤ１突变菌株还可在大豆或其他豆科植物寄主上结瘤,只是稍往后推迟而已,ｎｏｄＤ２基因对ｎｏｄＹＡＢＣＳＵＩＪ操纵子诱导的影响却很小,两个ｎｏｄＤ拷贝突变后尚表现出结瘤活性。在只有一个ｎｏｄＤ基因拷贝的根瘤菌种属中,如豌豆根瘤菌（Ｒ．ｌｅｇｕｍｉｎｏｓａｒｕｍ）和茎瘤固氮菌（Ａ．ｃａｕｌｉｎｏｄａｎｓ）中,ｎｏｄＤ突变后会导致菌株丧失结瘤能力。一般说来,不     

棉秆非纤维素组分嗜碱性细菌生物降解及制浆研究（Ⅱ）：——？…

以玉米芯半纤维素为营养源，从７株嗜酸性细菌Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓｓｐ。ＮＴ－７、１７、１９、２３、３３、３９、和６２中筛选出产木聚糖酶活性较高的两菌株ＮＴ－１９和ＮＴ－６２。对ＮＴ－１９和ＮＴ－６２所分泌的矣糖酶初步纯化并分析他们的性质发现，ＮＴ－１９木聚糖酶ＸＥ１９和ＮＴ－６２所产木聚糖酶ＸＥ６２的最适反应温度分别为５０℃和６０℃。两者的米氏常数分别为３．７０和３．７６ｍｇ／ｍＬ。它们的Ｖｍａｘ分别为     

西瓜枯萎病生防菌枯草芽孢杆菌B11菌株高产拮抗物质的诱变选育

从西瓜根围分离得到的一株有效抑制西瓜枯萎病菌的枯草芽孢杆菌B 11菌株(B acillus subtilisstra in B 11)。为获得高产拮抗物质的诱变菌株,采用紫外线诱变方法对B 11菌株进行诱变,结果获得抑菌活性比野生菌B 11菌株强的6株诱变菌株,其中G 17菌株的抑菌活性及粗拮抗物质含量均高于B 11菌株,且遗传性较稳定;再以G 17菌株为供试菌株,用亚硝基胍(NTG)对其进行化学诱变,结果获得抑菌活性较强的4株诱变菌株,其中BV 22菌株对西瓜枯萎病菌的抑菌活性最高,其抑菌活性比G 17和B 11菌株分别提高了36.88%和80.00%;其粗拮抗物质的含量分别提高了30.15%和62.53%。研究结果说明,用物理诱变B 11菌株后获得的诱变菌株再用化学方法进行诱变,可选育出高产拮抗物质的诱变菌株。     

苏云金芽胞杆菌新菌株S184 cry1Ab基因的克隆

通过对ＧｅｎＢａｎｋ中ｃｒｙ１类基因序列的保守区进行分析,设计一对针对其保守区的引物Ｙ５－１（ＡＧＧＡＣＣＡＧＧＡＴＴＴＡＣＡＧＧＡＧＧ）和Ｙ３－１（ＧＣＴＧＴＧＡＣＡＣ ＧＡＡＧＧＡＴＡＴＡＧＣＣＡＣ）,对苏云金芽胞杆菌（Ｂａｘｉｌｌｕｓ ｔｈｕｒｉｎｇｉｅｎｓｉｓ,Ｂｔ）新菌株Ｓ１８４质粒ＤＮＡ进行扩增,得到一大小为１．５ｋｂ的ＤＮＡ片段,序列分析显示该片段与ｃｒｙ１因基因高度同源。以此片段为     

Competitive interaction among strains of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. phaseoli in the nodulation of kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

We examined the competitiveness of five effective Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar phaseoli strains in the nodulation of kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), either alone or in pairwise combination, against the indigenous strains. The results showed that the introduced Rhizobium sp. strains (B2, B17, B36, T2, or CIAT 652) occupying 64–79% of the total nodules (as single inocula) were more competitive in nodulation than the native rhizobia. However, the competitiveness of the individual Rhizobium sp. strain either increased or decreased when used in a pairwise combination of double-strain inocula. For example, strain B17, although quite competitive against the indigenous population (68% nodule occupancy), became poorly competitive in the presence of strain B2 (reduced from 68 to 2.5%). A similar reduction in nodule occupancy by strain B17 was observed in the presence of B36 or CIAT 652, indicating that two competitive strains may not always be compatible. These results suggest that it is important to co-select competitive as well as compatible rhizobia for multistrain inoculant formulation.     

堆肥中纤维素降解菌的筛选及复配菌降解性能研究

为加快堆肥过程中秸秆纤维素的降解速率,本研究从玉米秸秆堆肥中分离纤维素分解菌,并通过测定羧甲基纤维素酶(CMCase)活力、滤纸条崩解能力及兼容性,筛选出优良菌株,进而构建复合菌系,并对降解性能进行评价。结果共获得29株纤维素分解菌,对其中的高效菌株进行配伍,构建了6组复合菌系。除复合菌系F外,其他复合菌系的滤纸酶活力均显著高于单一菌株(P<0.05),尤以复合菌系B(xw1、xw3、xw8)、D(xw16、xw21、xw31)的酶活力最高,分别为22.8、20.4 U·mL^-1,比其中的最强单菌株xw3、xw21高出58.3%、68.6%,且所产酶具有耐高温(40～55℃)性。复合菌系B、D培养5 d可将滤纸条崩解为糊状,10 d内对秸秆的降解率达24.5%、21.9%,较单菌株xw8、xw31增加9.4和4.7个百分点。经16S rDNA分子鉴定,复合菌系B由微杆菌属(Microbacterium sp.)、类芽孢杆菌属(Paenibacillus sp.)组成,复合菌系D由芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus sp.)、类芽孢杆菌属(Paenibacillu ...     

红三叶根际促生菌中具生防效果菌株筛选、鉴定及特性研究

【目的】 从岷山红三叶根际分离的109株促生菌,鉴定、筛选了具有生防能力的菌种资源并研究其生防特性,为生产应用提供服务。 【方法】 采用平板对峙法筛选优良生防菌株,对其产铁载体能力进行定性、定量测定和16S rRNA基因序列分析鉴定。 【结果】 平板对峙试验显示,109株促生菌中有8株促生菌对3种病原真菌 (立枯丝核菌、黄瓜枯萎菌、西瓜尖镰孢菌) 具有拮抗效果,分别是菌株MHS3、MHS7、MHS9、MHS27、MHS31、MHS38、MHS39和MHS48。其中,菌株MHS27、MHS31发酵液对立枯丝核菌抑菌率分别为40.1%、47.1%;菌株MHS7和MHS48发酵液对黄瓜枯萎菌抑菌率分别为26.1%、22.8%;菌株MHS27和MHS31发酵液对西瓜尖镰孢菌抑制率分别为34.0%、30.5%;产嗜铁素是生防菌 (MHS7、MHS27、MHS31、MHS48) 拮抗3种病原真菌的主要途径之一。经16S rRNA基因序列分析初步鉴定,菌株MHS7为特基拉芽孢杆菌 (Bacillus tequilensis),菌株MHS27为溶蛋白芽孢杆菌 (Bacillus proteolyticus),菌株MHS31为Pseudomonas paralactis,菌株MHS48为克雷伯氏菌 (Klebsiella oxytoca)。 【结论】 从岷山红三叶根际分离筛选出4株具有优良生防作用的PGPR菌株,为今后生物菌肥应用推广提供了菌种资源支持。      

The capacity to comigrate with Lyophyllum sp. strain Karsten through different soils is spread among several phylogenetic groups within the genus Burkholderia

Recently, two strains related to Burkholderia terrae, denoted BS001 and BS110, were shown to be strongly interactive with the soil fungus Lyophyllum sp. strain Karsten, forming a biofilm around the L. sp. strain Karsten hyphae and migrating along growing hyphae in soil. Here, we extend the findings obtained with strains BS001 and BS110 and show that the migratory ability with extending fungal hyphae is actually distributed among four Burkholderia phylotypes obtained from a range of soils with different characteristics. The majority of the migrating strains fell into a rather narrow group related to the original strain B. terrae BS001, but others fell in groups related to B. terricola, B. xenovorans and B. phytofirmans. To obtain these novel strains, bacterial inocula were obtained as cell extracts from eight soils and subsequently introduced into four (sandy acidic) pre-sterilized soils in microcosms which were then colonized by L. sp. strain Karsten or kept without this fungus. After 2 weeks of incubation, the soil microcosms were sampled at the migration front and samples were plated on semi-selective PCAT agar medium next to R2A medium. A total of 19 strains that had revealed the capability to comigrate with the fungus were obtained from this set-up, whereas four other strains were found in previous field work. Strains were analysed by BOX-PCR, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, partial 16S rRNA gene similarity, metabolic profiling using BIOLOG and for the presence of a type three secretion system (TTSS). All strains belonged to the genus Burkholderia. Following this, selected strains were shown to be capable of single-strain comigration with the L. sp. strain Karsten hyphae through different soils. However, their avidity to do so differed across soils. For their ecological competence, the four different comigrating phylotypes may rely on their capacities to migrate as well as consume fungal-released compounds.     

苏云金芽胞杆菌伴胞晶体蛋白对植物寄生线虫生物测定方法的建立和高毒力菌株的筛选

本研究建立了一套利用苏云金芽胞杆菌伴胞晶体蛋白对植物寄生线虫的生物测定方法。通过该方法从本实验室收集保藏的苏云金芽胞杆菌菌株中筛选出了对植物寄生线虫有毒杀作用的菌株11株。通过复筛确定了10个菌株的伴胞晶体蛋白对植物寄生线虫有活性；SDS-PAGE显示这些菌株的伴胞晶体蛋白组成具有特异性和多样性。其中菌株YBT-021的杀线虫其半致死浓度（LC50）分别为：北方根结线虫(Meloidogyne hapla) 35.62μg/mL，苎麻短体线虫(Pratylenchus scribneri) 75.65μg/mL，苎麻矮化线虫（Tylenchornchus sp.）94.31μg/mL，甘薯茎线虫(Ditylenchus destructor) 215.21μg/mL。     

Response of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) to single and mixed inoculation with phosphate-solubilizing bacteria and Sinorhizobium meliloti

The objectives of this work were to phenotypically and genetically characterize alfalfa rhizosphere bacteria and to evaluate the effect of single or mixed inoculation upon nodulation and biological nitrogen fixation. Thirty-two strains showed tricalcium phosphate solubilization ability, and two of them caused bigger or equal solubilization halos than the control strain P. putida SP22. The comparison of the 16S ribosomal DNA sequences indicated that these strains are phylogenetically related to Bacillus spp. and Pseudomonas spp. A beneficial effect of both isolates on alfalfa growth was observed in coinoculation assays. Pseudomonas sp. FM7d caused a significant increase in root and shoot dry weight, length, and surface area of roots, number, and symbiotic properties of alfalfa plants. The plants coinoculated with Sinorhizobium meliloti B399 and the Bacillus sp. M7c showed significant increases in the measured parameters. Our results indicating that strains Pseudomonas sp. FM7d and Bacillus sp. M7c can be considered for the formulation of new inoculants.     

Serological properties and intrinsic antibiotic resistance of soybean bradyrhizobia isolated from Thailand

A group of Bradyrhizobium strains isolated from soybean plants in Thailand did not correspond to any known DNA homology groups of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and Bradyrhizobium elkanii reported by Hollis et al. (J. Gen. Microbiol., 123, 215–222, 1981). To clarify the phenotypic characteristics of the group, serological properties and intrinsic antibiotic resistance (IAR) profile of 94 Thai strains were compared with those of USDA and Japanese strains. Indirect ELISA tests for each Thai strain were performed agaiIl.st polyclonal antisera prepared against 15 USDA standard serotype strains of B. japonicum and B. elkanii. Among the 94 Thai strains tested, 36 which were previously identified as B. elkanii, with the exception of one strain, were strongly responsive to an antiserum prepared against USDA 31. The remaining 58 strains, with the exception of two strains, showed multiple cross reactions which were peculiar to the Thai strains. These serological reaction patterns did not correspond to any known serogroups labeled as B. japonicum and B. elkanii. In the IAR test, the taxonomically unknown Thai soybean bradyrhizobia exhibited a high level of resistance to neomycin (50 µg/mL), polymyxin (50 µg/mL), nalidixic acid (15 µg/mL), and kanamycin (15 µg/mL). Kanamycin could thus be useful in combination with neomycine and nalidixic acid for distinguishing between the unknown Thai strains and strains of B. japonicum and B. elkanii. Our results demonstrated that the unknown Thai strains were serologically and IAR-phenotypically remote from both B. japonicum and B. elkanii.     

禾谷镰刀菌拮抗菌株的筛选及鉴定

禾谷镰刀菌引起的小麦赤霉病能够导致小麦产量的大幅降低和品质的严重损失。为探索赤霉病生物防治方法,本试验从扬花期被禾谷镰刀菌侵染的麦穗上分离得到28株芽孢杆菌,利用平板对峙法对其进行筛选,其中20株菌对禾谷镰刀菌表现出明显的拮抗作用。根据生理生化特性和16S rDNA序列分析,这20株拮抗菌分别被鉴定为甲基营养型芽孢杆菌(11株)、解淀粉芽孢杆菌(2株)、枯草芽孢杆菌(2株)、暹罗芽孢杆菌(3株)和特基拉芽孢杆菌(2株)。这些菌株能够有效降低小麦赤霉病的发病率、发病程度和病情指数,其中菌株JS62N、JS15E和JS29I能够将赤霉病发病率降低80%以上;菌株JS29I、JS62N、JS39C和JS39D能够将赤霉病发病程度降低80%以上。16株菌能将病情指数降低80%以上;所有菌株均能极显著增加小麦的百粒重,JS12Q效果最好(+101.4%)。本研究结果为小麦赤霉病的防治提供了生物防治材料。     

Cadmium-tolerant plant growth-promoting bacteria associated with the roots of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern.)

Eleven cadmium-tolerant bacterial strains were isolated from the root zone of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern.) seedlings grown in Cd-supplemented soils as well as sewage sludge and mining waste highly contaminated with Cd. The bacteria also showed increased tolerance to other metals including Zn, Cu, Ni and Co. The isolated strains included Variovorax paradoxus, Rhodococcus sp. and Flavobacterium sp., and were capable of stimulating root elongation of B. juncea seedlings either in the presence or absence of toxic Cd concentrations. Some of the strains produced indoles or siderophores, but none possessed C₂H₂-reduction activity. All the strains, except Flavobacterium sp. strain 5P-3, contained the enzyme 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase, which hydrolyses ACC (the immediate precursor of plant hormone ethylene) to NH₃ and α-ketobutyrate. V. paradoxus utilized ACC as a sole source of N or energy. A positive correlation between the in vitro ACC deaminase activity of the bacteria and their stimulating effect on root elongation suggested that utilization of ACC is an important bacterial trait determining root growth promotion. The isolated bacteria offer promise as inoculants to improve growth of the metal accumulating plant B. juncea in the presence of toxic Cd concentrations and for the development of plant-inoculant systems useful for phytoremediation of polluted soils.     

复合菌剂对小麦秸秆降解速率、土壤酶和土壤 微生物类群的影响

秸秆在农业上的有效利用日益受到关注。针对秸秆还田后腐解难的问题,本文选择7株纤维素降解菌种进行复配:拟茎点霉B3、茎点霉YY11、绿色木霉、里氏木霉、根霉、黑曲霉、蜂房芽孢杆菌。最终采用两种复配液体菌剂A(B3、YY11、绿色木霉和蜂房芽孢杆菌)、C(上述7个菌种),同时制作与液体菌剂A、C分别对应的固体菌剂B、D。探讨了复合菌剂对秸秆降解速率的促进作用和对土壤质量的提升效果。结果表明,4种菌剂均可促进小麦秸秆降解,改善土壤生物学特性,增加土壤养分,改良玉米农艺学性状。综合评价各个指标,菌剂B(B3、YY11、绿色木霉、蜂房芽孢杆菌;固体剂型)的表现最好,且玉米总产量比市售秸秆腐熟剂处理高20.72%。总之,本研究表明小麦秸秆还田后和联合菌剂使用能明显提高土壤降解功能,并且为实现经济可持续的农业管理方式提供了一种有应用前景的秸秆腐熟剂组合方式。