碳酸钙和锌对五种基因型小麦生长、锌吸收及营养液中HCO3-含量和pH的影响

以霍格兰营养液为介质,在不同的Zn(0、0.016、0.082.mg/L)与CaCO3(0、10、306、0.mg/L)用量下,将5种基因型冬小麦进行营养液混合培养,探讨Zn与CaCO3用量对小麦幼苗生长、Zn吸收及营养液中HCO3-含量和pH的影响。结果表明,5种基因型冬小麦中,S02-8、远丰998为缺锌敏感型,西杂1号为缺锌非敏感型,适量供Zn比高量供Zn更有利于小麦生长。低量CaCO3可在一定程度上促进小麦幼苗生长,而高量CaCO3会抑制生长;缺锌敏感型的生长量显著低于非敏感型,且前者的根冠比小于后者。加入CaCO3后对各基因型小麦Zn吸收量无显著影响,但随着供Zn量的增加,根系与地上部吸Zn量也随之增加,且高量供Zn时Zn在根部大量累积;缺锌敏感型小麦比非敏感型更易于在根系中累积Zn,而Zn向地上部的转移率远比非敏感型低。与不添加CaCO3相比,加入一定量CaCO3后,营养液中HCO3-浓度与pH值均有较大幅度上升,并且二者均随着CaCO3加入量增加而升高。在每10.d更换一次营养液的培养过程中,营养液pH值在一日内的波动范围在0.2个pH值单位内,但pH值总体上随着培养天数推移而呈上升趋势,10.d内上升范围在0.79～2.37个pH值单位;每10.d为一阶段的培养结束后,不同CaCO3用量间的pH值差异与开始时相比均大大减小。此外,因高量CaCO3抑制小麦幼苗生长,加剧缺Zn症状,但又不降低Zn吸收量,据此推测,高量CaCO3可能通过产生较高浓度的HCO3-而降低植物体内所吸收的Zn的生理活性。     

重碳酸根对不同小麦基因型生长及锌营养的影响

石灰性土壤上小麦锌缺乏问题在世界范围内广泛存在,而高含量的HCO3-被认为是造成缺锌的主要原因之一。本试验采用土培试验方法,选用3种小麦基因型（中育6号、S02-8、远丰998）,研究了不同HCO3-浓度水平对小麦生长及Zn营养的影响。结果表明,HCO3-对小麦植株生长（尤其是对根系）及Zn吸收有一定的抑制作用,且在较低浓度（15 mmol/L）条件下表现更为明显。另外,高浓度HCO3-对土壤中有效锌含量及对锌从小麦根系向地上部的转运率均会产生不利的影响,在HCO3- 30 mmol/L条件下,与未进行HCO3-处理的对照相比,土壤有效锌及锌向地上部的转运率分别下降11.1%和5.0%,表明HCO3-对小麦锌营养的影响可能主要是通过以下途径实现的:1) 对土壤中有效锌的钝化;2) 对小麦根系生长的抑制;3) 抑制锌从小麦根系向地上部的转运,其中前两个途径可能起着更为重要的作用。总体来看,土壤中高含量的HCO3- 对供试的3种冬小麦基因型的生长及Zn吸收的抑制作用比较轻微,这可能与它们对高浓度的HCO3-具有较高的耐性有关。     

不同供Zn量对三种小麦基因型幼苗生长和养分吸收的影响

采用溶液培养方法,研究了不同供Zn量(0、0.5、104、0.mg/L,分别用Zn0、Zn0.5、Zn10、Zn40表示)对三种亲缘关系很远的半冬性小麦基因型郑麦9023、陕512、西农979幼苗生长发育及Zn、Fe、Mn吸收的影响,以期为筛选耐高锌的小麦基因型提供理论依据。结果表明,不供Zn时小麦幼苗未出现缺Zn症状;Zn0.5对小麦的正常生长影响较小。三种基因型小麦的幼苗在过量供Zn(Zn10、Zn40)时均受到严重伤害:抑制小麦分蘖、根系及地上部生长,叶片叶绿素SPAD值显著降低,小麦植株尤其是根部的耐性指数降低;施入的Zn的转运率显著降低,却大大提高了小麦植株尤其是根部的Zn含量和吸收量,但Zn10时幼苗体内Zn含量和吸收量大于Zn40,且Zn10比Zn40更能在根部积累Zn。Zn与Fe的吸收在根部似乎表现为互助作用,而地上部表现为颉颃作用;Zn与Mn之间表现出强烈的颉颃作用。过量供Zn时以西农979耐性指数最大,Zn转运率最高,植株体内的Fe、Mn含量也高。总之,供Zn量为通常配方的51～0倍时对小麦幼苗的生长尚无明显影响;1002～00和4008～00倍时则能对小麦幼苗造成严重伤害,三种供试小麦基因型中以西农979对过量Zn毒害的耐性最强。     

Zn胁迫对黑麦草幼苗生长、生理生化及Zn吸收的影响

采用营养液培养法，研究了不同Zn浓度(0，0.25，0.50，1.00，2.00 mmol/L)对黑麦草幼苗生长、过氧化物酶活性、脯氨酸、根系活力及Zn吸收的影响。结果表明，低锌胁迫对黑麦草幼苗生长无抑制，过度锌胁迫(Zn≥2 mmol/L)将降低黑麦草地上部干质量。幼苗叶内游离脯氨酸含量随锌胁迫时间、锌浓度增加而增加。随Zn胁迫时间增加幼苗POD活性先降后升、根系活力先升后降，锌处理的植株地上部POD活性随锌浓度增加先降低，然后增加，而根系活力随锌浓度增加而增加。黑麦草幼苗地上部和根系Zn含量随Zn浓度的增加而增加，当Zn浓度为2.00 mmol/L时，地上部Zn含量最大值为775.0 mg/kg。     

氮素形态对不同磷效率基因型小麦生长和氮素吸收及基因型差异的影响

对2种不同磷效率基因型小麦幼苗水培结果表明,NO3-N和NH4NO3-N对小麦植株地上部生长的影响无明显差异,但是对根系生长的影响明显不同。NH4-N对小麦幼苗的生长有明显的抑制作用,且对根系生长的抑制程度显著大于对地上部;对磷低效基因型Jing411的抑制程度明显大于对磷高效基因型Xiaoyan54。NH4NO3-N处理有利于提高植株地上部氮含量和植株的氮吸收效率。Xiaoyan54的植株吸氮量在NH4NO3-N处理中最高,Jing411在NO3-N处理中最高。不同处理对营养液pH值的影响明显不同。NH4NO3-N和NH4-N处理导致营养液pH值降低,NO3-N处理使营养液pH值升高,不同磷效率基因型小麦使营养液pH值降低或升高的程度不同。小麦磷效率基因型差异的表现与否和氮素形态有关,以植株地上部干重为磷效率指标的基因型差异在供应NO3-N时不表现。磷高效基因型Xiaoyan54的生长显著优于磷低效基因型Jing411。     

氮素形态及HCO3——对豌豆铁素营养的影响

在水培条件下研究了NO3-N ,NH4-N及添加HCO3-和HEPES对豌豆铁营养的影响。与NO3-N相比 ,供应NH4-N时豌豆根系铁还原力上升较早 ,铁还原酶活性显著较高 ,铁向地上部转移较多。供应NH4-N时培养Sparkle的营养液pH下降较快 ,而培养E107营养液 pH受氮源形态的影响较小。对根系质外体铁的利用 ,以NH4-N为氮源时 ,两种豌豆经过 15天后都全部利用 ;供应NO3-N的E107能全部利用 ,Sparkle也利用了约 3/4 ;以HCO3-缓冲时E107利用了约 3/4 ,而Sparkle则几乎不能利用。但是生长在HCO3-缓冲的营养液中的豌豆根系结构完好 ,转移到低pH环境中后铁还原力不仅没有降低 ,反而比对照有所提高。HCO3-和HEPES对豌豆铁营养的影响相似。表明HCO3-对豌豆铁营养的影响不是破坏了根系的结构和功能 ,而主要是通过提高根际 pH值 ,抑制了根系铁还原酶活性的作用 ,从而降低了对铁的吸收利用能力。氮素形态对豌豆铁营养的影响主要是通过影响质外体 pH起作用的。     

碳酸氢根与水肥同层对玉米幼苗生长和吸收养分的影响

把水分(NaHCO3溶液或纯水)供应于底施了铵态或硝态N肥的土层内,以研究HCO3-及水肥供应方式对石灰性土壤上玉米生长及养分吸收的影响。结果表明,在限制灌水量的条件下,在土壤上层供应HCO3-显著抑制根系生长,但在下层供应对生长无明显影响;当施用不同形态N素时,HCO3-对N素吸收并无明显影响;此外,供应HCO3-溶液能明显提高灌水土层的土壤pH。总体来看,在供试条件下,HCO3-对玉米幼苗生长量、根系分布及养分吸收量的影响均较为有限,而后三者主要受施肥灌水层次的影响,即:在土壤上层施肥灌水,幼苗生长量显著降低;而在下层施肥灌水是一种节水节肥的水肥供应方式。但下层施肥灌水不利于植株的直立性。因为下层施肥灌水时根系主要分布在下层,在上层分布数量极少;而上层施肥灌水根系在上下两层中的分布无明显差异;下层施肥灌水的玉米植株,其N、P、K吸收量远高于上层施肥灌水的植株。     

HCO3-同化物在水稻体内的运输分配及其与石灰性土壤水稻耐缺锌的关系

试验采用营养液培养、同位素示踪方法,研究了HCO3-同化物在缺Zn敏感（IR26）和耐性水稻品种（IR8192-31-2）体内运输和分配的差异。研究结果表明,HCO3-同化物从敏感品种根部向地上部运输较少,在根部积累较多,而耐性品种HCO3-同化物向地上部运输较多,速率较快,而在根部积累较少;施Zn促进敏感品种HCO3-同化物从根部向地上部的运输。敏感品种离体根吸收的HCO3-高于耐性品种,并且HCO3-同化物从根尖向伸长区迁移的速率高于耐性品种。以上结果表明HCO3-同化物运输和分配差异是不同水稻品种对缺锌敏感差异的重要机制之一。     

根系局部施P对小麦苗期生长的影响

研究了不同P营养基因型小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)“81(85)5-3-3-3”和“NC37”在苗期对根系局部供P(0.1mmol/L)后的反应。结果表明,只有3cm根段处于完全营养液(LHL)中的小麦植株不能正常生长,其干物质量分别为全部根系处于完全营养液(HHH)中的小麦植株的54.0%和49.6%。但给绝大部分根系供P,只有3cm根段处于缺P营养液(HLH)中的小麦植株的干物质量、株高、叶面积、根长、根轴长和侧根数等均明显高于全部根系处于完全营养液处理,此时的植株含P量正常。这表明小麦根系接受局部缺P刺激后,加速了小麦苗期的生长发育;缺P信号和常量P信号的刺激具有协同作用,体内不缺P小麦植株可以接受缺P信号并产生正效应。不同基因型小麦对局 部施P的反应有一定差异。     

磺胺二甲基嘧啶与环丙沙星对小麦种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

为研究抗生素胁迫对小麦种子萌发和幼苗生长发育的影响,选取磺胺二甲基嘧啶(Sulfadimidine, SM2)和环丙沙星(Ciprofloxacin, CIP)两种典型抗生素为研究对象,采用水培方法,通过测定不同浓度的两种抗生素对小麦种子芽和根的生长抑制率、幼苗生物量、根系形态和根系活力指标,分析比较了两种抗生素对小麦种子和幼苗的生态毒性差异。结果表明:0.1～2.0 mg·L~(-1)的SM2和0.1～1.0 mg·L~(-1)的CIP能够促进小麦种子根和芽的生长,当SM2浓度达到10.0 mg·L~(-1)、CIP浓度达到5.0 mg·L~(-1)时,两种抗生素开始对小麦种子根长产生抑制作用,并且随着浓度的增大抑制作用显著增强;两种抗生素对作物种子根长的抑制效应强于芽长;0.1 mg·L~(-1)的SM2促进小麦幼苗生长以及干物质积累,但随着SM2浓度增大,小麦幼苗生长受到抑制,根系生物量以及根系性状(总根长、平均直径)显著降低;CIP对小麦幼苗生长、干物质积累和根系性状均具有抑制作用,并且随着CIP浓度的增大抑制作用增强;SM2和CIP均抑制小麦根系活力,随着抗生素浓度的升高小麦根系氧化还原力降低,根系活力逐渐减弱。研究表明,SM2和CIP会在小麦根系不断积累,影响小麦正常生长,CIP对小麦幼苗生态毒性相对更强,0.1 mg·L~(-1)CIP即会抑制小麦幼苗生长。     

利用螯合–缓冲营养液对小麦苗期磷–锌关系的研究

采用螯合缓冲营养液培养技术（Chelator-buffer culture solution）,对小麦幼苗植株的磷锌营养进行了探讨。结果表明,高磷条件下小麦出现的缺锌黄化与磷中毒症状之间存在着明显区别,本研究结果支持高磷条件下作物出现的黄化是锌缺乏症状而非磷中毒的观点。与缺磷相比,正常供磷促进了小麦的生长,但过量磷对小麦生长有阻碍作用,而且锌的供应加剧了促进或抑制的程度。正常供应磷、锌条件下,小麦幼苗根系或地上部的磷、锌含量、吸收量及转运率均处于相对较高的水平,其余各处理则因为磷或锌供应量不适宜而使植株的磷、锌营养受到不同程度的影响。另外,磷锌相互拮抗的作用方式及大小程度不同:磷主要影响小麦根系对锌的吸收,而锌对小麦磷营养的影响主要是通过对其从根系向地上部转运的抑制来实现的;磷对锌的影响要明显大于锌对磷的影响,磷素水平在小麦的磷、锌营养平衡中起着更为重要的作用。磷锌拮抗作用只在双方供应不适宜的情况下发生,而且相互作用的方式及程度存在明显差异。     

Varietal tolerance to Zinc deficiency in wheat and barley grown in chelatorbuffered nutrient solution and its effect on uptake of Cu,Fe, and Mn

Tolerance to zinc (Zn) deficiency was examined for three wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and three barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) varieties grown in chelator‐buffered nutrient solution. Four indices were chosen to characterize tolerance to Zn deficiency: (1) relative shoot weight at low compared to high Zn supply (“Zn efficiency index”), (2) relative shoot to root ratio at low compared to high Zn supply, (3) total shoot uptake of Zn under deficient conditions, and (4) shoot dry weight under deficient conditions. Barley and wheat exhibited different tolerance to Zn deficiency, with barley being consistently more tolerant than wheat as assessed by all four indices. The tolerance to Zn deficiency in the barley varieties was in the order Thule=Tyra>Kinnan, and that of wheat in the order Bastian=Avle>Vinjett. The less tolerant varieties of both species accumulated more P in the shoots than the more tolerant varieties. For all varieties, the concentrations of Mn, Fe, Cu, and P in shoot tissue were negatively correlated with Zn supply. This antagonism was more pronounced for Mn and P than for Cu and Fe. Accumulation of Cu in barley roots was extremely high under Zn‐deficient conditions, an effect not so clearly indicated in wheat.     

施用磷和锌对植株体中锌营养及代谢的影响

A solution culture experiment was conducted to investigate the growth,the accumulation and translocation of Zn,and the metabolic changes of 24 days old plants of corn and wheat with the varied suply of phosphorus(0,0.12,0.6 and 3.0mmol L^-1)and zinc (0.1 and 2.0umol L^-1) under controlled environmental conditions.The results showed the highest dry matter production of both corn and wheat under the moder ate combination of phosphorus(0.6mmol L^-1) and zinc(2.0 umolL^-1) as compared with other imbalance applications of phosphorus and zinc.Excessive P supply significantly inhibited the translocation of Zn from roots of corn to the aboveground part,thus decreasing the content of Zn in the shoots.Application of 3.0 mmolL^-1 P could also reduce the water-soluble Zn in plant tissues,leading to an increase in the cell plasma membrane permeability,a decrease in the dehydrogenase activity in roots and the activity of nitrate reductase in leaves,and a decline in the uptake of nitrate by plants.A similar decrease occurred in superoxide dismutase(SOD) and plasma membrane adenosine triphosphatase(ATPase)activity in Zn-deficient plants.But,with increasing P supply the activity of ATP ase in both corn and wheat increased and reached the maximum at the P-supplying level of 3.0 mmolL^-1.Similar to the effect of high P supply.no or low P(0.12mmolL^-1) supply could be detrimental to dry matter production and physiological functioning of the plants.Corn plants showed a more significant response to the imbalance supply of P and Zn than wheat plants.The possible physiological and biochemical mechanism of phosphorus-zinc antagonistic interaction in corn and wheat might be attributed to decrease in physiological availability and activation of Zn.     

Cadmium Uptake by Winter Wheat Seedlings in Response to Interactions Between Phosphorus and Zinc Supply in Soils

ABSTRACT

Effects of application of zinc (Zn) (0, 1, 5, 10 mg kg^?1 soil) and phosphorus (P) (0, 10, 50, 100 mg kg^?1 soil) on growth and cadmium (Cd) accumulations in shoots and roots of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings were investigated in a pot experiment. All soils were supplied with a constant concentration of Cd (6 mg kg^?1 soil). Phosphorus application resulted in a pronounced increase in shoot and root biomass. Effects of Zn on plant growth were not as marked as those of P. High Zn (10 mg kg^?1) decreased the biomass of both shoots and roots; this result may be ascribed to Zn toxicity. Phosphorus and Zn showed complicated interactions in uptake by plants within the ranges of P and Zn levels used. Cadmium in shoots decreased significantly with increasing Zn (P < 0.001) except at P addition of 10 mg kg^?1. In contrast, root Cd concentrations increased significantly except at Zn addition of 5 mg kg^?1 (P < 0.001). These results indicated that Zn might inhibit Cd translocation from roots to shoots. Cadmium concentrations increased in shoots (P < 0.001) but decreased in roots (P < 0.001) with increasing P supply. The interactions between Zn and P had a significant effect on Cd accumulation in both shoots (p = 0.002) and roots (P < 0.001).     

Effects of Nickel on Growth and Composition of Metal Micronutrients in Barley Plants Grown in Nutrient Solution

Abstract

A hydroponic experiment was conducted in a phytotron at pH 5.5 to study the effects of nickel (Ni) on the growth and composition of metal micronutrients, such as copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn), of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Minorimugi). Four Ni treatments were conducted (0, 1.0, 10, and 100 μM) for 14 d. Plants grown in 100 μM Ni showed typical visual symptoms of Ni toxicity such as chlorosis, necrosis of leaves, and browning of the root system, while other plants were free from any symptoms. Dry weights were the highest in plants grown in 1.0 μM Ni, with a corresponding increase in the chlorophyll index of the plants, suggesting that 1.0～10 μM Ni needs to be added to the nutrient solution for optimum growth of barley plants. The increase of Ni in the nutrient solutions increased the concentrations of Cu and Fe in roots, while a decrease was observed in shoots. The concentrations of Mn and Zn in shoots and roots of plants decreased with increasing Ni supply in the nutrient solution. Shoot concentrations of Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn in plants grown at 100 μ M Ni were below the critical levels for deficiency. Plants grown at 1.0 μ M Ni accumulated higher amounts of Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn, indicating that nutrient accumulation in plants was more influenced by dry weights than by nutrient concentrations. The translocation of Cu and Fe from roots to shoots was repressed, while that of Mn and Zn was not repressed with increasing Ni concentration in the nutrient solution.     

不同供锌水平对苹果幼树干物质和锌积累及分配的影响

采用盆栽砂培试验,研究了低、中、高3个供锌水平(Zn 0.013、0.254和5.070 mg/L)对苹果幼树干物质和锌积累、分配动态的影响。结果表明,锌的过量及缺乏均对果树的生长及养分吸收产生影响。生长初期,苹果幼树根系活动较晚,枝叶的快速生长主要利用根茎中的养分,锌的积累量呈快速增加趋势,处理间差异显著;低锌处理,除根系明显增加外,其他器官变化较小,根系的锌分配比例明显高于中锌、高锌处理。说明生长后期,低锌、高锌抑制了树体的生长,且低锌处理的树体锌主要分布于地下,上运明显受阻;而中锌、高锌处理,地上部锌含量要高于根系。     

Nutritional Alleviation of Zinc-Induced Iron Deficiency in Indian Mustard and the Effects on Zinc Phytoremediation

ABSTRACT

Indian mustard (Brassica juncea Czern) is a promising species for the phytoextraction of zinc (Zn), but the effectiveness of this plant can be limited by iron (Fe) deficiency under Zn-contaminated conditions. Our objectives were to determine the effects of root-applied Fe and Zn on plant growth, accumulation of Zn in plant tissues, and development of nutrient deficiencies for B. juncea. In the experiment, B. juncea was supplied 6 levels of iron ethylenediamine dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (Fe-EDDHA; 0.625 to 10.0 mg L^?1) and two levels of Zn (2.0 and 4.0 mg L^?1) for 3 weeks in a solution-culture experiment. Nutrient solution pH decreased with decreasing supply of Fe and increasing supply of Zn in solution, indicating that B. juncea may be an Fe-efficient plant. If plants were supplied 2.0 mg Zn L^?1, plant growth was stimulated by increases in Fe supply, but plant growth was not influenced by Fe treatments if plants were supplied 4.0 mg Zn L^?1. Zinc concentration in roots and shoots was suppressed by increasing levels of Fe in solution. Leaf concentrations of Cu, Mn, and P were suppressed also as Fe supply in solutions increased. Iron additions to the nutrient solution were not effective at increasing the Zn-accumulation potential of B. juncea unless plants were supplied the higher level of Zn in solution culture. Even under these conditions, Fe additions were effective only if supplied at low levels in solution culture (1.25 mg Fe L^?1). Results suggest that Fe fertility has limited potential for enhancing Zn phytoextraction by B. juncea, even if plants suffer a suppression in growth from Fe deficiency.