缺铁胁迫柑橘砧木幼苗的光合特性和叶绿体超微结构

【目的】通过研究枳壳与枳橙砧木在缺铁和正常铁浓度处理下的反应,重点揭示两种柑橘砧木光合特性、叶绿体超微结构等对铁敏感性的差异。【方法】以柑橘的枳壳砧木和枳橙砧木实生苗为试验材料,设置缺铁 (–Fe,0 μmol/L) 和正常铁 (+Fe,37.3 μmol/L) 2个处理进行营养液培养,测定了缺铁胁迫对两种砧木苗期铁元素含量与积累量、光合色素含量、叶片糖含量的影响,并进行了叶绿体超微结构的电镜扫描。【结果】缺铁胁迫显著降低了两种砧木铁元素含量与积累量、叶片光合色素含量,且枳橙砧木光合色素含量下降幅度较大。与对照相比,缺铁后枳壳砧木叶片的糖类物质含量降低,且达到显著差异水平;而枳橙砧木叶片可溶性糖、蔗糖含量显著升高,淀粉和果糖含量显著下降。另外,缺铁胁迫条件下,两种柑橘砧木片层结构模糊,嗜饿体数目增加。并且,缺铁后枳壳砧木叶绿体长度、厚度比对照分别降低了22.1%、26.4%,枳橙砧木则分别下降了55.1%、40.4%。【结论】缺铁胁迫下,枳橙砧木幼苗的铁元素含量和积累量、叶片光合色素含量、叶绿体超微结构等均比枳壳砧木受到较大影响,表明枳橙砧木比枳壳砧木对铁营养缺乏更加敏感。     

缺硼条件下两种不同砧木“纽荷尔”脐橙矿质元素含量变化的比较

采用溶液培养试验,研究了缺硼对两种不同砧木纽荷尔脐橙硼、锌、钙、镁和钾元素含量变化。结果表明,缺硼显著降低了枳壳砧木纽荷尔脐橙体内硼含量而对锌含量影响不大; 相反,缺硼对枳橙砧木脐橙体内硼含量的影响不是很大,而显著降低了其叶片中锌的含量。这可能是缺硼条件下枳壳砧木脐橙容易出现缺硼症状,而枳橙砧木脐橙容易出现缺锌症状的原因之一。与对照相比,缺硼处理的枳壳砧木脐橙叶的钙含量明显增加; 而根的钾含量明显高于枳橙砧木橙根。这些结果与枳壳砧木脐橙对硼更敏感有一定的关系。缺硼对镁含量的影响两种砧木间基本没有差异。     

缺硼槟榔幼苗的生理反应和根系发育特征

  【目的】  探究缺硼对槟榔幼苗生理特征和根系形态的影响，以期为槟榔缺硼（B）诊断提供理论依据。  【方法】  以‘热研1号’槟榔幼苗为材料进行了砂培试验。设置营养液中不加B (B0，0 μmol/L) 和添加常规硼 (B50，50 μmol/L) 两个浓度处理。生长3个月后，测定了槟榔幼苗生物量、株高、硼含量、叶片糖类物质以及抗氧化酶活性、丙二醛含量、光合速率，观察了不同处理下根尖及根尖细胞的形态。  【结果】  与B50处理相比，B0处理显著降低了槟榔幼苗株高、地下部鲜重和干重、总鲜重、地上部和地下部硼含量；B0处理槟榔叶片蔗糖和淀粉含量下降，可溶性总糖含量无显著变化，叶片光合速率降低，且MDA含量、POD活性显著升高。在B0条件下，槟榔根系变短，根尖明显膨大，细胞壁明显增厚，且内壁上积累了大量的颗粒物，根系活力显著降低。  【结论】  缺硼导致槟榔幼苗根尖解剖结构受到破坏，养分吸收运转能力降低，叶片抗氧化系统受到损伤，光合能力下降，最终抑制植株生长。     

缺硼对脐橙幼苗硼分配及叶片细胞壁组分硼含量的影响

【目的】 硼在维持细胞壁正常结构方面具有重要的作用,前期结果证实缺硼严重的脐橙叶片细胞壁结构改变程度也更大,但这种变化与细胞壁组分中硼的含量变化是否有关尚不清楚。本研究通过分析缺硼对脐橙幼苗各部分硼分配及叶片细胞壁组分硼含量的影响,明确缺硼症状表现及细胞壁结构变化程度与细胞壁各组分中硼含量变化之间的关系。 【方法】 以纽荷尔脐橙幼苗为试材,利用营养液培养方法进行缺硼处理,测定根、砧木茎、接穗茎、上部叶、下部叶、叶片细胞壁以及细胞壁各组分硼含量的变化情况。 【结果】 缺硼处理9周后上部叶出现叶片卷曲及叶片失绿等症状,而下部叶没有出现任何可见的症状。缺硼处理的脐橙幼苗各部位硼含量和硼吸收量均显著降低,缺硼降低了硼向地上部的相对分配比例且上部叶受到的影响程度更大。在硼正常供应条件下,上部叶和下部叶游离态硼、原生质体硼和细胞壁硼的含量和相对分配比例没有显著差异,说明硼在不同类型脐橙叶片细胞各组分中的分配是相对稳定的。缺硼后水溶性硼 (包括游离态硼和原生质体硼) 在脐橙上部叶和下部叶中都降到极低的水平,尤其是原生质体硼百分含量下部叶甚至是低于上部叶的。缺硼后细胞壁硼占总硼的比例则由22%左右增加到80%以上。与叶片中硼含量的变化趋势一致,缺硼以后虽然上部叶和下部叶细胞壁硼含量都显著降低,但上部叶降低的程度远大于下部叶。进一步分析细胞壁组分硼含量变化,发现缺硼显著降低了上部叶细胞壁中离子结合态果胶硼含量而对下部叶的无明显影响,其他组分硼含量的变化趋势下部叶和上部叶一致。 【结论】 原生质体硼含量的高低并不是决定缺硼症状的主要因素,离子结合态果胶与硼的结合能力对缺硼条件下细胞壁的结构及缺硼症状表现起着至关重要的作用。      

温室番茄对增施不同浓度CO2的光合响应

【目的】 日光温室冬春季栽培中CO₂严重匮乏,探明增施不同浓度CO₂对温室番茄光合特性的影响,明确北方地区日光温室番茄各生育期适宜生长的CO₂浓度,可为其生产实践提供理论依据。 【方法】 用塑料膜将试验温室隔出四个52m2独立面积的隔间,于定植一周后到试验结束 (2016年11月—2017年4月) 采用CO₂自动释放控制系统,通过调整CO₂钢瓶上的流量计控制气体流速和循流风机将CO₂均匀施入试验区,增施时间为晴天9:00—11:00,14:00—16:00。设增施3个CO₂浓度水平:(600 ± 20)、(800 ± 25)、(1000 ± 30) μmol/mol,以大气CO₂浓度 (400 ± 15) μmol/mol为对照,‘兴海12号’番茄为试验材料,在温室内进行小区试验。分别于番茄苗期、开花期、幼果期及成熟期,选取生长势一致的植株生长点以下第3或4片功能叶片,采用80%丙酮浸提法测定其光合色素含量,采用美国LI-COR公司的LI-6400便携式光合仪测定其光合特性参数,计算光合色素含量、光合作用、光响应曲线特征参数以及番茄产量对不同CO₂浓度变化的响应。 【结果】 增施CO₂显著增加了番茄各生育期光合色素含量,增幅在开花期和幼果期较大。叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量均以CO₂ (1000 ± 30) μmol/mol处理的增幅最大;类胡萝卜素含量在开花期以CO₂ (800 ± 25) μmol/mol处理增幅最大,其他生育期均以 (1000 ± 30) μmol/mol浓度的增幅最大。番茄叶片净光合速率、胞间CO₂浓度及水分利用效率于各生育时期均显著增加,以CO₂ (1000 ± 30) μmol/mol的增幅最大,(800 ± 25) μmol/mol次之;气孔导度与蒸腾速率则随着增施的CO₂浓度的升高而显著降低。增施CO₂能不同程度提高番茄各生育期叶片光饱和点、最大净光合速率及表观量子效率,降低番茄叶片光补偿点,且均以CO₂ (1000 ± 30) μmol/mol效果最佳,(800 ± 25) μmol/mol效果次之。 【结论】 供试条件下,增施CO₂后显著增加了番茄在开花结果期的光合能力,提高了番茄叶片光合色素含量、净光合速率,提高胞间CO₂利用能力和水分利用效率,降低了非气孔限制及其光补偿点,有利于番茄产量的提高;在试验以增施CO₂ 800～1000 μmol/mol的效果较为适宜。      

椪柑叶片硼毒害症状及光合生理响应研究

  【目的】  准确及时诊断硼毒害，了解硼毒害对叶片造成的生理影响，为硼毒害的有效防治提供理论依据。  【方法】  通过田间调查和叶片养分含量测定，明确福建省安溪县椪柑叶片黄化和脱落是由硼中毒引起的。分别采集不同程度硼毒害椪柑叶片，测定叶片光合作用速率、叶绿素荧光特性和细胞膜透性。  【结果】  在正常、中度黄化和重度黄化叶片中，钾、镁、锌含量均处于椪柑适宜范围内，而中度黄化和重度黄化叶片的硼含量比正常叶片分别提高了11.11和19.71倍，显示硼毒害是造成椪柑叶片黄化的原因。椪柑叶片硼毒害症状有两种表现形式:一是症状由叶尖沿主脉向下发展，叶肉和叶脉均褪绿黄化，黄化部位可见棕褐色的坏死斑点；二是症状由叶缘向主脉发展，主脉保持绿色，叶片呈不规则的黄、绿斑驳黄化。硼毒害椪柑叶片的光合色素含量、有效光化学效率 (Fv'/Fm')、电子传递效率 (ETR)、有效量子产额 (ΦPS II) 和光化学淬灭系数 (qP) 随症状的加重而下降，而非光化学淬灭系数 (NPQ)、过剩激发能 (E) 和天线热耗散 (D) 则随症状的加重而提高，引起光合作用速率、淀粉和可溶性糖含量下降，硼毒胁迫下椪柑叶片细胞膜透性明显提高。  【结论】  过量喷施硼肥所造成的硼毒害会导致椪柑叶片黄化、异常落叶，硼毒害使椪柑光合作用受抑、光合产物合成受阻，细胞膜受到伤害。柑橘生产上应重视含硼叶面肥的合理使用，以免造成硼中毒现象。有关椪柑硼毒害的防治措施还有待进一步研究。     

铜基营养叶面肥提高棉花光合特性、产量及其防病效果

【目的】 研究铜基营养叶面肥对棉花光合特性、产量、各器官微量元素积累与分配、防病效果以及对土壤酶活性的影响,为叶面肥在棉花生产上的应用提供理论依据。 【方法】 连续进行了两年的田间试验,共设置6个处理,分别为喷清水 (CK)、传统波尔多液 (含Cu 12.8%,BDM)、美国商品铜制剂Kocide 2000 (含Cu 33.0%,KCD)、铜基营养叶面肥 (含Cu 32.9%,Zn 0.8%,CF)、加铁铜基营养叶面肥 (含Cu 32.9%,Fe 2.7%,CFFe)、加锌硼铜基营养叶面肥 (含Cu 32.9%,Zn 2.7%,B 2.9%,CFZnB),田间随机区组排列。在棉花盛铃期测定了叶片光合特性,始絮期分别测定了根、茎、叶、蕾铃的铜、锌、铁含量及积累量,花铃期测定了土壤酶活性。在蕾期、花铃期、吐絮期调查统计了病情指数。 【结果】 1) 与喷清水对照相比,喷施CFFe、CFZnB、CF、KCD显著增加了棉花叶片叶绿素含量,以CFFe处理增加最多,最高增幅为13.3%,其次为CFZnB处理,增加11.4%;同时显著增加棉花叶片的光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率,光合速率以CFFe处理增加最多,增加26.4%,其次为CFZnB处理,增加18.0%;还显著降低了胞间CO₂浓度。2) 喷施BDM、KCD、CF、CFFe、CFZnB显著增加棉花各器官铜含量 (CFZnB处理茎铜含量除外) 及积累量;CFZnB、CFFe处理显著增加棉花各器官全锌含量及积累量;喷施CFFe、CFZnB、CF可以显著增加棉花各器官全铁含量 (CF处理茎全铁含量除外) 及积累量)。3) 与喷清水对照 (CK) 相比,喷施CFFe、CFZnB、CF、KCD及BDM显著降低棉花花铃期和吐絮期的病情指数,5个处理之间无显著差异,因此3种铜基营养叶面肥在防病效果方面均可以取代BDM和Kocide2000。4) 各处理土壤脲酶活性与CK相比差异不显著;BDM处理的土壤过氧化氢酶活性显著低于其他所有处理;各处理土壤蔗糖酶活性均比CK显著增加。5) 喷施CFZnB、CFFe、CF、KCD的皮棉产量在2013和2014年均显著增加,其中以CFZnB处理增产最多,最大增幅为12.3%; 其次为CFFe处理,增幅为8.8%～10.2%。 【结论】 叶面喷施铜基、铁铜基、锌硼铜基叶面肥均可显著增加棉花叶片的叶绿素含量、光合速率及皮棉产量。含微量元素的铜基营养叶面肥既能显著增加棉花产量,又具有一定的防病效果,推荐使用加锌硼铜基营养叶面肥和加铁铜基营养叶面肥。      

结合SPA和PLS法提高冬小麦冠层全氮高光谱估算的精确度

【目的】 冠层高光谱全波段信息可以在小麦拔节期快速无损地估算叶片的氮含量。本研究结合连续投影算法 (SPA) 和偏最小二乘 (PLS) 技术,筛选了冬小麦拔节期冠层光谱对叶片氮含量的敏感特征波段,以期为冬小麦关键生育期氮素含量的遥感估算提供理论依据和技术支持。 【方法】 以陕西关中地区2015—2016年冬小麦小区试验为基础,基于连续投影算法 (SPA) 提取冬小麦叶片全氮含量的冠层光谱敏感波段,并结合偏最小二乘 (PLS) 回归法建立基于敏感特征波段的冬小麦拔节期叶片氮含量估算模型。 【结果】 SPA算法从冬小麦338～2510 nm的冠层光谱中优选出了1985 nm、2474 nm、1751 nm、1916 nm、2507 nm、1955 nm、2465 nm和344 nm共计8个叶片全氮含量的敏感特征波段,波段数目下降了98.9%,有效降低了光谱信息的冗余;基于敏感特征波段构建的叶片氮含量偏最小二乘回归模型的决定系数和均方根误差分别为0.82和0.28,模型验证方程的决定系数和均方根误差分别为0.84和0.21,模型的相对预测偏差大于2,具有较高的精度和良好的预测能力。 【结论】 与常用植被指数的叶片氮含量估算模型相比,连续投影算法 (SPA) 结合偏最小二乘 (PLS) 方法的叶片氮含量估算精度更高,稳定性更强,可以作为冬小麦拔节期叶片氮含量的高光谱估算方法。      

不同梨砧木对缺铁胁迫的生理响应差异研究

【目的】 旨在通过探究缺铁胁迫下不同梨砧木幼苗体内铁分配规律及有机酸种类和含量的差异,为培育铁高效利用梨砧木提供理论依据。 【方法】 以三种不同梨砧木,杜梨Ⅰ (湖北杜梨HB-Pyrus betulaefolia)、杜梨Ⅱ (郑州杜梨ZZ-Pyrus betulaefolia) 、山梨 (黑龙江山梨HS-Pyrus ussuriensis) 幼苗为试材,进行水培试验。以Hogland营养液为基础,在其他养分含量不变的情况下,设两个Fe水平1和40 μmol/L,分别代表缺铁胁迫和正常供铁。在砧木幼苗培养21天后,测定了幼苗活性铁和全铁元素含量、根系构型及各部位不同种类有机酸的含量。 【结果】 缺铁胁迫下,杜梨Ⅰ茎叶中活性铁/全铁比例是杜梨Ⅱ的2.80倍和2.94倍, 是山梨的3.29倍和2.05倍,其叶中的活性铁和全铁积累量分别达到15.71 mg/plant和78.82 mg/plant。缺铁胁迫下,杜梨Ⅱ和山梨的倒一叶叶绿素含量下降幅度显著高于杜梨Ⅰ。三种梨砧木幼苗体内柠檬酸含量最高,其次是苹果酸,这两种酸占有机酸总量的74.8%以上。与正常供铁相比,缺铁胁迫下山梨根和叶中苹果酸含量提高了4.70和1.69倍,分别达到0.96 mg/g和4.80 mg/g,显著高于杜梨Ⅰ和杜梨Ⅱ,而杜梨根和叶中的柠檬酸含量较高,尤其是杜梨Ⅰ品种,达到4.02 mg/g和11.98 mg/g。 【结论】 三种梨砧木对铁的吸收和运输存在较大差异。杜梨Ⅰ根系吸收能力较强,根和叶中活性铁含量及积累量均较高,因而耐缺铁。缺铁胁迫下,两种杜梨根系中主要合成柠檬酸而山梨主要合成苹果酸,可能是山梨对缺铁敏感的机制之一。      

干湿交替灌溉与施氮量对水稻叶片光合性状的耦合效应

【目的】探讨干湿交替灌溉与施氮量耦合对水稻光合性状及其效应的影响,从光合源及光合质方面阐明不同水氮组合处理在光合性状上的差异。【方法】以新稻20为材料进行土培试验,设置浅水层灌溉 (0 kPa)、轻度干湿交替灌溉 (–20 kPa) 和重度干湿交替灌溉 (–40 kPa) 3种灌溉方式及不施氮 (N0)、中氮 (MN, 240 kg/hm2) 和高氮 (HN, 360 kg/hm2) 3种氮水平,研究不同水氮耦合处理对水稻产量、叶片叶绿素含量、叶面积指数、叶片氮含量、净光合速率、光合氮素利用率、PSⅡ的潜在活性和最大光化学效率的影响。【结果】灌溉方式与施氮量存在显著的互作效应,轻度干湿交替灌溉增加了主要生育期叶片叶绿素含量、氮含量、净光合速率、光合氮素利用率、PSⅡ的潜在活性和最大光化学效率,提高抽穗后群体叶面积指数,且与MN耦合后产量最高,为本试验最佳的水氮耦合运筹模式;重度干湿交替灌溉则显著降低主要生育期叶片叶绿素含量、叶片氮含量、叶面积指数、净光合速率、光合氮素利用率、PSⅡ的潜在活性和最大光化学效率;在同一灌溉方式下,中氮处理提高叶片净光合速率、光合氮素利用率、PSⅡ的潜在活性和最大光化学效率,有利于穗后叶片叶绿素含量及叶面积指数提高,重施氮肥反而降低叶片光合及荧光效率。水稻叶片叶面积指数、光合速率、光合氮素利用率、PSⅡ潜在活力及最大光化学效率与产量均呈显著或极显著的正相关关系。水稻主要生育期光合性状指标的供氮效应均为正效应,轻度干湿交替灌溉下主要生育期叶片叶绿素含量、氮含量、净光合速率、光合氮素利用率、PSⅡ的潜在活性和最大光化学效率的供水效应及耦合效应均为正效应,而重度干湿交替灌溉的控水及耦合效应则为负效应。【结论】轻度干湿交替灌溉耦合中氮处理水稻叶片净光合速率、光合氮素利用率、PSⅡ的潜在活性和最大光化学效率提高,有利于穗后叶片叶绿素含量及叶面积指数形成,表明通过适宜的肥水调控发挥水氮耦合效应,可以创造良好的光合性状,提高水稻光合生产能力,从而促进水稻高产。     

Iron deficiency stress responses amongst citrus rootstocks

Seedlings of citrus rootstocks differing in lime tolerance were grown in nutrient solution with and without Fe. Proton efflux, release of phenolic compounds and Fe reducing substances and root-mediated reduction of Fe^III in FeEDTA and freshly precipitated Fe(OH)₃ in response to Fe deficiency were determined. Sweet orange, Carrizo citrange and trifoliate orange, the three least tolerant rootstocks used in the study, did not decrease nutrient solution pH in response to Fe deficiency. The more lime tolerant rootstocks, rough lemon, Cleopatra mandarin and sour orange, did decrease nutrient solution pH. But in CaSO₄ solution only sour orange increased H⁺ efflux significantly under Fe deficiency. In response to Fe deficiency, the release of phenolic compounds was increased significantly in rough lemon and Cleopatra mandarin seedlings, while the release of reducing substances was increased significantly in rough lemon, sour orange and trifoliate orange. Rough lemon was the only rootstock to respond to Fe deficiency with an increase in root-mediated reduction of chelated Fe^III at pH 6.5. At pH 8.0, both Fe-deficient rough lemon and Cleopatra mandarin roots reduced higher amounts of Fe^III from freshly precipitated Fe(OH)₃ than Fe-sufficient seedlings. Iron reduction by detached roots of Fe-deficient and Fe-sufficient rough lemon did not follow Michaelis-Menten kinetics at high substrate concentrations. Rates of Fe reduction at low substrate concentrations were inconsistent with the existence of an inducible ferric reductase in response to Fe deficiency.     

Effects of rootstock on the composition of bergamot (Citrus bergamia Risso et Poiteau) essential oil

This paper reports the composition of bergamot oils obtained from plants grafted on the following rootstocks: sour orange, Carrizo citrange, trifoliate orange, Alemow, Volkamerian lemon, and Troyer citrange. The aim of this study is to evaluate the possibility of using rootstocks other than sour orange, checking their effect on the composition of the essential oil. Results are reported for analysis of 203 bergamot oils during the years 1997-1998, 1998-1999, and 1999-2000. The oils were analyzed by HRGC and HRGC/MS; 78 components were identified, and the results were in agreement with those reported in the literature for the Calabrian bergamot oils obtained from industry. Because of the quality of their essential oils, Alemow and Volkamerian lemon can be considered as substitutes for sour orange rootstocks.     

Differential Changes in Cell-Wall Content and Boron and Calcium Concentration in Newhall Navel Orange Grafted on Two Rootstocks Differing in Boron-Deficiency Responses

The study aimed to determine if the variability of the effect of boron (B) deficiency on Newhall navel orange grafted on trifoliate orange (deficient-B-sensitive) and on citrange (deficient-B-tolerant) can be explained on the basis of changes in cell-wall content and in cell-wall B and calcium (Ca) concentrations. The plants were cultured in the nutrient solution (with or without B) for 65 days. Boron deficiency increased the cell-wall content in old leaves (leaves from last season) of trifoliate orange but had no impact on citrange. Boron deficiency did not reduce B concentration in cell walls of old leaves of citrange-grafted plants but increased their Ca concentration. For trifoliate-orange-grafted plants, however, B deficiency decreased the B concentration in cell walls of old leaves and did not increase their Ca concentration. The changes of B and Ca concentrations between with and without B supply in pectin were in good agreement with the changes of those in cell walls. The relatively greater ability of citrange-grafted plants to maintain B and Ca in the cell wall may contribute to their tolerance to low external B.     

Response of five citrus rootstocks to iron deficiency

Citrus established in calcareous soils can be affected by iron (Fe)‐deficiency chlorosis which limits yield and the farmers' income. The degree of deficiency depends on the rootstock, but the resistance to Fe chlorosis still requires further investigation. To study physiological parameters of citrus rootstocks that could be used to evaluate resistance to Fe deficiency, plants of Troyer citrange (Citrus sinensis L. Osb. × Poncitrus trifoliata L. Raf.), Carrizo citrange, Volkamer lemon (Citrus volkameriana Ten. & Pasq.), alemow (Citrus macrophylla Wester), and sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) were grown in nutrient solutions with 0, 5, 10, 15, or 20 μM Fe. For each rootstock, plant height, root and shoot dry weights, and concentration of Fe in the shoots and roots were measured at the end of the experiment. Chlorophyll (CHL) concentration was estimated throughout the experimental period using a portable CHL meter (SPAD‐502) calibrated for each rootstock. At the end of the experiment, CHL fluorescence parameters were measured in each rootstock with a portable fluorimeter. Maximal and variable fluorescence values indicated that the photochemistry of Troyer was more affected by a low concentration of Fe in the nutrient solution than that of other rootstocks. To compare rootstocks, the absolute CHL concentration was converted into relative yield by employing a scaling divisor based on the maximum value of total CHL in plants without Fe‐deficiency symptoms. Exponential models were developed to determine the minimum Fe concentration in nutrient solution required to maintain leaf CHL at 50% of the maximum CHL concentration (IC50). Models were also developed to assess the period of time the rootstocks were able to grow under Fe‐stress conditions before they reached IC50. Volkamer lemon and sour orange needed the lowest Fe concentration (between 4 and 5 μM Fe) to maintain IC50, and Troyer citrange had the highest Fe requirement (14 μM Fe). Citrus macrophylla and Carrizo citrange required 7 and 9 μM of Fe, respectively. Similarly, Volkamer lemon and sour orange rootstocks withstood more days under total Fe depletion or with a low concentration of Fe (5 μM Fe in nutrient solution) until they reached IC50, compared to the other rootstocks. The approach used led to a classification of the rootstocks into three categories, regarding their internal tolerance to Fe chlorosis: resistance (sour orange and Volkamer lemon), intermediate resistance (C. macrophylla and Carrizo citrange), and reduced resistance (Troyer citrange).     

不同砧木对脐橙幼树生长和叶片养分含量变化的影响

以体细胞杂种红桔+枳和红桔+粗柠檬、有性杂种Troyer枳橙和Sweingel枳柚作砧木的脐橙2年生嫁接苗为试材,利用盆栽试验研究了不同砧木对苗木生长和叶片养分含量年动态变化的影响。结果表明,红桔+枳的生长势和花量明显地优于其它砧木,红桔+粗柠檬的生长和花量介于2种有性杂种之间;砧木基本上不影响叶片N、P、K、Mg和Mn含量年变化,但明显影响叶片Ca、Fe和Zn含量的年变化;在同一个生长期,不同砧木对叶片养分含量有明显的影响。此外本文还讨论了体细胞杂种砧木的利用价值。     

Effects of excess boron on growth,gas exchange,and boron status of four orange scion–rootstock combinations

Field observations indicate that boron (B)‐toxicity symptoms may occur in citrus plants from inappropriate foliar spraying or overfertilizing with B especially under low‐rainfall conditions, where B can accumulate to levels that become toxic to plant growth. Previous work has indicated that different rootstocks can greatly influence the scion's tolerance to B toxicity, however, little is known about the response of different citrus scion–rootstock combinations to excess‐B conditions. In the present study, we investigated the effects of excess B on plant growth, gas exchange, B concentration, and distribution of four scion–rootstock combinations, Newhall and Skagg's Bonanza navel orange (Citrus sinensis Osb.) scions grafted on Carrizo citrange (C. sinensis L. Osb. × Poncirus trifoliata L. Raf.) and Trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata L. Raf.) rootstocks. One‐year‐old plants of the four scion–rootstock combinations were grown for 183 d in sand–perlite (1 : 1, v/v) medium under greenhouse conditions. The plants were irrigated with half‐strength Hoagland's nutrient solution containing two B concentrations, 0.25 (control) and 2.50 (excess B) mg L^–1. It was found that, apart from the combination of Newhall grafted on Carrizo citrange, the dry weights in various parts of the other three combinations were reduced by the excess‐B treatment. Furthermore, the plants of Skagg's Bonanza grafted on Carrizo citrange showed the highest growth reduction amongst the four scion–rootstock combinations. In most cases, the greater reductions in dry weight were found in roots as compared to the other plant parts under excess‐B conditions, indicating that roots were more sensitive to B toxicity than the other tissues. In the case of Newhall plants grafted on Carrizo citrange, the entire plant growth was increased by excess‐B treatment. Boron concentrations in all plants parts increased significantly by increasing the B supply in the nutrient solution. Leaves were the dominant sites of B accumulation and showed the greatest increase in B concentration compared to the other plant parts, as B concentration in the nutrient solution increased. Our results indicate that the combination of Newhall grafted on Carrizo citrange was more tolerant to B toxicity, while the combination of Skagg's Bonanza grafted on Carrizo citrange was relatively more sensitive to B toxicity, in comparison with the other scion–rootstock combinations. However, Newhall plants contained more B in leaves and in roots than Skagg's Bonanza plants when they were both grafted on Carrizo citrange, indicating that the mechanism underlying such great differential growth responses of the two scion–rootstock combinations to B toxicity may not be associated with B exclusion from roots or reduced translocation of B to shoots. Furthermore, B distribution in different plant parts implied that the mechanism was also unlikely related to altered distributions of accumulated B in plant tissues. However, inherent ability to tolerate excessive B concentration in plant tissues may be involved in B tolerance.     

Evaluation of Sweet Orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) cv. Sathgudi Budded on Five Rootstocks for Differential Behavior in Relation to Nutrient Utilization in Alfisol

The experiment was conducted to evaluate the nutrient utilization ability of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) budded on five rootstocks (viz., Sathgudi, Rangpur lime, Cleopatra mandarin, Troyer citrange, and Trifoliate orange) in Alfisols at the experimental farm of the Citrus Improvement Project, S. V. Agricultural College Farm, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India. Results of the study revealed that all the five rootstocks showed differential behaviors in terms of nutrient absorption from the soil. Rootstocks exhibited significant variation in the leaf content of potassium (K), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), and boron (B) at all the three stages of sampling. Concentrations of the following key nutrient elements significantly varied: phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), and Cu at stage 1; K, Ca, Mg, Zn, iron (Fe), and Mn at stage 2; and nitrogen (N), P, Zn, Fe, and B at stage 3. The performances of rootstocks in terms of relative nutrient accumulation indices (RNAIs) were in the order of Sathgudi (1.00) > Rangpur lime (0.98) > Cleopatra mandarin (0.96) > Trifoliate orange (0.76) > Troyer citrange (0.69). The present study clearly demonstrated that citrus rootstocks employed had differential nutritional behavior and different abilities to utilize plant nutrient elements. Thus, the findings of the present study and the methodology adopted can help the horticultural breeders and nutritionists choose the best rootstock/scion combination having the desirable traits of nutrient utilization ability and also to plan effective fertilizer schedule programs for achieving greater yields.     

过氧化尿素对桃幼树淹水胁迫的缓解效果研究

【目的】研究过氧化尿素对淹水胁迫下桃幼树生理特性和光合荧光参数的影响,旨在探明施用过氧化尿素对淹水胁迫下桃幼树胁迫伤害的缓解作用,为人为减轻或克服涝害对桃树的伤害提供有意义的参考。【方法】 以1年生春美/毛桃[Prunus persica (Carr.) Franch.]嫁接苗为试材进行了盆栽试验。首先进行了淹水处理,观察树苗的生长状况; 然后进行使用过氧化尿素肥料盆栽试验。试验共设4个处理,袋控过氧化尿素处理(T1),撒施过氧化尿素处理(T2),撒施普通尿素处理(T3),不施氮肥对照(CK)。肥料全部基施后进行淹水处理,于处理0、 1、 3、 5、 7天测定了过氧化尿素在土壤中的氧气释放特征,树苗叶片气体交换参数和地上部生理生化指标,第5天测定了叶绿素荧光参数。【结果】施用过氧化尿素可提高土表水体溶氧量,处理后7天内,袋控过氧化尿素处理水体溶氧量始终维持较高水平。淹水胁迫下,施用过氧化尿素处理桃幼树叶片净光合速率(Pn)、 气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr)下降幅度显著低于对照。处理5天后,施用过氧化尿素处理桃幼树叶片光合性能指标(PIABS),最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm),单位面积有活性反应中心的数量(RC/Cso)均高于对照,单位面积的热耗散(DIo/Cso)低于对照,差异显著; 施用过氧化尿素处理(T1和T2)桃幼树叶片的Chl a、 Chl b和Chl(a+b)分别比对照提高了10.72%、 10.86%、 10.87和5.71%、 4.78%、 5.57%,差异显著。施用过氧化尿素处理大大提高淹水胁迫下桃幼树叶片抗氧化酶(SOD、 POD和CAT)活性,减少叶片MDA含量的增加幅度。淹水胁迫下施用过氧化尿素处理桃幼树根系活力、 根系脯氨酸(Pro)含量高于对照,根系相对膜透性(RMP)和乙醇脱氢酶(ADH)活性低于对照,差异显著。【结论】施用过氧化尿素可提高土表水体溶氧量,提高淹水胁迫下桃幼树叶片抗氧化酶活性,增强植株抗逆性,有效缓解淹水胁迫对树体的伤害作用。