农田土壤N2O排放的关键过程及影响因素

一氧化二氮 (N₂O) 作为重要的温室气体之一,在全球气候变化研究中引人关注。随着氮肥使用量的增加,农田土壤N₂O排放已经成为全球关注和研究的热点。人们普遍认为土壤硝化、反硝化过程是N₂O产生的两个主导途径,而诸如施肥、灌水等农田管理措施以及土壤pH、温度等环境因子均会影响农田土壤N₂O产生和排放。本文系统论述了土壤N₂O产生的各主要途径,并综述了氮源、碳源、水分含量、氧气含量、土壤pH和温度以及其他调控因子对N₂O排放的影响,旨在阐明各过程对N₂O排放的产生机制及主要环境因子的影响,以期为后续研究提供参考和理论依据。农田土壤硝化过程本身对N₂O排放的直接贡献较小,N₂O产生的主要来源是包含硝化细菌的反硝化、硝化–反硝化耦合作用在内的生物反硝化过程。真菌反硝化和化学反硝化在酸性土壤以及硝酸异化还原成铵过程在高有机质和厌氧土壤环境中对N₂O排放具有重要作用。未来研究可从农田土壤N₂O的产生和消耗机制、降低N₂O/N₂产物比、N₂O的还原过程及相关影响因素进行深入研究。此外,利用新技术方法,探究土壤物理、化学和生物学因素对氮素转化过程的影响,重点关注N₂O峰值排放及相关联微生物的响应,并构建土壤氮素平衡和N₂O排放模型,可进一步加深对农田土壤N₂O排放机制和影响因素的理解。     

不同形态氮添加对毛竹林土壤N2O排放的影响

  【目的】  氧化亚氮(N₂O)排放是亚热带地区氮损失的主要途径,我们研究了不同形态含氮化合物对土壤N₂O排放的影响。  【方法】  以毛竹(Phyllostachys edulis)林土壤为研究对象进行了室内培养试验。设置土壤中添加KNO₃、NH₄NO₃、NH₄Cl、KCl处理,以去离子水作为对照(CK),在25oC黑暗条件下培养。在培养0.5 h,1、3、5、7、14、28、60天,测定土壤N₂O排放速率,铵态氮(NH₄+-N)、硝态氮(NO₃?-N)、可溶性有机碳(DOC)和水溶性氮(WSN)含量,采用荧光定量PCR技术测定了土壤氨氧化细菌(ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, AOB)、氨氧化古菌(ammonia-oxidizing archaea, AOA)、nirS、nirK、nosZⅠ、nosZⅡ基因丰度。  【结果】  培养第60天,氮添加与KCl添加处理均显著增加了土壤DOC含量,NH₄NO₃、NH₄Cl处理显著增加了WSN含量,但显著降低了土壤pH。氮添加及KCl添加处理均增加了土壤AOA、AOB、nirK基因丰度,降低了nosZⅠ、nosZⅡ基因丰度。氮添加处理N₂O排放速率均在培养第14天达到峰值,且相较于CK处理均增加了N₂O累积排放量,KNO₃、NH₄NO₃、NH₄Cl和KCl处理累积排放量的增幅分别为524.3%、771.1%、652.7%、98.6%。N₂O排放速率与NO₃?、WSN、nirK基因丰度呈显著正相关,而与pH、nosZⅠ、nosZⅡ基因丰度呈显著负相关。  【结论】  铵态氮添加能显著促进毛竹林土壤N₂O的排放,其效果高于硝态氮,NH₄NO₃作为混合氮,外源性NH₄+-N、NO₃?-N同时输入对土壤N₂O排放的促进作用比单独添加NH₄+-N、NO₃?-N更显著,但并未出现叠加效应。     

水钠锰矿提高红壤性水稻土N2O释放速率和氨氧化细菌amoA基因丰度

  【目的】  土壤中的氧化亚氮 (N₂O) 来源于硝化与反硝化作用，锰可与硝化或反硝化作用产物反应产生N₂O或氮气，已有研究表明土壤中锰含量高会影响硝化作用。因此，本试验以水钠锰矿 (KMnO₂·H₂O) 与土壤硝化作用与反硝化作用的生物化学耦合反应为切入点，研究水钠锰矿的添加对土壤N₂O释放速率及微生物的影响，进一步认识N₂O释放与土壤环境因子的相互关系。  【方法】  以红壤性水稻土为供试土壤，通过微宇宙培养试验，在土壤中添加不同质量百分比的水钠锰矿 (0%、0.1%、0.3%、0.7%、1.5%)，预培养7 天后，加入硫酸铵N 100 mg/kg继续培养14天。在培养第1、3、7、14天，采用气密性注射器抽取10 mL气体样品，气相色谱仪测定N₂O含量；同时取土壤样品，比色法测定铵态氮与硝态氮含量。培养结束时，测定土壤pH，采用实时荧光定量PCR测定土壤16S rDNA与氨氧化细菌 (AOB) amoA基因拷贝数，高通量测序技术分析微生物群落组成及多样性。  【结果】  水钠锰矿提高了土壤N₂O释放速率，增加了土壤N₂O累积释放量，以添加0.1%水钠锰矿的N₂O累积释放量最高，添加1.5%的最低。土壤铵态氮含量随培养时间的延长而迅速降低，硝态氮含量则迅速增加。水钠锰矿显著提高了土壤pH与表观N₂O产量 (N₂O-N/NO₃?-N)，pH随着水钠锰矿添加量的增加整体提高，N₂O-N/NO₃?-N则随着水钠锰矿添加量的增加呈降低趋势。适量水钠锰矿显著增加了土壤细菌16S rDNA与氨氧化细菌 (AOB) amoA基因拷贝数，并显著提高了土壤16S rDNA与AOB amoA基因拷贝数的比值，但随着水钠锰矿添加量的增加，细菌16S rDNA和AOB amoA基因拷贝数的增加量整体降低；放线菌、变形菌与拟杆菌是所有处理中的优势菌门，通过非度量多维尺度分析发现不同处理间的微生物群落结构差异显著，未添加水钠锰矿处理与添加水钠锰矿1.5%处理的微生物群落结构差异最大，其他处理的微生物群落结构介于两者之间。  【结论】  土壤中添加0.1%质量比的水钠锰矿，可以通过增加AOB的数量促进红壤性水稻土N₂O的释放，显著影响微生物物种丰度与群落结构。但水钠锰矿高添加量处理对AOB的刺激作用减弱，因此，应将土壤锰含量作为影响土壤N₂O释放的因素加以考虑。     

施氮量对海南燥红壤和砖红壤N2O/CO2排放的影响

利用室内培养实验,分析燥红壤和砖红壤中分别施加N0（不添加氮素）、N1（氮添加量为100mg·kg⁻¹）、N2（氮添加量为200mg·kg⁻¹）和N3（氮添加量为300mg.kg⁻¹）4个水平氮后对土壤性质及N₂O、CO₂排放的影响。结果表明：氮肥添加显著降低了土壤pH和有机碳含量。相较于N0,燥红壤N1、N2和N3处理pH和有机碳降幅分别为8%～18%和4%～12%,砖红壤降幅分别为5%～23%和3%～15%;添加氮肥后各处理土壤全氮含量显著增加,燥红壤和砖红壤分别增加15%～54%和13%～52%。氮施入增加了土壤NH₄⁺−N和NO₃⁻−N含量,各处理土壤铵态氮和硝态氮含量均表现为N3>N2>N1>N0。氮添加促进土壤N₂O和CO₂排放,相较于N0,燥红壤N₂O和CO₂累积排放量分别增加1176%～2425%和124%～281%,砖红壤分别增加1054%～1887%和138%～256%。施氮量和土壤类型是影响农田土壤N₂O和CO₂排放的重要因素。土壤N₂O和CO₂排放与施氮量呈线性显著相关,减少施肥是降低土壤N₂O排放最直接和最有效的措施。与砖红壤相比,燥红壤N₂O和CO₂排放对氮素添加的响应更敏感。     

不同硝化抑制剂对黑土N2O的减排效果

【目的】施用硝化抑制剂是削减农田N₂O排放的有效措施，本文研究不同种类硝化抑制剂对土壤N₂O排放的影响，为选择高效硝化抑制剂以实现黑土N₂O减排提供科学依据。【方法】在黑龙江省东部典型旱作黑土区进行田间试验。设置6个处理：不施氮肥(N0)，常规施氮(N200)，减氮20%(N160)，减氮20%分别配施硝化抑制剂双氰胺(N160+DCD)、3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐(N160+DMPP)和2-氯-6 (三氯甲基)-吡啶(N160+CP)。测定全年土壤N₂O排放通量，同步测定土壤温度和含水量以及玉米生长季土壤铵态氮(NH₄⁺-N)、硝态氮(NO₃^--N)和可溶性有机碳(DOC)含量。【结果】施氮显著提高了土壤NH₄⁺-N含量，且各施氮处理间差异不显著。施用硝化抑制剂处理降低了土壤NO₃^--N含量，DCD和DMPP处理的NO3--N...     

黏土矿物混合生物炭包膜尿素的制备及其氮素污染减排潜力

为促进氮肥高效利用,实现氮素污染减排,选用膨润土和生物炭作为包膜材料,结合硝化抑制剂制备包膜尿素。设置包膜尿素淋溶模拟试验收集淋溶液,结合静态箱法收集N₂O,通过分析NH₄⁺-N,NO₃^--N淋失量和N₂O排放通量对包膜尿素氮素污染减排潜力进行了评估。结果表明:（1）膨润混合土生物炭包膜尿素（F₄）NH₄⁺-N淋溶损失率最低,较纯化肥尿素（F₁）NH₄⁺-N淋溶损失率降低19.76%。（2）硝化抑制剂型膨润土生物炭包膜尿素（F₅）NO₃^--N淋失率最低,较F₁降低16.74%。（3）F₅同时具有最优的N₂O减排效果,N₂O排放量较F₁降低77.8%。F₅氮素减排效果最优,其减排机制在于一方面硝化抑制剂可以从化学过程控制硝化和反硝化进程,延缓尿素酰胺态氮的水解和铵态氮的硝化,在降低NO₃^--N淋失的同时可以实现N₂O减排。另一方面F₅的包膜材料膨润土和生物炭可以通过吸附作用将更多的NH₄⁺-N富集在土壤表层,从而显著降低NH₄⁺-N淋失。综上所述,硝化抑制剂型膨润土生物炭包膜尿素氮素污染减排潜力最优,可使NH₄⁺-N,NO₃^--N和N₂O分别减排15.24%,16.74%和77.8%。     

生物质炭对酸性菜地土壤N2O排放及相关功能基因丰度的影响

【目的】 生物质炭显著影响土壤氧化亚氮 (N₂O) 排放,但关于其相关微生物机理的研究相对匮乏,尤其是生物质炭对酸性菜地土壤N₂O排放的微生物作用机理。本文通过研究氮肥配施生物质炭对酸性菜地土壤N₂O排放以及硝化和反硝化过程相关功能基因丰度的影响,探讨酸性菜地土壤N₂O排放与功能基因丰度的关系,阐释生物质炭对酸性菜地土壤试验N₂O排放的微生物作用机理。 【方法】 在田间一次性施入生物质炭 40 t/hm2,试验连续进行了3年,共9茬蔬菜。设置4个处理:对照 (CK)、氮肥 (N)、生物质炭 (Bc) 和氮肥 + 生物质炭 (N + Bc)。在施用后第三年,采集土壤样品进行室内培养,应用荧光定量PCR技术检测硝化过程氨氧化古菌 (AOA)、氨氧化细菌 (AOB) 功能基因amoA和反硝化过程亚硝酸还原酶基因 (nirK、nirS) 以及N₂O还原酶基因 (nosZ) 等相关功能基因丰度,同时监测土壤pH值、无机氮 (铵态氮、硝态氮) 含量及N₂O排放。 【结果】 与CK相比,生物质炭 (Bc) 处理的土壤有机碳 (SOC) 提高了27.1%,总氮 (TN) 提高了8.2%,amoA-AOB基因丰度显著降低了11.0%,nosZ基因丰度增加了21.2% (P < 0.05),N ₂O排放没有显著变化 (P > 0.05)。与CK相比,施用氮肥 (N) 显著降低土壤pH ( P < 0.05),显著增加土壤无机氮含量、 nirK、nirS和nosZ功能基因丰度以及土壤N₂O累积排放量 (P < 0.05)。与N处理相比,生物质炭与氮肥联合施用 (N + Bc) 处理显著增加 amoA-AOA、amoA-AOB、nirK、nirS和nosZ基因丰度,增幅分别为68.1%、39.3%、21.1%、19.8%、48.4% (P < 0.05),但 ( nirK + nirS)/nosZ的比值降低,同时N₂O累积排放量显著降低33.3% (P < 0.05)。室内培养期间N ₂O排放峰出现在1～5 d,N和N+Bc处理排放速率分别为 N 1.70 × 103和1.76 × 103 ng/(kg·h)。相关分析结果显示,N₂O排放速率与氧化亚氮还原酶的标记基因nosZ基因拷贝数 (P < 0.05)、NH ₄+-N含量 (P < 0.01) 呈显著正相关,与pH呈显著负相关 ( P < 0.01)。 【结论】 在菜地生态系统中氮肥和生物质炭联合施用可以有效缓解菜地土壤酸化,减少菜地土壤N₂O排放,主要归因于反硝化作用nosZ基因丰度增加,(nirK + nirS)/nosZ比值降低。      

反硝化细菌法测定土壤NO2--15N丰度的方法优化

NO₂^-是土壤中多个氮转化过程的关键中间产物,具有浓度低、转化快的特点。反硝化细菌法与质谱技术相结合,已广泛用于NO₃^-或NO₂^-的¹⁵N同位素分析。本文旨在优化现有Stenotrophomonas nitritireducens反硝化细菌法的培养和反应条件,实现对土壤浸提液中NO₂^--¹⁵N丰度的专一、快速、准确测定。结果表明,使用种子液好氧摇培与单菌落微氧培养对NO₂^-样品的¹⁵N同位素测定无显著差异,种子液可保证不同批次菌体的稳定性,好氧培养可将培养时间从7～8d缩短至12～15h。高纯N₂或He气吹扫0.5h均能有效去除O₂和空白杂质氮,但N₂吹扫成本更低。转移N₂O气体至干燥气瓶,不影响测定结果的准确性和精密...     

长期施肥对土nirS型反硝化细菌的影响及其与N2O排放的关系

土壤反硝化作用是土壤N₂O产生的重要过程,亚硝酸盐还原酶(NIR)催化的亚硝态氮(NO^-₂)还原为一氧化氮(NO)是反硝化作用的关键环节,研究长期施肥对反硝化微生物的影响及其与N₂O排放的关系对于全面理解土壤反硝化过程具有重要意义。基于28年的旱作雨养长期施肥试验,通过常规监测、定量PCR和高通量测序等探讨了长期不同施肥(不施肥CK、偏施肥的单施氮肥N和氮钾配施NK、以及氮磷钾平衡施肥NPK)下土N₂O排放和nirS反硝化细菌群落特征及两者之间的关系。结果表明:长期化肥施用(N,NK和NPK)均显著提高了N₂O累积排放量,其中平衡施肥(NPK)最高。长期化肥施用对nirS基因丰度和nirS型反硝化细菌的α-多样性无显著影响,但长期平衡施用化肥提高了uncultured_bacterium_2303和Rhodanobacter_sp._D206a的相对丰度,降低了unclassified_k_norank_d_Bacteria和unclassified_p_Proteobacteria的相对丰度,从而改变了nirS型反硝化细菌的群落结构组成。雨养旱作条件下,土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、有效磷(AP)和pH等土壤性质是土nirS型反硝化细菌群落结构组成变化的主要影响因素。土nirS型反硝化细菌群落结构组成对土壤N₂O排放具有显著影响,而nirS基因丰度和nirS型反硝化细菌多样性并没有显著影响。     

林分类型和氮添加对亚热带森林土壤氧化亚氮排放的影响

为揭示亚热带森林土壤N₂O排放对林分类型和氮添加的响应特征,选取位于福建省三明市的中亚热带米槠次生林、杉木人工林和马尾松人工林土壤为研究对象,分别设置无氮添加(N0 mg/kg)、低氮添加(N10 mg/kg)、中氮添加(N25 mg/kg)和高氮添加(N50 mg/kg)4个氮添加水平,进行微宇宙培养试验,测定土壤N₂O排放。结果表明：与无氮添加处理相比,氮添加整体上降低3种林分土壤pH,增加土壤NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N含量。无氮添加处理中杉木人工林和马尾松人工林土壤N₂O累积排放量分别为9.67和9.62 mg/kg,显著高于米槠次生林土壤N₂O累积排放量6.81 mg/kg。低氮添加处理中杉木人工林和马尾松人工林土壤N₂O累积排放量显著高于米槠次生林。但在中氮和高氮添加处理中,3种林分土壤N₂O累积排放量均无显著性差异。不同氮添加处理均促进3种林分土壤N     

土壤pH对硝酸根还原过程中N2O产生的影响

采用氢氧化钠和盐酸将中性和碱性土壤分别分步调节成具有不同pH的系列土壤 ,加入等量硝态氮后 ,在添加易有效碳源葡萄糖和不添加葡萄糖的厌气条件下进行培养 ,测定不同处理条件下的N2 O和N2 产生速率。结果表明 ,不加碳源培养 2 4h后 ,原中性土壤系列中N2 O的最大产生速率位于pH 5 2 5左右 ,碱性土壤系列的该值位于 5 90左右 ;加入葡萄糖后 ,中性土壤系列中最大N2 O产生速率的pH值不变 ,但产生N2 最大速率的pH已提高至 6 50。而碱性土壤系列中N2 O产生最大速率时的pH值已移至 6 90处 ,即碳源的加入对产生N2 O所需的最佳pH有所提高。试验还显示 ,酸性条件可提高总还原气体中N2 O所占的比例 ,但就N2 O产生速率的绝对值来说 ,近中性条件仍然是最为有利的     

N2O and NO production in various Chinese agricultural soils by nitrification

Eleven types of agricultural soils were collected from Chinese uplands and paddy fields to compare their N₂O and NO production by nitrification under identical laboratory conditions. Before starting the assays, all air-dried soils were preincubated for 4 weeks at 25 °C and 40% WFPS (water-filled pore space). The nitrification activities of soils were determined by adding (NH₄)₂SO₄ (200 mg N kg⁻¹ soil) and incubating for 3 weeks at 25 °C and 60% WFPS. The net nitrification rates obtained fitted one of two types of models, depending on the soil pH: a zero-order reaction model for acidic soils and one neutral soil (Group 0); or a first-order reaction model for one neutral soil and alkaline soils (Group 1). The results suggest that pH is the most important factor in determining the kinetics of soil nitrification from ammonium. In the Group 1 soils, initial emissions (i.e. during the first week) of N₂O and NO were 82.6 and 83.6%, respectively, of the total emissions during 3 weeks of incubation; in the Group 0 soils, initial emissions of N₂O and NO were 54.7 and 59.9%, respectively, of the total emissions. The net nitrification rate in the first week and second-third weeks were highly correlated with the initial and subsequent emissions (i.e. during the second and third weeks), respectively, of N₂O and NO. The average percentages of emitted (N₂O+NO)-N relative to net nitrification N in initial and subsequent periods were 2.76 and 0.59 for Group 0, and 1.47 and 0.44 for the Group 1, respectively. The initial and subsequent emission ratios of NO/N₂O from Group 0 (acidic) soils were 3.77 and 2.52 times, respectively, higher than those from Group 1 soils (P<0.05).     

The influence of soil pH on denitrification: progress towards the understanding of this interaction over the last 50 years

Results from the pioneering research on the interactions between pH and denitrification in soil from the 1950s to the present are reviewed, the changing perceptions of this complex relationship are discussed, and the current status of the subject is assessed. Facets of this relationship that are analysed in detail include the direct or indirect influence of pH on overall denitrification rates in soils, changes in the composition of gaseous products that depend on pH, methods for measuring the process, the concept of an optimum pH for denitrification, and the adaptation of microbial denitrifying communities to acidic environments. The main conclusions to be drawn are as follows. Total gaseous emissions to the atmosphere (N₂O, NO and N₂) have repeatedly been shown to be less in acidic than in neutral or slightly alkaline soils. This may be attributable to smaller amounts of organic carbon and mineral nitrogen available to the denitrifying population under acid conditions rather than a direct effect of low pH on denitrification enzymes. Numerous laboratory and field studies have demonstrated that the ratio N₂O:N₂ is increased when the pH of soils is reduced. The relation between soil pH and potential denitrification as determined by various incubation methods remains unclear, results being influenced both by original conditions in soil samples and by unknown changes during incubation. The concept of an optimum pH for denitrification has been frequently proposed, but such a term has little or no meaning without reference to specific attributes of the process.     

Influence of soil properties on the turnover of nitric oxide and nitrous oxide by nitrification and denitrification at constant temperature and moisture

 Soils are a major source of atmospheric NO and N₂O. Since the soil properties that regulate the production and consumption of NO and N₂O are still largely unknown, we studied N trace gas turnover by nitrification and denitrification in 20 soils as a function of various soil variables. Since fertilizer treatment, temperature and moisture are already known to affect N trace gas turnover, we avoided the masking effect of these soil variables by conducting the experiments in non-fertilized soils at constant temperature and moisture. In all soils nitrification was the dominant process of NO production, and in 50% of the soils nitrification was also the dominant process of N₂O production. Factor analysis extracted three factors which together explained 71% of the variance and identified three different soil groups. Group I contained acidic soils, which showed only low rates of microbial respiration and low contents of total and inorganic nitrogen. Group II mainly contained acidic forest soils, which showed relatively high respiration rates and high contents of total N and NH₄ ⁺. Group III mainly contained neutral agricultural soils with high potential rates of nitrification. The soils of group I produced the lowest amounts of NO and N₂O. The results of linear multiple regression conducted separately for each soil group explained between 44–100% of the variance. The soil variables that regulated consumption of NO, total production of NO and N₂O, and production of NO and N₂O by either nitrification or denitrification differed among the different soil groups. The soil pH, the contents of NH₄ ⁺, NO₂ ^– and NO₃ ^–, the texture, and the rates of microbial respiration and nitrification were among the important variables. Received: 28 October 1999     

Relationship between N2O and NO emission potentials and soil properties in Japanese forest soils

To determine the relationship between nitrous oxide (N₂O) and nitric oxide (NO) emission rates and soil properties in forest soils, N₂O and NO emission rates in soils were measured in incubation experiments under standardized temperature and water conditions (water content at a water-holding capacity of 60%) using soils packed into a cylindrical core, and variations in the soil properties were also determined. The N₂O emission rates from nitrification and from denitrification were determined separately using a nitrification inhibitor (10 Pa acetylene). Soil samples were taken from 25 forest stands in a central temperate area of Japan. The N₂O and NO emission rates were highly variable, even under the standardized temperature and water-holding capacity (60%) conditions. According to a partial least squared regression model analysis, the C:N ratio and pH strongly affected the N₂O emission rate, whereas     , water-soluble Al and the C:N ratio strongly affected the NO emission rate. The C:N ratio negatively affected the emission rate of both N oxide gases, suggesting that N mineralization is an important factor in the rates of N oxide gas emission. The acetylene inhibition experiment showed that N₂O emission from denitrification was positively affected by pH, water-filled pore space and filling density, and negatively affected by the C:N ratio, total carbon and total nitrogen.     

农田土壤N2O和NO排放的影响因素及其作用机制

农田土壤作为N2O和NO的重要排放源而备受关注。硝化和反硝化是土壤N2O和NO产生的两个主要微生物过程,环境因子和农田管理措施等因素强烈影响着这两个过程以及N2O和NO的排放。本文重点论述了土壤水热状况、土壤质地、pH、肥料施用、耕作措施变更等关键性影响因素对农田土壤N2O和NO排放的影响及其影响机制。     

土壤中羟胺和亚硝态氮非生物过程对N_2O排放的贡献

羟胺(NH_2OH)和亚硝态氮(NO_2~--N)均可以通过非生物过程产生N_2O,但是同一土壤中其对N_2O排放的相对贡献尚不明确。本文采用高压灭菌和室内培养方法,测定了采自6个不同地点的农业利用土壤在灭菌和非灭菌条件下添加NH_2OH或NO_2~--N后N_2O的排放量,以研究土壤中NH_2OH和NO_2~--N非生物过程对N_2O排放的相对贡献及其关键因子。结果表明,供试土壤中,NH_2OH非生物过程产生的N_2O贡献介于6%~73%,NO_2~--N非生物过程产生N_2O占的比例为3%~236%;在pH7的衢州茶园、鹰潭旱地、常熟菜地和海伦旱地土壤中,添加NO_2~--N后非生物过程产生N_2O比例大于添加NH_2OH的处理,但是在pH7的常熟果园和封丘旱地土壤中则相反;pH是影响NH_2OH和NO_2~--N非生物过程产生N_2O的关键因子,添加NH_2OH处理中非生物过程产生N_2O占N_2O总排放量的比例与土壤pH呈正相关(p0.05),而在添加NO_2~--N处理中呈负相关(p0.01)。上述结果说明,NO_2~--N在偏酸性土壤中可能主要通过非生物过程产生N_2O,而在偏碱性土壤中主要通过生物过程;NH_2OH则与之相反。     

高氮和NO2-对中亚热带森林土壤N2O和NO产生的影响

利用15N同位素标记方法,研究在两种水分条件即60%和90% WHC下,添加硝酸盐(NH4NO3, 300mgN kg-1)和亚硝酸盐(NaNO2, 1mgN kg-1)对中亚热带天然森林土壤N2O和NO产生过程及途径的影响。结果表明,在含水量为60% WHC的情况下,高氮输入显著抑制了N2O和NO的产生(p<0.01);但当含水量增为90% WHC后,实验9h内抑制N2O产生,之后转为促进。所有未灭菌处理在添加NO2-后高氮抑制均立即解除并大量产生N2O和NO,与对照成显著差异(p<0.01)。在60% WHC条件下,这种情况维持时间较短(21h),但如果含水量高(90% WHC)这种情况会持续很长时间(2wk以上),说明水分有效性的提高和外源NO2-在高氮抑制解除中起到重要作用。本实验中N2O主要来源于土壤反硝化过程,而且加入未标记NO2-后导致杂合的N2O(14N15NO)分子在实验21h内迅速增加,表明这种森林土壤的反硝化过程可能主要是通过真菌的“共脱氮”来实现,其贡献率可多达80%以上。Spearman等级相关分析表明未灭菌土壤NO的产生速率与N2O产生速率成显著正相关性(p<0.05),土壤含水量越低二者相关性越高。灭菌土壤添加NO2-能比未灭菌土壤产生更多的NO,但却几乎不产生N2O,表明酸性土壤的化学反硝化对NO的贡献要大于N2O。     

The effect of soil pH and dicyandiamide (DCD) on N2O emissions and ammonia oxidiser abundance in a stimulated grazed pasture soil

Purpose

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) is a potent greenhouse gas which is mainly produced from agricultural soils through the processes of nitrification and denitrification. Although denitrification is usually the major process responsible for N₂O emissions, N₂O production from nitrification can increase under some soil conditions. Soil pH can affect N₂O emissions by altering N transformations and microbial communities. Bacterial (AOB) and archaeal (AOA) ammonia oxidisers are important for N₂O production as they carry out the rate-limiting step of the nitrification process.

Material and methods

A field study was conducted to investigate the effect of soil pH changes on N₂O emissions, AOB and AOA community abundance, and the efficacy of a nitrification inhibitor, dicyandiamide (DCD), at reducing N₂O emissions from animal urine applied to soil. The effect of three pH treatments, namely alkaline treatment (CaO/NaOH), acid treatment (HCl) and native (water) and four urine and DCD treatments as control (no urine or DCD), urine-only, DCD-only and urine + DCD were assessed in terms of their effect on N₂O emissions and ammonia oxidiser community growth.

Results and discussion

Results showed that total N₂O emissions were increased when the soil was acidified by the acid treatment. This was probably due to incomplete denitrification caused by the inhibition of the assembly of the N₂O reductase enzyme under acidic conditions. AOB population abundance increased when the pH was increased in the alkaline treatment, particularly when animal urine was applied. In contrast, AOA grew in the acid treatment, once the initial inhibitory effect of the urine had subsided. The addition of DCD decreased total N₂O emissions significantly in the acid treatment and decreased peak N₂O emissions in all pH treatments. DCD also inhibited AOB growth in both the alkaline and native pH treatments and inhibited AOA growth in the acid treatment.

Conclusions

These results show that N₂O emissions increase when soil pH decreases. AOB and AOA prefer different soil pH environments to grow: AOB growth is favoured in an alkaline pH and AOA growth favoured in more acidic soils. DCD was effective in inhibiting AOB and AOA when they were actively growing under the different soil pH conditions.     

水稻土和菜田添加碳氮后的气态产物排放动态

【目的】动态连续监测添加碳氮底物后各气体产物—O2、 NO、 N2O、 CH4和N2的排放,对土壤碳氮转化过程和气体产生过程做更深入的理解,揭示不同土地利用方式典型红壤的温室气体产生机制。【方法】采集长江中游金井小流域不同土地利用方式稻田和菜地土壤为研究对象,利用全自动连续在线培养检测体系(Robot系统),通过两组试验分别研究土壤碳氮转化过程中各气体产物的动态变化。试验1采用菜地和稻田土壤进行好气培养,设置不施氮对照、 添加40 mg/kg铵态氮、 添加40 mg/kg铵态氮+1%硝化抑制剂、 添加40 mg/kg硝态氮、 添加40 mg/kg硝态氮+1%葡萄糖、 缺氧条件下添加40 mg/kg硝态氮+1%葡萄糖6个处理。试验2采用稻田土壤进行淹水培养,设不施氮对照、 添加40 mg/kg铵态氮、 添加40 mg/kg铵态氮+1%硝化抑制剂、 添加40 mg/kg铵态氮+1%秸秆、 缺氧条件下添加40 mg/kg铵态氮+1%的葡萄糖、 添加40 mg/kg硝态氮、 添加40 mg/kg硝态氮+1%葡萄糖、 缺氧条件下添加40 mg/kg硝态氮+1%葡萄糖8个处理。培养温度均为20℃,土壤水分含量为70% WFPS (土壤孔隙含水量),培养周期为15天。【结果】从菜地和稻田土壤不同碳氮添加处理气态产物及无机氮的动态变化可看出: 1)菜地土壤好气培养初期硝化作用产生了大量N2O; 受低碳和低含水量的限制,反硝化作用较弱。当提供充足碳源和厌氧条件,出现N2O和NO的大量排放。2)在好气稻田和淹水稻田培养过程中,反硝化作用是N2O产生的主要途径。3)稻田土壤中,提供充足碳源和厌氧条件,各气态产物出现的顺序依次是NO、 N2O和N2,与三种气体在反硝化链式反应过程中的生成顺序一致。淹水稻田加铵态氮和碳源处理N2为主要产物,添加硝态氮处理后,N2O成为主要气态产物。当土壤碳源充足时,反硝化过程进行彻底,反硝化产物以终产物(N2)为主。4)在稻田土壤出现厌氧或添加碳源条件下,均检测到大量CH4产生; 且在甲烷产生的同时,NO-3几乎消耗殆尽。【结论】金井小流域典型红壤菜地N2O主要来自于硝化作用,好气和淹水稻田N2O主要来源于反硝化作用; 当碳源充足和厌氧时,菜地及稻田反硝化作用增强; 反硝化产物组成、 产物累积量及出峰顺序与碳源和氧气浓度有关。