玉米与不同豆科作物间作对氮素的竞争与恢复效应

  【目的】  竞争和恢复是间作群体优势的重要机理。本研究分析比较玉米与不同豆科作物间作共生期对氮的竞争,单独生长期氮吸收的恢复效应,以及氮竞争和恢复效应对间作模式氮吸收间作优势的影响。  【方法】  田间试验于2018—2019年在甘肃省农业科学院张掖试验站进行。共设置玉米/豌豆间作 (maize/pea,M/P)、玉米/蚕豆间作 (maize/faba bean,M/F)、玉米/大豆间作 (maize/soybean,M/S) 3个间作体系和单作豌豆 (sole pea,SP)、单作蚕豆 (sole faba bean, SF)、单作大豆 (sole soybean,SS)、单作玉米 (sole maize,SM) 4个单作体系。测定豆科作物和玉米收获期作物的干物质量和氮浓度,计算间作体系作物的偏氮吸收当量比 (partial nitrogen uptake equivalent ratio,pNER) 和间作体系的氮吸收当量比 (nitrogen uptake equivalent ratio,NER),玉米相对于豆科的氮竞争比率(competitive ratio of maize to legume,CR_ml),豆科作物收获后玉米的氮素吸收量和吸收速率。  【结果】  M/P、M/F和M/S的NER均大于1,两年平均分别为1.33、1.26和1.38。3个间作体系中,豆科作物的pNER_l无显著差异,M/S中玉米的pNER_m显著高于M/P和M/F。间作豆科作物的氮浓度与其单作相比无显著差异,但氮吸收量显著低于单作。M/P、M/F和M/S体系中玉米植株的氮浓度无显著差异,而玉米氮吸收量分别相当于单作玉米的62.2%、51.0%和79.9%,M/S体系玉米氮吸收量较M/P和M/F分别提高了33.4%和62.6%。M/S体系CR_ml大于1,M/P和M/F的CR_ml值均小于1。各间作体系玉米恢复效应2019年高于2018年,但值均小于1。CR_ml与NER和pNER_m呈显著正相关,与pNER_l呈显著负相关。  【结论】  两年的试验结果表明,河西走廊灌区玉米/豌豆、玉米/蚕豆和玉米/大豆间作体系的氮吸收当量比均大于1,相对单作具有氮吸收间作优势。玉米/豌豆、玉米/蚕豆和玉米/大豆体系共生期存在氮竞争,豌豆和蚕豆对氮的竞争强于玉米,大豆的氮竞争弱于玉米。豆科作物收获后,各体系玉米单独生长期无氮吸收恢复效应。     

15N studies on the transfer of legume-fixed nitrogen to associated cereals in intercropping systems

Summary An attempt has been made to estimate quantitatively the amount of N fixed by legume and transferred to the cereal in association in intercropping systems of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) — gram (Cicer arietinum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) —cowpea (Vigna unguiculate L.) by labelling soil and fertilizer nitrogen with ¹⁵N. The intercropped legumes have been found to fix significantly higher amounts of N as compared with legumes in sole cropping if the intercropped cereal-legume received the same dose of fertilizer N as the sole cereal crop. But when half of the dose of the fertilizer N applied to sole cereal crop was received by intercropped plants, the amount of N fixed by legumes in association with cereals was significantly less than that fixed by sole legumes. Under field conditions 28% of the total N uptake by maize (21.2 kg N ha^–1) was of atmospheric origin and was obtained by transfer of fixed N by cowpea grown in association with maize. Under greenhouse conditions gram and summer and monsoon season cowpea have been found to contribute 14%–20%, 16% and 32% of the total N uptake by associated wheat and summer and monsoon maize crops, respectively. Inoculation of cowpea seeds with Rhizobium increased both the amount of N fixed by cowpea and transferred to maize in intercropping system.     

玉米播期对大豆/玉米间作产量及种间竞争力的影响

在间作系统中,间作作物间合理的共生期可有效提高间作系统作物对时空资源的高效利用。而间作作物播期直接影响间作作物间共生期的长短,由此导致的时空生态位分离会直接影响到作物生产力和种间相互作用。为明确大豆/玉米间作系统中玉米播期对间作作物产量、系统生产力及间作作物间资源竞争力的影响,本研究设置3个玉米播期处理——M1(4月24日与大豆同时播种,与大豆共生期165 d)、M2(5月4日播种,与大豆共生期150 d)、M3(5月14日播种,与大豆共生期140 d),通过对单间作条件下作物产量、干物质累积的测定,研究了玉米不同播期下大豆/玉米间作系统作物产量、系统生产力、共生期内种间竞争力变化。结果表明:3个播期处理不影响间作产量优势,土地当量比(land equivalent ratio,LER)均大于1;但随播期延迟,LER变小,M1处理LER最大,达1.37。玉米播期变化对间作大豆产量无显著影响;随玉米播期延迟,间作玉米产量下降,间作系统生产力随之下降。玉米播期对间作大豆产量构成无显著影响;随玉米播期延迟,间作玉米的百粒重随之减小,M3的百粒重(26.1 g)仅为M1(36.6 g)的71%。玉米播期延迟抑制了大豆玉米共生后期玉米资源竞争力的恢复,在大豆和玉米共生前期,大豆的资源竞争力强于玉米,而共生后期(9月至收获),玉米的资源竞争力显著提升;M3处理大豆相对于玉米的资源竞争力(aggressivity,A_(sm))始终高于M1和M2,玉米相对拥挤指数随播期延迟而降低,表现为M1M2M3,而竞争比率为M3M2M1。因此,就本研究而言,甘肃河西灌区大豆/玉米间作系统中4月24日大豆和玉米同时播种是此系统间作作物的适宜播期,两作物同时播种可有效稳定间作作物产量及系统生产力,间作玉米播种延迟会导致间作系统生产力下降。     

Yield Response of Intercropped Soybean and Maize Under Rhizobia (Bradyrhizobium japonicum) Inoculation and P and K Fertilization

A 2-year trial was carried out at the Tanzania Coffee Research Institute (TaCRI) farm in northern Tanzania. The aim was to assess the response of soybean and maize yield attributes to cropping systems, rhizobia inoculation, and phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) fertilization. The study was laid out in a split-split plot design replicated thrice. The statistical analyses were performed using the 3-way analysis of variance in a factorial arrangement. The computation was performed using the STATISTICA software. The Fisher’s least significant difference (LSD) was used to compare the treatment means at p = 0.05 level of significance. The results showed that both cropping systems, rhizobia inoculation, and P and K fertilization significantly (p = 0.05) influenced most of the soybean yield parameters assessed in this study. Specifically, cropping systems significantly (p = 0.05) improved the number of pods per plant, biological yield, grain yield, and harvest index (HI) (2015 and 2016) of soybean. Rhizobia inoculation also significantly (p = 0.05) improved soybean yield attributes such as the number of pods, 100 seed weight, biological yield and grain yield of soybean (2015 and 2016), and HI in soybean (2015). P and K fertilization also significantly (p = 0.05) improved different yield attributes of soybean over the control. It was noted that increasing potassium from 20 to 40 kg/ha improved most of the soybean yield parameters relative to the control. Doubling of P from 26 kg to 52 kg/ha did not significantly change the soybean yield parameter. The doubled combined fertilizers did not significantly increase the yield parameters of soybean suggesting the use of a lower dose of combined fertilizers. Intercropping maize with rhizobia-inoculated soybean significantly improved maize yield compared with intercrop without inoculation. Monocropped maize gave relatively the same yield as those of maize intercropped with inoculated soybean. Fertilization with P and K also improved the yield attributes of maize over the control.     

Effects of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilizers and Intercropping on Uptake of Nitrogen and Phosphorus by Wheat,Maize, and Faba Bean

Abstract

One‐third of all the cultivated land area is used for multiple cropping and half of the total grain yield is produced with multiple cropping in China. There have been numerous studies on nutrient acquisition by crops in legume/non‐legume intercropping systems, but few on nutrient uptake in cereal/cereal intercropping. This paper describes a field experiment in which integrated wheat/maize and maize/faba bean systems were compared with sole wheat and sole faba bean cropping to assess the effects of intercropping on nutrient uptake by wheat, maize, and faba bean under various application rates of nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) fertilizers. Results show that both N and P fertilizers and intercropping enhanced N uptake by wheat, while only P fertilizer and intercropping increased P acquisition by wheat. The advantage of N uptake by border rows of wheat intercropped with maize declined with increasing N fertilizer application rate, but that of P acquisition was not affected by P fertilizer. The amounts of both N and P taken up by maize intercropped with faba bean were much higher than those by maize intercropped with wheat throughout the period of intercropping. Both fertilization and intercropping did not influence the N and P uptake by faba bean.     

施磷对西北沿黄灌耕灰钙土玉米/鹰嘴豆间作产量及种间相互作用的影响

本试验在西北沿黄有效磷含量较低的灌耕灰钙土上研究了田间施磷水平对单作和间作玉米、鹰嘴豆的根际酸性磷酸酶活性、产量和土地资源利用效率的影响。结果表明,在不施磷(P0)和施磷量为40kg·hm-2(P40)时,玉米/鹰嘴豆间作系统的生物学产量或经济产量的土地当量比(LER)均小于1,间作系统未表现出土地资源利用的优势,主要原因是鹰嘴豆产量降低;当施磷量为80kg·hm-2(P80)时,LER1,间作系统表现出土地资源利用优势。P0、P40和P80处理间作玉米产量分别比相应单作增产3%、12%和19%;间作鹰嘴豆产量P0和P40处理显著低于单作。从玉米出苗到鹰嘴豆收获的间作作物共生期内,间作玉米相对于鹰嘴豆具有较强的水分和养分等资源的竞争力(Amc0),从鹰嘴豆生长动态曲线可以看出,P0、P40处理这种竞争在共生期明显,P80处理竞争不明显。各施磷水平下,间作玉米的收获指数高于单作,而间作鹰嘴豆的收获指数低于单作。鹰嘴豆通过分泌酸性磷酸酶促进玉米对有机磷利用的种间互惠作用未体现,两次取样中,不施磷时,间作鹰嘴豆根际土壤的酸性磷酸酶活性低于单作。基于本研究,西北沿黄灌耕灰钙土施磷量为0和40kg·hm-2时,玉米/鹰嘴豆间作系统无明显的间作优势,磷肥量为80kg·hm-2时表现出较为明显的间作优势。     

栽培模式及施肥对玉米和大豆根际土壤磷素有效性的影响

栽培模式及施肥管理对作物吸收利用土壤磷素的影响较大,本研究为探明玉米/大豆套作系统作物根系交互作用下根际土壤无机磷组分动态变化特征,利用盆栽试验测定了玉米/大豆套作(M/S)、玉米单作(MM)和大豆单作(SS)3种栽培模式以及不施肥(CK)、施氮钾肥(NK)和施氮磷钾肥(NPK)3种施肥处理下玉米和大豆地上部生物量及吸磷量和根际与非根际土壤速效磷、无机磷组分含量,以期为优化玉米/大豆套作系统磷素管理提供理论依据。研究结果表明同一施肥水平下,套作玉米的籽粒产量显著高于单作玉米;施磷显著提高了单作玉米籽粒产量,而对套作玉米籽粒产量影响不大。无论施肥与否,套作大豆秸秆及籽粒产量均高于单作大豆。所有施肥处理均表现为套作模式下单株作物地上部磷积累量显著高于单作模式。玉米成熟期,CK、NK处理下套作玉米根际土壤速效磷含量分别比单作玉米高54.2%和71.8%;大豆始花期,NPK处理下套作大豆根际土壤速效磷含量比单作大豆高19.8%。大豆成熟期,NK、NPK处理下套作大豆根际土壤速效磷含量分别比单作大豆高23.8%和108.0%。无论是单作还是套作模式,玉米根际土壤Al-P含量在3个施肥处理下均低于非根际土壤。CK和NK处理下单作玉米根际土壤Al-P含量分别是套作玉米的1.19倍和1.22倍;NPK处理下单作玉米根际土壤Fe-P含量是套作玉米的1.21倍。在CK、NK和NPK施肥处理下,单作大豆根际土Al-P含量分别是套作大豆1.12倍、1.30倍和1.25倍,单作大豆非根际土Al-P含量分别是套作大豆的1.22倍、1.30倍和1.06倍。CK、NK处理下单作大豆根际土壤Fe-P含量分别是套作大豆的1.47倍和1.12倍。研究得出结论,低磷条件下,与单作相比,玉米/大豆套作更有利于作物对土壤Al-P、Fe-P的活化吸收。     

Performance of cowpea cultivars when grown as an intercrop with maize of contrasting maturities

A field trial was conducted during the rainy seasons of 2008 and 2009 at Samaru in northern Guinea savannah of Nigeria to determine the performance of semi-determinate and indeterminate cowpea cultivars intercropped with extra early, early and late maize cultivars. The trial was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) having treatments arranged as a split-plot factorial. Transmitted radiation was reduced by 49–63% due to shading by the maize plants. Similarly, intercropping cowpea with maize reduced intercepted radiation, fodder yield and grain yield of cowpea by 59–70%, 39–51% and 45–62%, respectively. Intercepted radiation and yields of intercropped cowpea were lower for late maize which maintained high leaf area over a longer period of time. This is supported by the higher plant height, higher leaf area index (LAI) and reduced transmitted radiation recorded in late maize compared with extra early and early maize. Extra early and early maize were less competitive with cowpea because of shorter period of association in addition to permitting higher radiation. Crop value of maize plus cowpea was higher than that of sole cowpea ($2616.8 vs. $1218.7 ha^?1) because higher combined yield was achieved by a more efficient use of resources in the intercrop. Therefore, cowpea cultivar may be intercropped with extra early maize.     

减氮对华南地区甜玉米大豆间作系统产量稳定性的影响

在广东省广州市华南农业大学试验中心,通过大田定位试验（2013年秋-2017年秋5年9季）对比了两种施氮水平[减量施氮（300 kg·hm^-2,N1）和常规施氮（360 kg·hm^-2,N2）]、4种种植模式[甜玉米单作（SS）、甜玉米//大豆2：3间作（S2B3）、甜玉米//大豆2：4间作（S2B4）、大豆单作（SB）]的甜玉米、大豆及系统产量的动态变化,采用W²（Wricke''s ecovalence,生态价值指数）、变异系数（CV）和可持续指数（SYI）评价了产量的时间稳定性,旨在为华南地区一年2熟制甜玉米产区地力保育和绿色生产提供科学依据。结果表明：1）各处理甜玉米、大豆和系统总产量呈现明显的生产季节动态变化,不同年季、种植模式对甜玉米、大豆和系统总产量均有极显著影响,施氮水平仅显著影响甜玉米的产量。2）所有间作处理甜玉米的相对产量均高于单作,间作系统的实际产量损失指数（AYLs）均大于零,表明甜玉米//大豆间作能稳定地保持间作优势且显著提高了土地利用效率。3）不同处理甜玉米产量的W²、CV和SYI均没有显著差异,但单作大豆的W²值显著高于间作,单作大豆的产量稳定性低于间作大豆。种植模式对系统总产量稳定性有显著影响,且间作大豆提高了其稳定性。4）间作大豆显著提高了土壤地力贡献率,S2B3和S2B4的平均地力贡献率分别为75.07%和74.27%,比SS分别高30.29和29.47个百分点。5）与单作甜玉米相比,9季甜玉米//大豆间作显著提高了土壤pH,缓解了长期大量施氮导致的土壤酸化对地力的影响。连续减量施氮没有影响甜玉米//大豆间作系统土壤有机质和全量养分含量,300 kg·hm^-2的施氮量能够满足甜玉米和大豆对氮素的需要。减量施氮与间作大豆是华南甜玉米产区资源高效利用、系统产量稳定的可持续绿色生产模式。     

玉米-大豆和玉米-甘薯套作对玉米生长及氮素吸收的影响

【目的】利用根系分隔技术, 研究不同需氮特性的旋花科、 豆科作物与玉米套作后,玉米的生长特性与养分吸收差异及其增产机理。【方法】采用石英砂培盆栽试验,二因素完全随机试验设计。以玉米-大豆、 玉米-甘薯两种套作模式为研究对象,设计不分隔、 部分分隔、 完全分隔三种隔根方式。分析不同套作模式下不同隔根方式对玉米地下根系活力、 根系生物量及地上植株叶片光合特性、 籽粒产量和吸氮量的影响。【结果】1)不同种植模式对玉米生长有显著影响,不分隔处理时,与大豆套作的玉米根系活力、 籽粒重及地上植株总吸氮显著高于与甘薯套作的玉米,分别高6.25%、 8.69%和18.89%; 部分分隔或完全分隔时,两套作处理间差异不显著(P0.05)。 2)隔根方式影响玉米的物质积累及籽粒产量,表现为不分隔部分分隔完全分隔。3)不分隔有助于促进共生玉米生长,但不同套作模式的影响效果不一致;玉米-大豆套作处理下,不分隔处理的玉米根系活力、 净光合速率、 籽粒产量和总吸氮量均高于隔根处理,比完全分隔处理的分别高25.65%、 27.31%、 64.69%和71.65%;玉米-甘薯套作下增加幅度为17.59%、 19.83%、 52.38%和46.21%,分别比玉米-大豆套作处理低31.44%、 27.39%、 19.03%和35.51%。 4)相关分析表明,两种套作处理玉米地下根系干重与地上植株干物质重、 叶片光合速率及籽粒重显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.984、 0.927和0.986(P0.01);且地下根系活力与地上植株叶片净光合速率显著正相关,相关系数达0.929(P0.01)。【结论】种植模式和隔根方式显著影响了玉米的物质积累及氮素吸收。根系不分隔时,玉米－大豆套作处理下玉米的根系活力、 净光合速率、 生物量、 籽粒产量及总吸氮量显著高于玉米－甘薯套作;隔根处理导致的生物量和吸氮量下降主要是由根系活力降低引起的。与玉米-甘薯套作相比,大豆促进了玉米根系活力的提高,有效调节了玉米地上部植株光合作用及干物质积累,实现产量和氮素吸收的增加。     

Effect of intercrop spacing and nitrogen fertilizer on establishment of Leucaena leucocephala in alley cropping

Abstract

One of the reasons for the low rate of adoption of alley cropping in the humid tropics is the problem of establishing the desired hedgerow trees. A split plot experimental design trial was set up to investigate the effects of 4 levels of nitrogen (N) fertilizer (0, 30, 60, and 120 kg N ha^‐1) on the growth of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit in an intercrop with maize. Maize (Ekona 83TZ SR Y) was planted at 0, 25, 50, and 75 cm from Leucaena hedgerows planted on the same day. Leucaena plants were harvested at 3, 6, and 12 months after planting for biomass yield, N uptake, nodulation and mycorrhization. Results showed that at 0, 25, and 50 cm Leucaena/maize intercrop, there was no effect of N on Leucaena biomass. Leucaena biomass yield at 75‐cm spacing compared favorably with the biomass of Leucaena sole cropped that had received 0, 30, and 60 kg N ha^‐1. Application of 120 kg N ha^‐1 to sole Leucaena increased biomass yield significantly above all the intercrop spacings. Measurement of the solar radiation in the system showed that there was a close relationship between the amount of solar radiation received by Leucaena and its biomass yield. Maize intercropped closer than 75 cm from Leucaena hedges reduced radiation received by Leucaena by 72% at 25 cm compared with 29% at 75 cm. This effect reduced Leucaena biomass yield at 25‐cm spacing by 50%. This study showed that Leucaena can be established in intercrop with maize, but it requires about 75‐cm intercrop spacing with crop and about 120 kg N ha^‐1 for good establishment. Leucaena/maize intercrop at 75‐cm spacing enables Leucaena to receive about 72% solar radiation and larger area to forage for plant nutrients.     

小麦大豆间作条件下作物养分吸收利用对间作优势的贡献

采用田间小区试验和田间微区根系分隔试验 ,通过间作与相应单作成熟期氮磷钾养分吸收量和利用效率 (单位养分吸收量所能生产的干物质量 )的比较研究了小麦大豆间作中养分吸收和利用效率的变化。结果表明 ,间作作物氮、磷、钾养分吸收总量分别高出相应单作 24%～39% ,6%～27%和24%～64% ;而间作氮、磷和钾的利用效率分别比单作低5%～20%、5%～7%和 6%～32%。间作优势主要表现在养分吸收量的增加。间作大豆养分收获指数的提高使间作子粒产量优势比生物学产量优势更明显。种间根系分隔微区试验表明 ,间作作物养分利用效率的降低与两作物根系相互作用有关     

辽西半干旱区玉米大豆间作对作物产量及水分利用的影响

为探明玉米大豆间作的作物增产、土地生产力提升和水分高效利用机理,优化辽西半干旱区适宜的玉米大豆间作模式,于2018−2019年在国家农业环境阜新观测实验站,采用田间定位试验方法,设置了玉米大豆间作2行﹕2行（M2S2）、4行﹕4行（M4S4）、6行﹕6行（M6S6）,玉米单作（M）和大豆单作（S）5种种植模式,研究玉米大豆间作对作物产量、土地生产力、土壤水分空间分布及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,5种单、间作模式作物总产量表现为M＞M6S6＞M4S4＞M2S2＞S,间作模式中作物对总产量的贡献率表现为玉米＞大豆,玉米贡献率为79.0%～87.3%,大豆贡献率为12.7%～21.0%;M6S6和M4S4间作模式土地当量比（LER）分别为1.13～1.19和1.06～1.07,均具有间作产量优势,其中M6S6间作优势最强;M2S2间作模式土地当量比（LER）小于1,表现为间作劣势;土壤水分空间分布结果表明,0−50cm土层间作玉米与大豆存在水分竞争,60−100cm土层玉米和大豆存在水分互补;3种间作模式均提高了单位面积的玉米水分利用效率,除M6S6间作模式外,M4S4和M2S2间作模式均降低了大豆水分利用效率;M6S6和M4S4间作模式水分当量比（WER）分别为1.18～1.21和1.05～1.06,水分生产力提高5%～21%,均具有间作水分利用优势,其中M6S6间作优势最强,M2S2间作模式水分当量比（WER）为0.99～1.01,间作水分利用优势不显著。综合分析认为,玉米大豆间作模式中M6S6间作产量优势和水分利用优势最强,能够显著提高农田土地生产力和水分利用效率,在辽西半干旱区农业生产中具有更好的应用价值。     

Enhanced nutrient and rainwater use efficiency in maize and soybean with secondary and micronutrient amendments in the rainfed semi-arid tropics

In view of widespread deficiencies, a long-term experiment was started at the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru, India in 2007 to identify economically efficient application strategy (full or 50% dose every or every second year) of sulphur (S) (30 kg ha^?1), boron (B) (0.5 kg ha^?1) and zinc (Zn) (10 kg ha^?1). During the fourth year in 2010, balanced fertilization through adding S, B and Zn increased maize grain yield by 13–52% and soybean yield by 16–28% compared to nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilization alone. Balanced nutrition increased N and P uptake, utilization and use efficiency for grain yield and harvest index indicating improved grain nutritional quality. The N, P plus 50% of S, B and Zn application every year recorded highest crop yields and N and P efficiencies indices and increased rainwater use efficiency with a benefit:cost ratio of 11.9 for maize and 4.14 for soybean. This study showed the importance of a deficient secondary nutrient S and micronutrients B, Zn in improving N and P use efficiency while enhancing economic food production.     

施磷水平对玉米大豆间作系统氮素吸收与分配的影响

  【目的】  研究施磷对玉米大豆间作系统氮素吸收、分配和间作优势的影响,为优化玉米与大豆间作系统氮、磷养分管理提供参考。  【方法】  两年盆栽试验设置3种种植方式:玉米单作、大豆单作、玉米与大豆间作;4个P₂O₅施用水平:0、50、100、150 mg/kg,分别以P0、P50、P100和P150表示。在玉米小喇叭口期、大喇叭口期、孕穗期、成熟期及大豆分枝期、开花期、结荚期、成熟期进行采样,分析玉米、大豆各器官氮素吸收、分配以及氮吸收间作优势对施磷的响应。  【结果】  与单作相比,在P0、P50、P100和P150水平下,2019年间作玉米和大豆籽粒生物量分别显著提高了38.2%～111.8%和22.2%～31.4%,2020年分别显著提高了38.2%～121.1%和13.0%～31.1%。在4个磷水平下,玉米大豆间作土地当量比 (LER) 为1.31～1.72。与P100水平下单作处理相比,在磷肥减施1/2 (P50水平) 条件下,玉米大豆间作并未降低玉米和大豆的籽粒生物量。间作种植提高了玉米与大豆叶、茎、根与籽粒等各器官氮素吸收量,显著提高了间作体系氮素吸收量,并促进了氮素向玉米籽粒的分配,却降低了氮素向大豆籽粒的分配。与P0水平相比,施磷进一步提高了间作体系玉米与大豆各器官的氮素吸收量,提高了间作体系氮吸收量与氮吸收间作优势,并促进了氮素向玉米籽粒的分配。与P100水平的单作相比,间作P50水平不会降低玉米与大豆植株的氮素吸收量与利用率。  【结论】  玉米与大豆间作具有明显的产量优势,土地当量比介于1.31～1.72之间。施磷可显著提高间作玉米和大豆的氮吸收量,并促进氮素向玉米籽粒的分配,具有明显的氮吸收间作优势。施磷水平调节玉米和大豆对养分的竞争能力,适宜的磷肥水平可缓解二者之间对氮素营养的竞争,获得更高的氮肥利用率。     

Nitrogen fixation and beneficial effects of some grain legumes and green-manure crops on rice

Studies were conducted on paddy soils to ascertain N₂ fixation, growth, and N supplying ability of some green-manure crops and grain legumes. In a 60-day pot trial, sunhemp (Crotalaria juncia) produced a significantly higher dry matter content and N yield than Sesbania sesban, S. rostrata, cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata), and blackgram (V. mungo), deriving 91% of its N content from the atmosphere. Dry matter production and N yield by the legumes were significantly correlated with the quantity of N₂ fixed. In a lowland field study involving sunhemp, blackgram, cowpeas, and mungbean, the former produced the highest stover yield and the stover N content, accumulating 160–250 kg N ha^-1 in 60 days, and showed great promise as a biofertilizer for rice. The grain legumes showed good adaptability to rice-based cropping systems and produced a seed yield of 1125–2080 kg ha^-1, depending on the location, species, and cultivar. Significant inter- and intraspecific differences in the stover N content were evident among the grain legumes, with blackgram having the highest N (104–155 kg N ha^-1). In a trial on sequential cropping, the groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) showed a significantly higher N₂ fixation and residual N effect on the succeeding rice crop than cowpeas, blackgram, mungbeans (V. radiata), and pigeonpeas (Cajanus cajan). The growth and N yield of the rice crop were positively correlated with the quantity of N₂ fixed by the preceding legume crop.     

Nitrogen and phosphorus use in maize sole cropping and maize/cowpea mixed cropping systems on an Alfisol in the northern Guinea Savanna of Ghana

Summary The use of N and P by mixed and by sole cropping (crop rotation) of maize and cowpeas were compared in a field experiment on an Alfisol at the Nyankpala Agricultural Experiment Station in the northern Guinea Savanna of Ghana, using two levels of N (0 and 80 kg N ha^-1 year^-1 as urea) and P application (0 and 60 kg P ha^-1 year^-1 as Volta phosphate rock). Maize grain yields were significantly reduced in the mixed cropping system. This yield difference became smaller with the application of N and P fertilizer. The N and P concentrations in maize ear leaves at silking indicated that a deficiency in N and P contributed to the maize yield depression in mixed cropping. Competition for soil and fertilizer N between maize and cowpeas was suggested by: (1) A similarity in total N uptake between the two cropping systems; (2) efficient use of soil nitrate by the cowpeas; and (3) low N₂ fixation by the cowpeas, calculated with the aid of an extended-difference method. In general, N₂ fixation was low, with the highest values in the sole cropping (53 kg ha^-1) and a substantial reduction in the mixed cropping system. The application of N fertilizer further reduced N₂ fixation. This was substantiated by nodule counts. The lower N₂ fixation in the mixed cropping system was only partly explained by the lower density of cowpeas in this system. In addition, dry spells during the cropping season and shading by the maize component could have reduced the nodulation efficiency. No N transfer from the legume/rhizobium to the non-legume crop was observed. Impaired P nutrition in the mixed compared with the sole-cropped maize might have been due to less P mobility in the soil. This was indicated by lower soil moisture contents in the topsoil under mixed cropping, especially during the dry year of 1986. The results show that mixed cropping of maize and cowpeas did not lead to improved use of soil and fertilizer N and P or to an enhanced N₂ fixation. On the contrary, an annual rotation of maize and cowpeas was clearly superior.     

Film fully-mulched ridge-furrow cropping affects soil biochemical properties and maize nutrient uptake in a rainfed semi-arid environment

Abstract

This study evaluated the effects of plastic mulched ridge-furrow cropping on soil biochemical properties and maize (Zea mays L.) nutrient uptake in a semi-arid environment. Three treatments were evaluated from 2008 to 2010: no mulch (narrow ridges with crop seeded next to ridges), half mulch (as per no mulch, except narrow ridges were mulched), and full mulch (alternate narrow and wide ridges, all mulched with maize seeded in furrows). Compared to the no mulch treatment, full mulch increased maize grain yield by 50% in 2008 and 25% in 2010, but reduced yield by 21% in 2009 after low precipitation in early growth. Half mulch had a similar grain yield to no mulch in the three cropping years, suggesting half mulch is not an effective pattern for maize cropping in the area. Mulch treatments increased aboveground nitrogen (N) uptake by 21?34% and phosphorus (P) uptake by 21?42% in 2008, and by 16?32% and 14?29%, respectively, in 2010; but in 2009 mulching did not affect N uptake and decreased P uptake. Soil microbial biomass and activities of urease, β-glucosidase and phosphatase at the 0?15 cm depth were generally higher during vegetative growth but lower during reproductive growth under mulch treatments than no mulch. Mulching treatments increased carbon (C) loss of buried maize residues (marginally by 5?9%), and decreased light soil organic C (15?27%) and carbohydrate C (12?23%) concentrations and mineralizable C and N (8?36%) at harvest in the 0?20 cm depth compared with no mulch, indicating that mulching promotes mineralization and nutrient release in soil during cropping seasons. As a result of these biological changes, mineral N concentration under mulch was markedly increased after sowing in upper soil layers compared with no mulch. Therefore, our results suggest that mulched cropping stimulated soil microbial activity and N availability, and thus contributed to increasing maize grain yield and nutrient uptake compared with no mulch.     

Soil Nutrients Balance in Sweet Orange Intercropped with Some Arable Crops

Sweet orange (Citrus sinensis (L) Osbeck Cv. Agege) was intercropped between 1996 and 1999 on an alfisol (Oxic Paleustalf), at the National Horticultural Research Institute, Ibadan Nigeria. The objectives were to determine the best compatible crops that would provide stable environmental conditions for sweet orange growth and yield. The companion crops were maize (M) (Zea mays L. DMR-LSR-W) in the early planting season, followed by cowpea (CP) (Vigna unguiculata L., Walp cv. Ife-brown) in the late planting season of each year, cassava (CA) (Manihot esculenta, Crantz cv. TMS30572), and pineapple (P) (Ananas comosus,cv. Smooth cayenne). For comparison, there were sole plots of sweet orange (SCT), maize (SM), cowpea (SCP), Cassava (SCA), and pineapple (SP) to serve as controls. The treatments were assigned to plots using a randomized complete block design (RCB). The growth of sweet orange intercropped with cassava was not as good as that of sole orange or orange intercropped with maize/cowpea (CT + M/CP) and pineapple (CT + P). Sweet orange in pure stands and CT + M/CP produced flowers 24 months after transplanting, with 75% and 87% of trees producing flowers and fruits, respectively. Forty-two months after transplanting sweet orange, SCT, CT + M/CP, and CT + CA had 1.63, 1.45, and 0.05 citrus fruit t/ha, respectively. Sweet orange intercropped with pineapple did not produce fruits. The effects of the crop mixtures on the soil showed that pH decreased by 2.17, which was a 5.2% decrease for all the cropping systems after three years of continuous cropping. There was a build up of nitrogen (N) and organic carbon in the soil for all the intercrops after the third year of the study. The cropping mixture of CT + M/CP and SCT had the highest N value of 0.70 g N/kg soil as compared to 0.30 g N/kg pre-planting. Zinc (Zn) a major nutrient of citrus, decreased from 3.16 mg/kg to 0.37 mg/kg under SCT and SP cropping systems. Sweet orange leaf analysis for N in all the treatments showed that leaf N was higher than the 2.5–2.7% optimum level, except for citrus intercropped with cassava, which had a leaf N concentration of 2.36%. Sweet orange intercropped with maize/cowpea had the highest phosphorus (P) level of 0.17%, followed by SCT, while sweet orange intercropped with cassava or pineapple had the lowest P values. Potassium (K) was in the adequate range in the sweet orange leaves for all the cropping systems, but the Zn content was below the satisfactory range of 20–50 ppm. The nutrient dynamics were results of the interaction among cropping systems, soil depth, and cropping cycle. Maize intercropped in the early planting season followed by cowpea in the late season was the most compatible crop with sweet orange in terms of fruit yield.     

种植方式对玉米大豆套作体系中作物产量、养分吸收和种间竞争的影响

为探寻玉米-大豆套作体系下作物间的资源竞争关系,揭示玉米-大豆套作系统的增产机理,本研究以玉米-大豆套作系统(简称玉豆套作)为对象,通过2 a大田定位试验,研究了玉豆套作带状连作(A1)、玉豆套作带状轮作(A2)、玉豆套作等行距种植(A3)、玉米单作(A4)、大豆单作(A5)5种种植方式对玉米、大豆的产量、养分吸收及种间竞争能力的影响。结果表明,与单作和等行距种植相比,带状种植的玉米产量降低、大豆产量显著增加,A2的大豆产量分别比A5和A3高25.5%和89.2%。与带状连作相比,带状轮作促进玉米增产和对N、P、K的吸收,玉米籽粒产量及植株N、P、K的吸收总量分别提高7.5%、18.5%、9.1%、14.1%。与大豆单作相比,带状套作显著增加了大豆的经济系数和养分收获指数,A2的经济系数和植株N、P、K收获指数分别增加40.9%、11.9%、20.6%、39.9%。带状种植方式下,玉米对N、P、K的竞争力弱于大豆(Ams0,CRms1),但带状轮作提高了玉米的种间竞争力和营养竞争比率。玉米-大豆套作体系下,相对带状连作和等行距种植,带状轮作种植有利于玉米与大豆间的和谐共生,促进了玉米、大豆对养分的吸收,提高了系统的产量和土地当量比率(LER)。