解磷细菌、磷酸岩和化肥对玉米和小麦轮作及其经济收入的影响

A two-year field study was conducted to test the effects of two phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB), Pantoea cypripedii (PSB-3) and Pseudomonas plecoglossicida (PSB-5), inoculated singly or together with rock phosphate (RP) fertilization on maize and wheat cropping cycle by comparing with chemical P fertilizer (diammonium phosphate, DAP), mainly in the crop yield, soil fertility and economic returns. Inoculation of PSB together with RP fertilization increased the crop growth in terms of shoot height, shoot and root dry biomass, grain yield and total P uptake in both maize and wheat crops compared to the other treatments. Soil fertility in the context of available P, enzyme activities and PSB population in both maize and wheat crops was significantly improved with PSB inoculation together with RP fertilization compared to DAP treatment. The combined use of PSB inoculation and RP fertilization was more economical due to minimal cost and maximum returns. These results suggested that PSB inoculation along with RP fertilization would be an appropriate substitute for chemical phosphate fertilizer application in sustainable agriculture systems.     

Effect of phosphorus fertilizer application on the performance of maize/soybean intercrop in the southern Guinea savanna of Nigeria

Field experiments were conducted at the Teaching and Research Farm, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria in 2007 and 2008 to determine the effects of phosphorus fertilizer application on performance of intercropped maize and soybean. The experiments, arranged as a split plot in a randomized complete block design, replicated four times. A cropping system with sole maize, sole soybean and maize/soybean intercrop formed the main plot treatments while P rates with 0, 15 and 30 kg P₂O₅ ha^?1 were the subplot treatments. For both years, neither P fertilizer application nor cropping systems had a significant effect on maize grain yield. However, soybean grain yield was significantly higher (92.3% in 2007 and 44.5% in 2008) under sole cropping than under maize/soybean intercropping. On average, N fixed by soybean increased with the increase in P rate (from 51.8% without P to 60.5% with 30 P), but there was no significant difference in N fixed by sole soybean and soybean/maize intercrop. However, the interaction effect on N fixed between cropping systems and P rates was significant (P ≤ 0.05). N, P and K contents in maize grain were significantly higher (>100%) in intercropped maize than in sole maize. The cropping systems had no significant effect on post-harvest soil chemical characteristics. The land equivalent ratio was 1.52 in 2007 and 1.78 in 2008. The result shows that in utilizing legumes for N enrichment, the alleviation of P deficiency can enhance N₂-fixation by legumes. Furthermore, P replenishment in a maize/soybean intercrop may improve maize grain quality even though yield is not increased.     

Response of Soybean to dual Inoculation with Rhizobium japonicum and Phosphate dissolving Bacteria

A field experiment in silty clay soil was carried out to evaluate the effect of dual inoculation with Rhizobium japonicum and phosphate dissolving bacteria (PDB) on nitrogen and phosphorus uptakes as well as seed yield of soybean. Seed inoculation with PDB before planting did not induce marked enrichment of PDB counts in the rhizosphere. Inoculation with R. japonicum alone increased the dry weight, N-uptake and seed yield significantly. Further significant increases in P-uptake and seed yield were recorded by inoculation with rhizobia and fertilization with superphosphate. However, the inoculation with PDB in combination with R. japonicum in the presence of rock phosphate or superphosphate did not show significant increases in dry weight, N and P uptakes or seed yield as compared with the treatments inoculated with rhizobia alone.     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi respond to rhizobial inoculation and cropping systems in farmers' fields in the Guinea savanna

 It has been difficult to explain the rotation effect based solely on N availability in maize-soybean cropping systems in the moist savanna zone of sub-Saharan Africa. Although arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can contribute to plant growth by reducing stresses resulting from other nutrient deficiencies (mainly P) and drought, their role in the maize/soybean rotation cropping systems in the Guinea savanna has not yet been determined. Pot and field experiments were conducted for 2 years using 13 farmers' fields with different cropping histories in two agroecological zones (Zaria, northern Guinea savanna and Zonkwa, southern Guinea savanna) in Nigeria. We quantified the influence of cropping systems and rhizobial inoculation on plant growth, mycorrhizal colonization and diversity of promiscuous soybean and maize grown in rotation. The relationships between these variables and selected soil characteristics in farmers' fields were also examined. Percentage mycorrhizal colonization in promiscuous soybean roots ranged from 7% to 36%, while in maize it varied between 17% and 33%, depending on fields and the previous cropping history. A large variation was also observed for mycorrhizal spores, but these were not correlated with mycorrhizal colonization and did not appear to be influenced by rotation systems. Soybean mycorrhizal colonization was higher (13% increase) in Zonkwa, but not in Zaria, if the preceding crop was maize and not soybean. These differences were related to the soil P concentration, which was positively related to mycorrhizal colonization in Zonkwa but negatively to this parameter in Zaria. The previous crop did not affect mycorrhizal colonization of maize in both locations. Soybean cultivars inoculated with rhizobia had a higher mycorrhizal colonization rate (25%) and more AMF species than maize or uninoculated soybean (19%). Maize grown in plots previously under inoculated soybean also had higher percentage mycorrhizal colonization than when grown after uninoculated soybean and maize. Four AMF genera comprising 29 species were observed at Zaria and Zonkwa. Glomus was the dominant genus (56%) followed by Gigaspora (26%) and Acaulospora (14%). The genus Sclerocystis was the least represented (4%). Received: 28 October 1998     

栽培模式及施肥对玉米和大豆根际土壤磷素有效性的影响

栽培模式及施肥管理对作物吸收利用土壤磷素的影响较大,本研究为探明玉米/大豆套作系统作物根系交互作用下根际土壤无机磷组分动态变化特征,利用盆栽试验测定了玉米/大豆套作(M/S)、玉米单作(MM)和大豆单作(SS)3种栽培模式以及不施肥(CK)、施氮钾肥(NK)和施氮磷钾肥(NPK)3种施肥处理下玉米和大豆地上部生物量及吸磷量和根际与非根际土壤速效磷、无机磷组分含量,以期为优化玉米/大豆套作系统磷素管理提供理论依据。研究结果表明同一施肥水平下,套作玉米的籽粒产量显著高于单作玉米;施磷显著提高了单作玉米籽粒产量,而对套作玉米籽粒产量影响不大。无论施肥与否,套作大豆秸秆及籽粒产量均高于单作大豆。所有施肥处理均表现为套作模式下单株作物地上部磷积累量显著高于单作模式。玉米成熟期,CK、NK处理下套作玉米根际土壤速效磷含量分别比单作玉米高54.2%和71.8%;大豆始花期,NPK处理下套作大豆根际土壤速效磷含量比单作大豆高19.8%。大豆成熟期,NK、NPK处理下套作大豆根际土壤速效磷含量分别比单作大豆高23.8%和108.0%。无论是单作还是套作模式,玉米根际土壤Al-P含量在3个施肥处理下均低于非根际土壤。CK和NK处理下单作玉米根际土壤Al-P含量分别是套作玉米的1.19倍和1.22倍;NPK处理下单作玉米根际土壤Fe-P含量是套作玉米的1.21倍。在CK、NK和NPK施肥处理下,单作大豆根际土Al-P含量分别是套作大豆1.12倍、1.30倍和1.25倍,单作大豆非根际土Al-P含量分别是套作大豆的1.22倍、1.30倍和1.06倍。CK、NK处理下单作大豆根际土壤Fe-P含量分别是套作大豆的1.47倍和1.12倍。研究得出结论,低磷条件下,与单作相比,玉米/大豆套作更有利于作物对土壤Al-P、Fe-P的活化吸收。     

秸秆还田和有机肥配合替代1/3化肥对旱地玉-麦产量、蛋白质含量和化肥利用效率影响

为研究长期秸秆还田和有机肥配合替代部分化肥对玉-麦一年两熟种植下产量、品质和化肥效率的影响,2015-2020年,依托中国农业科学院洛阳旱农试验基地始于2007年的长期定位试验,设置不施肥对照(CK)、玉米小麦季均常规施用氮磷钾化肥(NPK)、秸秆还田和有机肥配合替代小麦季1/3氮磷钾化肥(SORF) 3个处理,研究2015—2020年玉-麦一年两熟种植下作物产量、化肥利用效率,2019—2020年玉米和小麦籽粒氮磷钾养分含量、蛋白质含量和蛋白质产量,以及2020年小麦籽粒蛋白质及其组分含量。结果表明:(1)SORF处理玉米增产增效作用优于NPK处理,5年平均产量提高10.0%,但二者间小麦和周年产量差异未达显著水平(p>0.05)。(2)施肥显著提高玉米和小麦籽粒氮磷钾含量,其中SORF较NPK处理又显著增加籽粒氮含量,从而使玉米籽粒蛋白质含量和蛋白质产量较NPK分别显著提高6.7%和17.8%,小麦籽粒蛋白质含量和蛋白质产量分别显著提高8.0%和6.3%,周年蛋白质产量显著增加10.8%。(3)SORF和NPK处理较CK均可显著提高小麦籽粒中各蛋白质组分含量及谷醇比,协同提高小麦籽粒蛋白质含量和籽粒品质。SORF较NPK处理还可提高除球蛋白外的其他蛋白组分含量,但谷醇比的增幅不显著。(4)与NPK相比,SORF处理下玉米、小麦和周年的氮肥农学效率分别显著提高54.8%,31.2%和37.3%,氮肥偏生产力分别显著提高10.0%,45.6%和20.7%,小麦、周年的磷(钾)肥农学效率和偏生产力分别提高31.2%,77.3%和45.6%,55.7%。综合来看,秸秆还田和有机肥配合替代1/3化肥(SORF)不仅有利于提高玉米产量,玉米、小麦的籽粒蛋白质含量和蛋白质产量,以及化肥农学效率和偏生产力,而且可提高小麦籽粒蛋白组分含量,是旱地玉-麦一年两熟区兼顾产量品质效率的施肥模式。     

Evaluation of symbiotic effectiveness and size of resident Rhizobium leguminosarum var. viciae nodulating lentil (Lens culinaris medic) in some Ethiopian soils

This study was initiated to isolate, characterize and select symbiotically effective rhizobia nodulating lentil (Lens culinaris medic) and to enumerate indigenous rhizobia nodulating lentil in some Ethiopian soils. More than 84 nodule and soil samples were collected. In sand culture, only 62 isolates were authenticated as rhizobia nodulating lentil. Analyses of variance indicated that most of the parameters measured were significantly (p < 0.05) improved by inoculation, with the exception of root length. Inoculation increased shoot length, shoot dry weight and plant total nitrogen by 82.3, 196 and 452%, respectively, over negative control (without inoculation and N fertilization). The tested isolates were found to be very effective (20.9%) and effective (77.4%), with only one ineffective isolate. Indigenous rhizobia in the investigated soils ranged from 30 to 5.8 × 10³ cell g^?1 dry soil. A pot experiment with selected rhizobia and nitrogen fertilizer on Chefedonsa and Debrezeit soils did not show any significant difference in shoot dry weight at p < 0.05. From the study, it was observed that most Ethiopian soils were inhabited by a moderate to high number of indigenous rhizobia and rhizobia inoculation did not improve lentil productivity in the investigated soils.     

Soybean yield response to Bradyrhizobium strains in fields with inoculation history in Southern Brazil

Abstract

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] responses to seed inoculation with rhizobium are inconsistent in sites with inoculation history. Field trials were conducted in South-central region of Paraná State (Southern Brazil) aiming to evaluate yield response to inoculation in areas with history of inoculation at a regional-scale (21 trials, 1999/2000 to 2014/2015), and identify nodulation, plant dry weight and nitrogen (N) components underpinning yield formation (10 trials, 2015/2016 and 2016/2017). Seed yield varied from 1853 to 5352?kg ha^?1 (first dataset), characterizing a wide range of environmental conditions across seasons. Response to inoculation was inconsistent at regional-scale, with a similar seed yield of inoculated (3286?kg ha^?1) and non-inoculated (3298?kg ha^?1) soybean. Lack of differences were also observed in all the variables analyzed of second dataset. Research efforts should be applied aiming to identify rhizobia persistence in the soil and its efficacy at N fixation after continuous cropping without inoculation.     

Effects of co-inoculation of Bradyrhizobium japonicum SAY3-7 and Streptomyces griseoflavus P4 on plant growth,nodulation, nitrogen fixation,nutrient uptake,and yield of soybean in a field condition

ABSTRACT

Co-inoculation of nitrogen-fixing bacteria with plant growth-promoting bacteria has become more popular than single inoculation of rhizobia or plant-growth-promoting bacteria because of the synergy of these bacteria in increasing soybean yield and nitrogen fixation. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Bradyrhizobium japonicum SAY3-7 and Streptomyces griseoflavus P4 co-inoculation on plant growth, nodulation, nitrogen fixation, nutrient uptake, and seed yield of the ‘Yezin-6’ soybean cultivar. Nitrogen fixation was measured using the acetylene reduction assay and ureide methods. Uptake of major nutrients [nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg)] was also measured. This study showed that single inoculation of SAY3-7 significantly increased shoot biomass; nodulation; Relative Ureide Index (RUI %), percent nitrogen derived from N fixation (% Ndfa); N, P, K, Ca, and Mg uptakes; during the later growth stages (R3.5 and R5.5), compared with control. These observations indicate that SAY3-7 is an effective N-fixing bacterium for the plant growth, nodulation, and nitrogen fixation with an ability to compete with native bradyrhizobia. Co-inoculation of SAY3-7 and P4 significantly improved nodule number; nodule dry weight; shoot and root biomass; N fixation; N, P, K, Ca, and Mg uptake; at various growth stages and seed yield in ‘Yezin-6’ soybean cultivar compared with the control, but not the single inoculation treatments. Significant differences in plant growth, nodulation, N fixation, nutrient uptake, and yield between co-inoculation and control, not between single inoculation and control, suggest that there is a synergetic effect due to co-inoculation of SAY3-7 and P4. Therefore, we conclude that Myanmar Bradyrhizobium strain SAY3-7 and P4 will be useful as effective inoculants in biofertilizer production in the future.     

Effects of cropping systems,maize residues application and N fertilization on promiscuous soybean yields and diversity of native rhizobia in Central Kenya

Agriculture intensification has resulted in severe soil nutrient depletion in Africa. Alternative agricultural practices have been promoted to reduce the use of expensive mineral fertilizers and to restore and sustain soil fertility. The use of mineral fertilizer combined with organic inputs (such as crop residues) and different cropping systems (cereal–legume association or rotation) have been particularly promising. Impacts of these agricultural practices on soil communities have been widely studied, yet little is known on the effect on more specific groups such as rhizobia. A field trial was set up in Chuka (Kenya) to assess the impact of different cropping systems (maize and soybean in intercropping, rotation or monocropping) combined with N fertilization and residues application on the genetic diversity of promiscuous soybean rhizobia during two seasons. Soybean yields were severely reduced by moisture stress and the association with maize compared to mono-legume and rotation systems. Nodulation was generally low but was positively affected by residues application. Diversity of native rhizobia was very low (Shannon indices H′ < 0.8) across the experiment and was not affected by the treatments. Only 5 IGS profiles were obtained after RFLP analysis and all isolated rhizobia were identified as Bradyrhizobium elkanii. The distribution of the different IGS groups within the experiment was more affected by season and residues application than by cropping system and nitrogen fertilizer application. These results suggest a limited population and a low diversity of indigenous rhizobia, and emphasize the need of alternative managements to increase and sustain soybean yields in Central Kenya.     

种植方式对玉米大豆套作体系中作物产量、养分吸收和种间竞争的影响

为探寻玉米-大豆套作体系下作物间的资源竞争关系,揭示玉米-大豆套作系统的增产机理,本研究以玉米-大豆套作系统(简称玉豆套作)为对象,通过2 a大田定位试验,研究了玉豆套作带状连作(A1)、玉豆套作带状轮作(A2)、玉豆套作等行距种植(A3)、玉米单作(A4)、大豆单作(A5)5种种植方式对玉米、大豆的产量、养分吸收及种间竞争能力的影响。结果表明,与单作和等行距种植相比,带状种植的玉米产量降低、大豆产量显著增加,A2的大豆产量分别比A5和A3高25.5%和89.2%。与带状连作相比,带状轮作促进玉米增产和对N、P、K的吸收,玉米籽粒产量及植株N、P、K的吸收总量分别提高7.5%、18.5%、9.1%、14.1%。与大豆单作相比,带状套作显著增加了大豆的经济系数和养分收获指数,A2的经济系数和植株N、P、K收获指数分别增加40.9%、11.9%、20.6%、39.9%。带状种植方式下,玉米对N、P、K的竞争力弱于大豆(Ams0,CRms1),但带状轮作提高了玉米的种间竞争力和营养竞争比率。玉米-大豆套作体系下,相对带状连作和等行距种植,带状轮作种植有利于玉米与大豆间的和谐共生,促进了玉米、大豆对养分的吸收,提高了系统的产量和土地当量比率(LER)。     

Sewage sludge effects on soybean growth and nitrogen fixation

The effect of sewage sludge application, as a source of phosphorus, on dinitrogen symbiotic fixation in soybean was evaluated. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse and included eight different treatments: (1) no fertilization, (2) complete fertilization, (3) inoculation with rhizobia plus phosphate fertilization (IS+P), (4) inoculation with rhizobia without phosphate fertilization (IS-P), (5) inoculation plus dose 1 of sewage sludge (IS+SS1), (6) inoculation plus dose 2 of sewage sludge (IS+SS2), (7) without inoculation plus dose 1 of sewage sludge, and (8) without inoculation plus dose 2 of sewage sludge. The two rates of sewage amendment corresponded to 11.2 t ha^-1 and 22.4 t ha^-1 and were calculated on the basis of the sewage phosphorus content and the amount of phosphorus recommended for soybean fertilization. Results were evaluated 49 and 63 days after plant emergence. Nodule number and weight decreased as follows: IS+P>IS+SS1, IS+SS2>IS-P. No nodules were formed without inoculation. The acetylene reduction activity was highest for the IS+P treatment 49 days after plant emergence. At the 63-day harvest that parameter was similar among IS+P, IS+SS1 and IS+SS2 treatments. The total amounts of nitrogen in shoots were similar for IS+P, IS+SS1 and IS+SS2 treatments at the first harvest but by 63 days after plant emergence, total amounts of nitrogen in above-ground parts (shoot and pods) were higher in IS+P and IS+SS2. This was due to higher pod dry weights. This study demonstrated that soybean growth can be improved by sewage sludge at a low application rate without the necessity of additional phosphorus fertilization.     

减氮对华南地区甜玉米大豆间作系统产量稳定性的影响

在广东省广州市华南农业大学试验中心,通过大田定位试验（2013年秋-2017年秋5年9季）对比了两种施氮水平[减量施氮（300 kg·hm^-2,N1）和常规施氮（360 kg·hm^-2,N2）]、4种种植模式[甜玉米单作（SS）、甜玉米//大豆2：3间作（S2B3）、甜玉米//大豆2：4间作（S2B4）、大豆单作（SB）]的甜玉米、大豆及系统产量的动态变化,采用W²（Wricke''s ecovalence,生态价值指数）、变异系数（CV）和可持续指数（SYI）评价了产量的时间稳定性,旨在为华南地区一年2熟制甜玉米产区地力保育和绿色生产提供科学依据。结果表明：1）各处理甜玉米、大豆和系统总产量呈现明显的生产季节动态变化,不同年季、种植模式对甜玉米、大豆和系统总产量均有极显著影响,施氮水平仅显著影响甜玉米的产量。2）所有间作处理甜玉米的相对产量均高于单作,间作系统的实际产量损失指数（AYLs）均大于零,表明甜玉米//大豆间作能稳定地保持间作优势且显著提高了土地利用效率。3）不同处理甜玉米产量的W²、CV和SYI均没有显著差异,但单作大豆的W²值显著高于间作,单作大豆的产量稳定性低于间作大豆。种植模式对系统总产量稳定性有显著影响,且间作大豆提高了其稳定性。4）间作大豆显著提高了土壤地力贡献率,S2B3和S2B4的平均地力贡献率分别为75.07%和74.27%,比SS分别高30.29和29.47个百分点。5）与单作甜玉米相比,9季甜玉米//大豆间作显著提高了土壤pH,缓解了长期大量施氮导致的土壤酸化对地力的影响。连续减量施氮没有影响甜玉米//大豆间作系统土壤有机质和全量养分含量,300 kg·hm^-2的施氮量能够满足甜玉米和大豆对氮素的需要。减量施氮与间作大豆是华南甜玉米产区资源高效利用、系统产量稳定的可持续绿色生产模式。     

不同施肥制度对作物产量及土壤磷素肥力的影响

在潮棕壤上连续进行18年的定位试验, 研究了不同施肥制度对作物产量和土壤磷素肥力的影响.结果表明: 与对照处理相比, 施用磷肥有明显的增产和稳产作用.不施磷肥处理, 土壤磷素收支赤字, 土壤全磷和速效磷含量均明显下降, 且土壤磷收支的盈亏值与土壤速效磷的增减量呈显著直线相关; 施磷肥处理, 土壤磷素收支盈余, 18年间耕层土壤全磷含量均明显提高, 提高幅度为0.02～0.04 g·kg-1, 土壤速效磷含量亦明显增加, 特别是在试验的后几年, 土壤速效磷含量似有加速上升的趋势.施氮肥对玉米有明显增产作用, 施磷钾肥对玉米增产作用不明显; 大豆则相反, 施氮肥增产作用不明显, 施磷钾肥有显著增产作用.     

Effects of intercropping and Rhizobium inoculation on yield and rhizosphere bacterial community of faba bean (Vicia faba L.)

The effects of intercropping with maize and Rhizobium inoculation on the yield of faba bean and rhizosphere bacterial diversity were analyzed by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism, amplified 16S rDNA restriction analysis (ARDRA), and 16S rDNA sequencing. The results showed that intercropping but not Rhizobium inoculation significantly increased the faba bean yield. Probably the relatively high level of native rhizobia in soil annulled the effect of rhizobia inoculation. ARDRA results showed that intercropping did not affect bacterial diversity whereas Rhizobium inoculation decreased bacterial diversity. The canonical correspondence analysis showed that the composition of bacterial community was changed apparently by intercropping, and there was a positive correlation (P = 0.724) between faba bean yields and intercropping and an apparent correlation (P = 0.648) between intercropping and total N. The available content of K and P had a lower effect on the bacterial community composition than did the total N content, Rhizobium inoculation, and microbial biomass C. Rhizobium inoculation negatively correlated with microbial biomass C (P = −0.827). These results revealed a complex interaction among the intercropped crops, inoculation with rhizobia, and indigenous bacteria and implied that the increase of faba bean production in intercropping might be related to the modification of rhizosphere bacterial community.     

根瘤菌与促生菌双接种对大豆生长和土壤酶活的影响

【目的】慢生大豆根瘤菌和胶质类芽孢杆菌单一菌株固氮或促生效果及机理已有较多研究,但两者双接种对作物的作用和增产机理尚未有所报道。本研究以慢生大豆根瘤菌5136与胶质类芽孢杆菌3016为研究对象,通过田间小区试验研究根瘤菌与促生菌不同施用模式对大豆生长和土壤酶活的影响,以期为开发新型高效复合菌剂提供理论依据。【方法】试验设对照(T1)、接种胶质类芽孢杆菌3016菌剂(T2)、接种慢生大豆根瘤菌5136菌剂(T3),胶质类芽孢杆菌3016和慢生大豆根瘤菌5136双接种(T4)和常规施肥(T5)5个处理,分别于大豆不同生育期调查大豆的农艺性状和结瘤状况,测定土壤酶活性,用BOX-PCR技术监测慢生大豆根瘤菌5136的占瘤率。【结果】1)在大豆成熟期,双接种(T4)处理的大豆单株分枝数、单株粒数、收获指数和产量均为最高,分别比T1高11.3%、9.7%、41.0%和9.3%,且单株空荚数最低,比T1降低了44.0%。2)在花荚期,双接种(T4)处理的占瘤率为25.4%,比T3处理高8.0%,且单株根瘤数和单株根瘤干重均为最高,分别比T1高41.6%和47.1%;说明双接种处理下,胶质类芽孢杆菌3016能够促进慢生大豆根瘤菌5136结瘤固氮。3)接种微生物菌剂均可不同程度地提高土壤酶活性,以双接种(T4)处理的效果最为显著,在大豆成熟期,土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶和蔗糖酶活性均为最高,分别比对照高12.9%、8.9%和9.4%。4)相关性分析表明,土壤酶活性与大豆收获指数显著正相关或极显著正相关(P0.01或P0.05),其中过氧化氢酶与产量显著正相关;单株根瘤数和单株根瘤干重均与收获指数和蔗糖酶活性呈极显著正相关,与产量呈显著正相关。【结论】慢生大豆根瘤菌和胶质类芽孢杆菌双接种可以促进大豆生长,显著增加大豆的单株分枝数、单株粒数、收获指数和占瘤率,降低单株空荚数,增加大豆产量,同时可显著提高相关土壤酶活性,是一种节本增效的农艺措施。     

长期施钾对双季玉米钾素吸收利用和土壤钾素平衡的影响

  【目的】  玉米 (Zea mays L.) 生产需要投入大量的钾素营养。研究长期大量投入钾素对玉米钾素吸收利用以及土壤钾素平衡的影响，旨在保障该地区双季玉米的高产高效和土壤钾库平衡。  【方法】  红壤钾肥长期定位试验位于江西省进贤县，始于1986年，种植制度为一年两季玉米。试验处理包括不施肥对照 (CK)，氮磷化肥 处理(NP)，氮磷钾化肥处理(NPK)，2倍量的氮磷钾化肥处理 (DNPK)，氮磷钾化肥+有机肥处理 (NPKM) 和单施有机肥处理 (OM)。每季收获后，调查分析玉米产量和钾素含量，以及耕层土壤有效钾含量，计算玉米钾素吸收量、钾肥利用率、钾肥收获指数、钾肥农学效率和土壤钾素表观平衡；并以每10年为一个阶段，分析玉米产量、钾素吸收利用等指标及耕层土壤速效钾含量、钾素表观平衡等的变化规律。  【结果】  在试验的33年（1986—2018）间，NPK、DNPK、NPKM和OM处理的玉米年均产量和年均吸钾量均显著高于NP处理。在试验的第一个10年 (1986—1995年) 间，各钾肥处理间玉米产量和吸钾量无显著差异；而在第3个10年 (2006—2015) 和后3年 (2016—2018年) 间，NPKM处理的玉米年产量和年吸钾量分别比NPK处理提高了129.9%～246.7%和55.2%～62.1%。33年玉米的年均钾肥利用率以OM处理最高，而DNPK处理显著低于其他处理。在2006—2015和2016—2018年，NPKM处理的钾肥利用率显著高于DNPK处理，在2016—2018年间分别比NPK和DNPK处理显著增加了56.0%和119.2%。与NPK处理相比，1996—2005、2006—2015和2016—2018年间NPKM处理的年钾肥收获指数分别提高了61.6%、53.5%和35.8%，年钾肥农学效率分别增加了23.3%、227.8%和445.5%。除了1986—1995年间OM处理土壤钾素为亏缺外，其他施钾处理的土壤钾素均为盈余，NPKM处理的钾盈余量比NPK处理增加了53.2%～211.6%。钾素盈余量与耕层土壤速效钾含量显著相关 (P < 0.001)，钾素盈余量每增加1 kg/hm2，2016—2018年间耕层土壤速效钾含量增加2.60 mg/kg，明显高于1996—2005和2006—2015年的1.40和1.18 mg/kg。  【结论】  除前10年的单施有机肥处理外，其他施用钾肥处理在试验期间土壤钾素均处于盈余状态，钾肥施用量和钾肥来源对玉米钾素的吸收量没有显著影响。试验20年之后，有机无机肥配施对玉米产量、吸钾量和钾肥利用率的提升优势逐渐凸显。同时，长期施用钾肥导致的钾素盈余量增加会进一步提升耕层土壤速效钾含量，且随着试验年限的延长，钾素盈余量对耕层土壤速效钾的提升作用逐渐增加。     

菌根对紫色土上间作玉米生长及磷素累积的影响

丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)在土壤与植物系统的磷素循环中发挥着关键的作用。本文通过盆栽模拟试验研究了不同AMF接种状况[不接种(NM)、接种Glomus mosseae(GM)、接种G.etunicatum(GE)]和玉米/大豆间作体系不同根系分隔方式(不分隔、尼龙网分隔、塑料膜分隔)对间作玉米植株生长及磷素吸收累积的影响。研究结果表明:GM处理下的间作玉米根系侵染率在不同根系分隔方式之间的差异不显著,而GE处理则在塑料膜分隔处理下对玉米的侵染率最高。接种不同AMF对间作玉米促生效果不同,GM和GE处理在不同根系分隔情况下表现出各自的优势,与未接种处理相比,GM处理能使玉米生物量、株高有一定程度增加并在根系不分隔处理下玉米磷吸收较多、生长较好;GE处理能使植株生物量有一定程度增加并在尼龙网分隔处理下的玉米磷吸收较多、生长较好。间作体系不同根系分隔方式对玉米的影响也不同,其中玉米地上部生物量在根系分隔处理下普遍小于不分隔处理,但根系生物量的大小情况则刚好相反。另外,无论何种接种状况,玉米根系磷含量及吸收量均以尼龙网分隔处理显著较高。而根系磷吸收效率则以接种G.mosseae且不分隔根系处理显著高于分隔处理。所有复合处理中,以接种G.etunicatum与尼龙网分隔根系组合处理对间作玉米的生长及磷素累积的促进作用最好,若应用于滇池流域,可望有效控制坡耕地土壤磷素的迁移。     

Effect of soil fertility and maturity stages at harvest on maize yield under rain-fed conditions

Understanding critical management practices during seed development would help to improved crop production as climate patterns change. This study focused on the interactive effect of soil fertility with harvesting stages, on hybrid maize yield under two different agro-ecological locations during the 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 summer seasons in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The 2015/2016 season was drier than that of 2014/2015. The field trials were split plots design, where varying fertility levels (main plot) and harvesting stages (sub plots) were replicated four times. The interaction was determined by variables of plant growth, physiology and yield parameters. The plant growth and physiological parameters measured were significantly influenced (P < 0.001) by the interaction of fertility levels across days after planting and silking. The interactions of soil fertility levels with harvesting stages had significant effects (P < 0.05) on all yield components during the wetter 2014/2015 season, as well as on seed yield, harvest index, thousand seed weight and total biomass in the drier 2015/2016 season. Optimal fertilization improved maize yield at each stage of harvesting. This study showed that harvesting stress-free optimally-fertilized maize at dent stage maximized yield potential than allowing it to reach physiological maturity under stressful conditions.     

Effects of Long-Term Fertilization Strategies on Soil Productivity and Soybean Rhizobial Diversity in a Chinese Mollisol

Rhizobial diversity is affected by interactions between soil features, fertilization strategy, and cropping system. However, interactions among the rhizobial community, chemical-organic manure fertilization, and plant production have not been well documented in Mollisols from long-term experiments. Aimed at maintaining and recovering the productivity of Chinese Mollisols, a long-term fertilization experiment had been carried out for 29 years under a wheat-maize-soybean rotation system, involving the application of recycled organic manure (ROM), chemical fertilizers (N, P, and/or K), or ROM plus N, P, and/or K. In the present study, the effects of different treatments were evaluated by determining soil physicochemical features, soybean production, and soybean rhizobial diversity. The results showed that application of ROM plus NPK maintained or increased soil fertility, which was accompanied by higher production and higher diversity of rhizobia, as compared with the other treatments. The negative association of Bradyrhizobium japonicum with N fertilizer, positive association of B. diazoefficiens with soil pH, and alleviation of N-inhibition on the diversity of Bradyrhizobium by the addition of ROM were recorded as new findings. Therefore, application of ROM or ROM plus NPK could be a feasible strategy for maintaining and recovering the fertility of Chinese Mollisols, whereas rhizobial diversity could be an indicator of soil fertility.