成型马尾松针对含铬废水中Cr（Ⅵ）的去除

以废弃的马尾松针为原材料,制备了易回收的成型马尾松针,并用于含铬(Cr)废水的吸附。通过磷酸与羧甲基纤维素钠反应将废弃马尾松针成型化,以重铬酸钾溶液作为模拟含铬废水,研究吸附剂投加量、pH、初始浓度等对成型马尾松针吸附Cr(Ⅵ)的影响。结果表明:成型马尾松针对水中Cr(Ⅵ)具有良好的去除效果,质量浓度为10 mg·L~(-1)的Cr(Ⅵ)溶液,吸附剂投加量为10.0 g·L~(-1)时,Cr(Ⅵ)去除率达到99%;成型马尾松针对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附是一个先快速吸附、后缓慢达到平衡的过程,对于10 mg·L~(-1)的Cr(Ⅵ)溶液,最终吸附平衡时间为6 h。马尾松针对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除率随着pH的升高而降低,在pH 1～4时,去除率超过90%;成型马尾松针对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附符合Freundlich模型,吸附过程可以由准一级动力学模型描述;成型马尾松针去除Cr(Ⅵ)的主要机制是静电吸附、氧化还原和络合作用。研究表明,成型马尾松针在去除Cr(Ⅵ)方面具有良好的潜力,可实现废弃生物质资源的循环利用和废水中有毒重金属去除的双重目标。     

餐厨垃圾生物质炭制备及其吸附水中亚甲基蓝性能

以餐厨垃圾为原材料,通过高温热解法和共沉淀法制备了餐厨垃圾生物质炭(Natural kitchen waste biochar,NKB)和磁性餐厨垃圾生物质炭(Magnetic kitchen waste biochar,MKB),研究了热解温度、热解时间、吸附剂量、吸附时间和溶液pH值等条件对生物质炭吸附水中亚甲基蓝(MB)性能的影响。结果发现,在热解温度450℃、热解时间1 h条件下制备的NKB对MB吸附性能最好;在生物质炭投加量1.0 g·L~(-1)、吸附时间20 min、pH值为9的条件下,MKB对MB的去除率和吸附量分别为97.94%和9.2 mg·g~(-1),分别比NKB提高18.54个百分点和1.6 mg·g~(-1);经过多次再生后,MKB对MB的吸附去除率仍在90%以上;吸附过程符合Langmuir等温吸附模型。研究表明,餐厨垃圾生物质炭经过赋磁可提高对亚甲基蓝的吸附性能,碱性条件下吸附性能较好,且能多次循环再生。     

几种吸附剂对阿特拉津的吸附及其 Zeta 电位特性研究

通过振荡吸附平衡试验,研究了蒙脱石、凹凸棒石、竹炭、木炭对阿特拉津的吸附行为,讨论了pH值、离子强度对吸附的影响,并考察了吸附剂表面的Zeta电位变化。结果表明,几种吸附剂对阿特拉津的吸附均符合Freundlich方程;竹炭、木炭的吸附能力明显高于蒙脱石和凹凸棒石。吸附剂对阿特拉津的吸附量随着悬液离子强度的增加而增加,在悬液pH一定(pH=6),离子强度为10-3mol/L NaNO3时,蒙脱石、凹凸棒石对阿特拉津的吸附量分别为538.30、609.68 mg/kg,当离子强度增加为10-2mol/L时,吸附量分别增至611.26、731.63 mg/kg;当离子强度由10-3增至10-1mol/L NaNO3时,竹炭、木炭对阿特拉津的吸附量有较多增加。当悬液pH在3~8范围时,几种吸附剂表面均带负电荷,其Zeta电位值随着pH的增加而增加,随离子强度的增加而减小。悬液离子强度一定时,随着pH的增加,吸附阿特拉津后吸附剂表面Zeta电位变化不显著。研究结果有助于从机理上解析吸附剂对有机污染物的吸附行为。     

白果壳遗态HAP/C复合材料对水中氨氮的吸附

为综合利用农林废弃物,以白果壳为植物模板、羟基磷灰石(HAP)为改性材料,制备了白果壳遗态HAP/C复合材料(PBGC-HAP/C-G),并通过X射线衍射仪(XRD)、傅里叶红外光谱仪(FT-IR)和扫描电镜(SEM)等对其进行了表征,同时研究了溶液pH、初始浓度、吸附剂投加量等对其去除水中氨氮的影响。结果表明,PBGC-HAP/C-G是一种大孔材料,孔径主要介于35～200μm之间。在溶液pH=5时,吸附效果最佳;吸附剂投加量的增加有利于氨氮的去除;粒径大小不是影响吸附效果的主要因素。准二级动力学模型和Freundlich等温吸附模型能很好地描述该吸附过程,吸附过程以化学吸附为主。在氨氮初始浓度为20、50、100 mg·L~(-1)时,拟合计算得到的理论平衡吸附量分别为0.45、1.10、2.15 mg·g~(-1),与实验测定值0.46、1.15、2.18 mg·g~(-1)相近,可见PBGC-HAP/C-G可用作去除氨氮的吸附剂。     

寒旱地区生态沟渠基质去除氨氮和磷最优配比筛选及影响因素

基质是生态沟渠的重要组成部分,但在我国北方寒旱地区,由于高寒、降雨少、蒸发强等原因,导致土壤和水体中盐度较高,可供选择的基质种类较少,从而限制了生态沟渠技术在该地区的应用。选取天然沸石、麦饭石、无烟煤、炉渣、废砖块5种北方地区常见基质作为试验材料,通过静态吸附试验对选用材料进行氨氮和磷的吸附,并将吸附效果较好的3种基质组合成不同比例的生态沟渠基质试样,再次通过筛选试验确定出去除效果最好的基质比例组合,同时研究了温度、pH和盐度对最优基质组合去除氨氮和磷效果的影响。结果表明:废砖块、天然沸石、炉渣在质量比例为1∶1∶3时对氨氮和磷的去除率最优,均达到90%以上。随着温度的升高,氨氮的吸附量降低,磷的吸附量升高。pH对氨氮和磷的吸附效果有显著的影响,对磷的去除率随着pH升高而降低,对氨氮的去除率随着pH升高呈现先增后减的趋势,在pH=7时,氨氮去除效果最好,去除率为91.78%。氨氮和磷的去除效果均随着溶液盐度的增加而降低,对磷的吸附效果影响不明显,但对氨氮影响较大,表现为盐度低于1%时,溶液中氨氮的去除效果下降幅度并不明显,均在3%左右,而当盐度达到2%时,氨氮的去除率仅有68%,比盐度为0时的去除率(92%)降低了24%。     

羊栖菜粉对水溶液中Cu2+的吸附效果

以羊栖菜粉为吸附剂,研究羊栖菜粉对水溶液中Cu²⁺的吸附特性及吸附机理,考察羊栖菜对重金属铜的吸附能力,以扩展羊栖菜的综合利用范围。采用控制变量法考察pH值、吸附剂浓度、金属离子初始浓度和离子强度等环境因素对水溶液中Cu²⁺去除效果的影响,通过模拟吸附动力学和热力学试验考察羊栖菜粉对Cu²⁺的吸附特性,并采用SEM、FTIR等方法初步分析了羊栖菜粉对Cu²⁺的吸附机理。结果表明,在吸附温度35℃、初始浓度50 mg·L^-1、吸附剂浓度1 g·L^-1条件下,羊栖菜粉对Cu²⁺的去除率可达89.27%。当吸附时间为10 min时,Cu²⁺去除率达总去除率的90%以上;当吸附时间为60 min时,基本达到吸附平衡。羊栖菜粉吸附Cu²⁺的动力学数据符合准二级动力学模型,相关系数均在0.999 0以上。Langmuir可以很好地拟合热力学试验得到的平衡数据,理论最大吸附容量为71.17 mg·g^-1。羊栖菜粉对Cu²⁺的吸附有多种反应参与,参与络合反应的官能团主要有-OH、-NH、-COO^-。羊栖菜粉对Cu²⁺的去除率较高,吸附性能良好,可通过解吸实现吸附剂的再生。     

磷和柠檬酸共存对高岭石和针铁矿吸附铅的影响

通过平衡吸附试验及矿物电动电位(Zeta电位)的变化分析,研究了磷(P)和柠檬酸(CA)共存对针铁矿和高岭石吸附铅的影响。结果表明:(1)针铁矿和高岭石对铅的吸附量随柠檬酸浓度的升高呈现"峰形"曲线变化,铅吸附量达到峰值的柠檬酸浓度均为0.5 mmol L~(-1),不同浓度磷存在下柠檬酸对矿物吸附Pb2+量有不同程度增加。(2)随着磷添加浓度的增加,两种矿物对铅吸附量均呈增加趋势,磷添加浓度分别为1 mmol L~(-1)和0.6 mmol L~(-1)时,针铁矿和高岭石吸附铅量达到平衡;当处理中添加不同浓度柠檬酸,两种矿物均表现为对铅的吸附量增加,且随着柠檬酸浓度增加促进铅吸附的作用增强,说明在磷及试验浓度柠檬酸存在下促进了矿物对铅的吸附。(3)高岭石体系中,加入磷或(和)柠檬酸后,Zeta电位-pH曲线向负值方向位移,降低程度大小顺序为1.0 mmol L~(-1) P+0.5mmol L~(-1) CA0.5 mmol L~(-1) CA1.0 mmol L~(-1) P,说明高岭石表面增加的负电荷也部分增加了其对铅的电性吸附;添加磷和柠檬酸处理针铁矿的Zeta电位显著降低,且随着体系pH的升高其Zeta电位没有明显变化,表明磷和柠檬酸均主要是通过吸附到针铁矿表面而增加对铅的专性吸附。     

生物炭-铁锰氧化物复合材料制备及去除水体砷(Ⅲ)的性能研究

采用浸渍法制备了4种不同的生物炭-铁锰氧化物复合材料(F_1M_1BC_(10),F_1M_3BC_(20),F_1M_4BC_(25),F_3M_1BC_(20)),采用SEM,XPS和FTIR表征方法分析了几种复合材料与生物炭表面性质的差异,比较了4种不同配比生物炭-铁锰氧化物复合材料对砷(Ⅲ)去除性能,分析了不同投加量的吸附材料对砷(Ⅲ)去除效率及吸附量的差异。结果表明,与生物炭相比,炭、铁和锰不同配比的生物炭-铁锰氧化物复合材料比表面积明显增大,由61.0 m~2·g~(-1)增加到208 m~2·g~(-1),孔径变小,由23.7 nm下降到2.76 nm;碱性官能团含量明显增加;材料表面形成了MnOx、FeOx。与生物炭相比,4种生物炭-铁锰氧化物复合材料对砷(Ⅲ)的动力学吸附量大小与去除率顺序依次为F_1M_4BC_(25)F_1M_3BC_(20)F_1M_1BC_(10)F_3M_1BC_(20)BC。F_1M_4BC_(25)(m铁∶m锰∶m炭=1∶4∶25)是去除砷(Ⅲ)最优的复合材料,在用量为0.016 g·m L~(-1)时,对砷(Ⅲ)的去除率可达82.6%,是生物炭去除率的2.3倍。研究表明,生物炭-铁锰氧化物复合材料是一种潜在的去除水体砷污染的炭基材料。     

铁、锰、铝氧化物固体吸附剂对胡敏酸和富里酸吸附机理研究

研究了Fe2O3、MnO2或Al2O3固体吸附剂对胡敏酸和富里酸的吸附机制和影响因素。结果表明:相同pH下,Fe2O3、MnO2或Al2O3固体吸附剂对腐殖酸的吸附量随着腐殖酸(胡敏酸HA和富里酸FA)有机碳浓度的增加而增加;不同pH下,对HA的吸附量依照pH3·0>pH5·0>pH7·0的顺序递减。相同pH下,随着HA有机碳浓度的增加,三种固体吸附剂对HA的吸附百分率减小。相同pH下,三种固体吸附剂对FA的吸附百分率呈单峰形,随着酸度的降低,峰位向添加的有机碳低浓度处迁移。吸附量用Langumuir方程拟合能得到极显著相关的方程,在相同pH下,三种固体吸附剂吸附HA的最大吸附量Smax和吸附亲和力常数K小于FA,而标准自由能变ΔGmo却略大于FA;298·2K温度下,三种固体吸附剂吸附胡敏酸和富里酸的ΔGmo<0,表明在等温等压不做非体积功情况下吸附是自发进行的反应。     

Ca/CTS/FA复合材料对酸性大红的吸附研究

以粉煤灰（Fly ash,FA）为原料,通过负载壳聚糖和钙离子制备一种新型吸附剂（Ca/CTS/FA）用于酸性大红3R（Acid scarlet 3R,AS 3R）染料的吸附去除,考察了最佳吸附条件和吸附性能,探讨了吸附动力学、吸附热力学及复合吸附剂的再生。结果表明：水体pH、吸附剂投加量、吸附时间和振荡频率均对吸附有影响。在不同温度下,Ca/CTS/FA对AS 3R的吸附动力学均能用准二级吸附速率方程精确描述（R2=1.00）。不同温度下的等温吸附数据分别用Langmuir模型、Freundlich模型和Dubinin-Radushkevich（D-R）模型进行拟合,结果表明等温吸附行为更符合Langmuir模型,同时也较好地符合Freundlich模型和D-R模型;由D-R方程获得的平均吸附能、表观活化能及热力学研究均表明该吸附过程由化学吸附、物理吸附和氢键作用共同控制。热力学参数中吸附自由能变为负值、焓变为正值说明该吸附是吸热性质的自发过程。Ca/CTS/FA复合吸附剂能用0.01 mol·L-1 NaOH溶液再生,至少可循环使用8次以上,再生率均在99%以上。     

A Novel Pretreatment Method of Lignocellulosic Material as Adsorbent and Kinetic Study of Dye Waste Adsorption

Sulphuric acid-modified bagasse has been used as low-cost adsorbent for the removal of methylene blue (MB) dye from aqueous solution. In order to remove organic compounds that contribute to chemical oxygen demand (COD), pretreatment with thorough washing of adsorbent using boiling distilled water was performed instead of conventional washing using distilled water at room temperature only. This has resulted in the highest efficiency of color removal of 99.45% and COD reduction of 99.36% for MB dye solution at pH 9. Effects of initial pH, dye concentration, adsorbent dosage, temperature, and contact time have been studied. The adsorption of MB dye was pH dependent. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were tested on the adsorption data. The kinetic experimental data were analyzed using pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order, and the intraparticle diffusion model in order to examine the adsorption mechanisms. The adsorption process followed the Langmuir isotherm as well as the Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The process was found to be endothermic in nature.     

Removal of Residual Oils from Palm Oil Mill Effluent by Adsorption on Natural Zeolite

The adsorption of residue oil from palm oil mill effluent using natural zeolite was investigated in this study. The adsorption was performed in batch mode, and the effect of different operational parameters such as pH, dose of adsorbent, stirring rate, contact time and initial oil concentration were explored. It was found that the pH plays a major role in the adsorption process. Isotherm data best fitted with the Freundlich model, and kinetic data followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The results obtained demonstrated that the oil removal efficiencies by natural zeolite were up to 70?% at a pH of 3.0 and 50?min of contact time. The adsorbent material also has been characterised by X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy.     

Adsorption of Phosphate from Aqueous Solution Using an Iron–Zirconium Binary Oxide Sorbent

In this study, an iron?Czirconium binary oxide with a molar ratio of 4:1 was synthesized by a simple coprecipitation process for removal of phosphate from water. The effects of contact time, initial concentration of phosphate solution, temperature, pH of solution, and ionic strength on the efficiency of phosphate removal were investigated. The adsorption data fitted well to the Langmuir model with the maximum P adsorption capacity estimated of 24.9?mg P/g at pH?8.5 and 33.4?mg P/g at pH?5.5. The phosphate adsorption was pH dependent, decreasing with an increase in pH value. The presence of Cl^?, SO ₄ ^2? , and CO ₃ ^2? had little adverse effect on phosphate removal. A desorbability of approximately 53?% was observed with 0.5?M NaOH, indicating a relatively strong bonding between the adsorbed PO ₄ ^3? and the sorptive sites on the surface of the adsorbent. The phosphate uptake was mainly achieved through the replacement of surface hydroxyl groups by the phosphate species and formation of inner-sphere surface complexes at the water/oxide interface. Due to its relatively high adsorption capacity, high selectivity and low cost, this Fe?CZr binary oxide is a very promising candidate for the removal of phosphate ions from wastewater.     

Preparation of Fe@GAC and Fe@GAR and Their Application for Removal of Crystal Violet from Wastewater

Two types of granular adsorbents-supported zero-valent iron (ZVI) were prepared and applied to remove crystal violet (CV). One type of ZVI was synthesized by the chemical reduction method and deposited on the surface of granular porous adsorbent (Fe@GAC). The other type of ZVI was synthesized by direct reduction of iron ore tailing powder with the coke in high temperature reducing atmosphere and was embedded in granular porous adsorbent (Fe@GAR). Fe@GAC and Fe@GAR were characterized by SEM, EDX, XRD, FTIR, and BET. The effect of parameters like contact time, initial CV concentration, pH values, and temperature on the removal of CV was investigated. According to the results, the Langmuir model was in good agreement with the experimental data, where the maximum removal capacity of Fe@GAC and Fe@GAR was found to be 95.24 mg/g and 123.45 mg/g at 293 K, respectively. The kinetic studies indicated that the pseudo-second-order kinetic model agreed well with the experimental data. Thermodynamic parameters were calculated and analyzed, which suggested that the removal processes were spontaneous and endothermic. The mechanism of CV removal by Fe@GAC and Fe@GAR included adsorption and simultaneous chemical reduction. Compared with Fe@GAC, Fe@GAR owned more amount of ZVI, larger specific surface area and higher removal capacity, which made it a more promising adsorbent in wastewater treatment.     

Invasive Freshwater Macrophyte Alligator Weed: Novel Adsorbent for Removal of Malachite Green from Aqueous Solution

The batch sorption experiments were carried out using a novel adsorbent, freshwater macrophyte alligator weed, for the removal of basic dye malachite green from aqueous solution. Effects of process parameters such as initial solution pH, contact time, adsorbent concentration, particle size, and ion strength were investigated. The adsorbent was characterized by FT-IR. The adsorption of malachite green by alligator weed was solution pH dependent. The adsorption reached equilibrium at 240 min for two particle size fractions. The pseudo-first-order equation, Ritchie second-order equation, and intraparticle diffusion models were tested. The results showed that adsorption of malachite green onto alligator weed followed the Ritchie second-order equation very well and the intraparticle diffusion played important roles in the adsorption process. The Langmuir and Freundlich equations were applied to the data related to the adsorption isotherms and the observed maximum adsorption capacity (q _max) was 185.54 mg g^?1 at 20°C according to the Langmuir model. The effects of particle size, adsorbent concentration, and ionic strength on the malachite green adsorption were very marked. The alligator weed could serve as low-cost adsorbents for removing malachite green from aqueous solution.     

Removal of Pentachlorophenol by Adsorption on Magnetite-immobilized Chitin

The application of magnetite-immobilized chitin in pentachlorophenol (PCP) removal was demonstrated in this study. The physicochemical parameters for immobilization of chitin by magnetite, and for PCP adsorption using magnetite-immobilized chitin were optimized. For chitin immobilization, the optimized conditions were: magnetite to chitin (m:c) ratio at 1:2, initial pH 6, 25°C, 200 rpm and 60 min in batch system. The immobilization efficiency (IE) was 99.4% and immobilization capacity (IC) was 2.0 mg chitin mg^?1 magnetite. High initial pH (pH?>?11) and temperature (>30°C) lowered the IE and IC. For PCP (10 mg l^?1) adsorption, the optimized conditions were: 1,500 mg l^?1 immobilized chitin, initial pH 6, 25°C, 200 rpm and 60 min in batch system. The removal efficiency (RE) was 57.9% and removal capacity (RC) was 5.4 mg g^?1. The adsorption ability of immobilized chitin decreased with pH and temperature increased. However, increasing the amount of immobilized chitin (24,000 mg l^?1) can increase the RE up to 92%. Both chitin immobilization and PCP adsorption exhibited Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms. Results in this study indicated that magnetite-immobilized chitin was a cost-effective and environmental friendly adsorbent to remove environmental pollutants such as PCP.     

东北地区奶牛舍围护结构的低限热阻计算与验证

为探究利用废弃农业生物质制备两性吸附材料处理含Pb2+和As5+废水方法,该文通过醚化反应将2种具有"钳形"|结构的改性剂（阳离子改性剂IA和阴离子改性剂IM）接枝到小麦秸秆的纤维素上,制备高效两性吸附材料WS-IAIM。利用扫描电镜、红外光谱、X射线光电子能谱对其结构进行表征。通过批量处理试验,研究了该材料对水中Pb2+和As5+的去除能力和可能的吸附机理,探讨了其吸附动力学和热力学。结果表明：随着溶液pH值的增加,吸附剂对Pb2+的吸附量增大,对As5+的吸附量减少,吸附行为符合Langmuir吸附等温模型和拟二级动力学模型。根据Langmuir模型,在313 K时,对Pb2+和As5+的理论最大吸附量分别180.12和27.48 mg/g。吸附热力学和动力学结果表明,该吸附是一个自发的化学吸热过程。WS-IAIM对Pb2+和As5+的吸附过程吸附机理以离子交换和络合作用为主。该吸附材料重复使用5次后,对2种重金属离子的吸附量仍然可达159.3和19.8 mg/g。研究结果可为农作物秸秆的源化利用和水体环境中复杂重金属净化提供理论依据。     

凹凸棒石吸附铜离子的机理

A single-factor experiment of copper ion adsorption on pure palygorskite was carried out to understand the Cu^2 sorption of palygorskite-an important clay mineral in soil and sedimentary rock. In addition, pH of the solution and the surface microstructure of palygorskite were investigated before and after adsorption. The experimental results indicated that efficiency of Cu^2 removal was related to the oscillation rate of the specimen shaker, sorption time, initial pH value and the amount of adsorbent added. Palygorskite induced Cu^2 hydrolysis and interaction between copper hydroxide colloids and palygorskite surfaces, as observed with transmission electron microscopy (TEM), were the main contributions to palygorskite removal of Cu^2 . This mechanism was different from adsorption at the mineral-water interface. It was proposed that surface hydrolysis of palygorskite raised the alkalinity of the palygorskite-water interface and suspension system. Thus, the induced pH of the solution was then high enough for Cu^2 hydrolysis on the mineral surface and in solution.