酸性β-甘露聚糖酶高产菌株的诱变育种

摘要：以一株实验室保藏的酸性β-甘露聚糖酶产生菌黑曲霉（Aspergillus niger）LW-1作为原始出发菌株,首先经自然分离筛选出一株产酶较稳定的N-9作为诱变出发菌株,再经真空微波和甲基磺酸乙酯（EMS）逐级诱变处理,采用基础发酵培养基固态发酵筛选以及斜面传代培养,获得了一株高产、稳产酸性β-甘露聚糖酶的E-30菌株。其产β-甘露聚糖酶活性达36 675 U/g,是原始出发菌株（17 048 U/g）的2.15倍。E-30菌株三角瓶麸曲种子保藏两个月,产酶活性稳定。     

芽孢杆菌TS01的ARDRA评估和遗传分析

利用自主分离的芽孢杆菌菌株TS01和15种芽孢杆菌(地衣芽孢杆菌,枯草芽孢杆菌,短小芽孢杆菌,巨大芽孢杆菌,凝结芽孢杆菌,蜡状芽孢杆菌,迟缓芽孢杆菌,苏云金芽孢杆菌,嗜热脂肪芽孢杆菌,解淀粉芽孢杆菌,环状芽孢杆菌,球形芽孢杆菌,侧孢短芽孢杆菌,多粘类芽孢杆菌,泛酸枝芽孢杆菌)模式菌种进行ARDRA分析。采用16S rDNA通用引物16S-27和16S-1525进行PCR扩增,16S rDNA扩增片段经六种限制性酶（Alu I、Taq I、Mse I、Bst UI、Hha I和Tsp509 I）酶切电泳,获得了TS01菌株的特征性ARDRA指纹图谱。ARDRA图谱通过GelcomparⅡ软件进行聚类分析(UPGMA),结果表明菌株TS01和地衣芽孢杆菌处于同一分支,亲缘关系最近。ARDRA分析鉴定结果与实验室前期菌株TS01形态、生化鉴定和16S rDNA序列分析结果一致,TS01是一株地衣芽孢杆菌菌株,从而证明ARDRA技术在菌种水平上对芽孢杆菌TS01进行鉴别具有可靠性。     

枯草杆菌β-甘露聚糖酶基因的克隆及表达

以能水解魔芋葡甘聚糖的野生筛选菌种枯草杆菌A33为材料，通过PCR技术从A33基因组中扩增出β-甘露聚糖酶基因编码序列。经过克隆、测序及BLAST比对分析，证实该基因编码β-甘露聚糖酶，属于β-甘露聚糖酶家族中的一员。该基因已注册GenBank（GenBank注册号：DQ269473）。将该基因构建到大肠杆菌表达载体pET-32a并转入大肠杆菌表达系统BL21（DE3），经过诱导获得了此酶的高效表达.     

芽孢杆菌α-淀粉酶基因的克隆和测序

从土样中筛选获得一株α－淀粉酶产量的芽孢杆菌菌株,编号为ＸＤ９１３。通过克隆和测序,得到了一个２０９０ｂｐ的ＤＮＡ片段,内含一个编码５１４个氨基酸的基因,经同源性比较,发现该基因与已发表的解淀粉芽孢杆菌的α－淀粉酶基因的同源性高达９９．８％。     

α-乙酰乳酸脱羧酶基因在枯草芽孢杆菌中的整合型表达

α-乙酰乳酸脱羧酶在啤酒生产中能加快啤酒成熟,有重要的应用价值。本研究将枯草芽孢杆菌启动子P43克隆到质粒pUC19-ALDC中的α-乙酰乳酸脱羧酶基因之前,得到重组质粒pUC19-P43-ALDC。重组质粒pUC19-P43-ALDC与质粒pMLK83-BN同源重组,筛选得到枯草芽孢杆菌整合质粒pMLK83-ALDC。用此整合质粒转化枯草芽孢杆菌1A751,挑选出新霉素抗性且无淀粉酶活性的重组菌株。此菌株用LB培养基在37℃、220r/min摇瓶培养过夜,测得α-乙酰乳酸脱羧酶活力为15.6U/mL,说明整合的α-乙酰乳酸脱羧酶基因能够在重组菌株中稳定传代和表达。本研究首次在枯草芽孢杆菌中用整合型的方式重组表达了α-乙酰乳酸脱羧酶,提出了一种有潜力的生产α-乙酰乳酸脱羧酶的新方法。     

地衣芽孢杆菌β-1,3-1,4葡聚糖酶基因的克隆和表达

提取地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)基因组，通过PCR克隆了该菌的β-1，3-1，4．葡聚糖酶基因全长。该基因全长818bp,ORF为732bp,编码243个氨基酸，计算分子量为27.35kD，等电点为8．31。经Blast分析，该序列与短小芽孢杆菌(B．pumilus)同源性最高(99％)，而与基因库中地衣芽孢杆菌的同源性为94％，该基因已被GenBank接受(AY225317)。用BamHI和XhoⅠ双酶切目的片断和表达载体pET-30a( )后相连接，构建重组表达载体pET-lic，并导人大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)BL21菌株中表达。酶学特性表明：SDS-PAGE电泳在27kD左右有表达蛋白带，该工程菌总酶活达67．34U／mL，是出发菌的60倍，最适温度在50℃左右，最适pH在5～6之间。该工程菌可作为材料构建耐热性好和酶活高的杂合基因工程菌。     

壳聚糖酶基因的克隆与序列分析

本研究采用一对引物从巨大芽孢杆菌BS-0409中成功地克隆了壳聚糖酶基因（Csn） 全基因序列,大小为516bp,将其在NCBI网站上用BLAST程序进行在线检索分析,结果与多种芽孢杆菌同源性均为96%。同时,利用DNAMAN软件比较巨大芽孢杆菌BS-0409与其它13种不同细菌Csn编码基因的氨基酸序列,结果显示不同细菌Csn氨基酸序列之间有比较高的同源性,且与多种芽孢杆菌具有较高的同源性。     

玉米赤霉烯酮降解酶基因zlhy-6在枯草芽孢杆菌中的表达

玉米赤霉烯酮(ZEN)是具有雌激素作用的次生代谢产物,可以被来源于Gliocladium roseum的内酯水解酶降解为无毒物质。为了实现玉米赤霉烯酮降解酶基因zlhy-6在枯草芽孢杆菌中的表达,获得不含抗生素抗性基因的食品级重组枯草芽孢杆菌,本研究采用一步克隆及重叠延伸PCR的方法构建了单启动子和包含Hpa Ⅱ和P43双启动子的表达质粒,将质粒转化到枯草芽孢杆菌中,获得重组菌株168/pMA5-zlhy-6和168/pMA5-P43-zlhy。然后构建了重组整合载体amy-p43-zlhy,将zlhy-6基因整合到枯草芽孢杆菌168的基因组中。通过Cre/lox系统敲除抗生素抗性基因,获得整合了P43-zlhy表达盒的食品级重组枯草芽孢杆菌BZ-zlhy。将构建的3个重组菌株在37℃、pH值7.5条件下培养36 h,结果显示,双启动子表达载体重组菌株的最高酶活性为2.2 U·mL^-1,是单启动子菌株的1.2倍。双启动子重组菌株表达的降解酶对ZEN(4 μg·mL ^-1,30 min)的降解率为65.1%。重组菌株枯草芽孢杆菌BZ-zlhy表达水平最低(0.4 U·mL^-1)。本研究实现了玉米赤霉烯酮降解酶在枯草芽孢杆菌中表达,同时构建了不含抗生素抗性基因的食品级重组枯草芽孢杆菌,为玉米赤霉烯酮降解酶的工业化生产奠定了基础,也为解决粮食储藏和饲料生产中的ZEN污染提供了思路。     

不同种类生物菌肥及用量对猕猴桃果实品质的影响

以3年生“贵长”猕猴桃为供试品种,以不施肥为对照,菌肥Ⅰ(含解淀粉芽孢杆菌和地衣芽孢杆菌)、菌肥Ⅱ(含枯草芽孢杆菌)和菌肥Ⅲ(含枯草芽孢杆菌和地衣芽孢杆菌)3种生物菌肥,设3个施肥量:3、6和9 kg/株,研究了不同生物菌肥及施肥量对猕猴桃果实品质的影响,对比分析不同生物菌肥及施肥量的效果差异,并提出最优处理。结果表明:不同施肥处理下果实可溶性固形物、Vc、还原糖、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量、糖酸比显著改善。3种菌肥对果实品质影响效果综合表现为菌肥Ⅰ>菌肥Ⅲ>菌肥Ⅱ,对果实品质的影响差异主要表现在影响果实糖、酸含量,以菌肥Ⅰ对果实可溶性糖、可滴定酸含量和糖酸比的影响最大,相比CK分别显著提高了63.41%、-27.11%、139.38%,相比菌肥Ⅱ和菌肥Ⅲ平均显著增加了21.00%、-15.53%、51.23%。就施肥量而言,任何一种菌肥当施用量大于6 kg/株时均会对果实品质有显著促进作用,各果品指标随施肥量的增加而增加,但施肥9与6 kg/株时果品指标无显著差异。因此,以施用菌肥Ⅰ6 kg/株(处理M2)品质最佳,施菌肥Ⅲ6 kg/株(处理K2)次之。     

几株固氮芽孢杆菌的分离与鉴定

摘要： 从小麦（Triticum aestivum）、玉米（Zea mays）、黑麦草（Lolium sp.）和柳树（Salix sp.）的根际土壤中分离得到能在无氮培养基上生长的29株芽孢杆菌（Bacilli），通过固氮酶活的测定以及固氮酶结构基因 nifH 的PCR扩增得到7株固氮芽孢杆菌。对这7株固氮菌株进行了生理生化性状测定、16S rDNA序列分析(GenBank accession No. AY373358, AY373360,~AY373364和AY376876)、G+C mol%含量的测定及DNA-DNA杂交实验，结果表明，其中5株菌属于芽孢杆菌，另外2株菌属于类芽孢杆菌。在这7株被鉴定的菌株中，菌株T1被鉴定为Bacillus cereus；菌株G1、C4和C5被鉴定为B. megaterium；菌株W5的生理生化性状、16S rDNA和G+C mol%与Bacillus marisflavi 相近；G2的生理生化性状和16S rDNA 与Paenibacillus polymyxa 接近，但在基于16S rDNA的系统发育树中却与P. durus 聚在最小的分支内；T7可能是Paenibacillus属中的一个新种。     

鸡粪高温蛋白分解菌的鉴定及发酵条件研究

从自然发酵鸡粪中分离筛选出2株(编号JS4、JS8)高温蛋白分解菌,能产较高活性的中性蛋白酶。对JS4、JS8菌株的形态、培养特征和生理生化特性进行鉴定,JS4、JS8菌株分别属于枯草芽孢杆菌和地衣芽孢杆菌。将2菌株复合接种发酵鸡粪,以中性蛋白酶活性作检测指标,研究鸡粪发酵条件。结果表明,最佳发酵条件为含水量为50%、接种量为1%、添加辅料为麸皮、pH值为7.0。     

西瓜枯萎病生防菌枯草芽孢杆菌B11菌株高产拮抗物质的诱变选育

从西瓜根围分离得到的一株有效抑制西瓜枯萎病菌的枯草芽孢杆菌B 11菌株(B acillus subtilisstra in B 11)。为获得高产拮抗物质的诱变菌株,采用紫外线诱变方法对B 11菌株进行诱变,结果获得抑菌活性比野生菌B 11菌株强的6株诱变菌株,其中G 17菌株的抑菌活性及粗拮抗物质含量均高于B 11菌株,且遗传性较稳定;再以G 17菌株为供试菌株,用亚硝基胍(NTG)对其进行化学诱变,结果获得抑菌活性较强的4株诱变菌株,其中BV 22菌株对西瓜枯萎病菌的抑菌活性最高,其抑菌活性比G 17和B 11菌株分别提高了36.88%和80.00%;其粗拮抗物质的含量分别提高了30.15%和62.53%。研究结果说明,用物理诱变B 11菌株后获得的诱变菌株再用化学方法进行诱变,可选育出高产拮抗物质的诱变菌株。     

猪源冠状病毒纤突蛋白基因的克隆与特征

摘要:对猪源冠状病毒PEDV DX株纤突蛋白基因进行了克隆与测序。结果表明该基因核苷酸序列长为4152 nt, 推导氨基酸序列为1383aa，与比较毒株氨基酸同源性都在90%以上。系统发生树分析结果表明，比较毒株可分为3个基因群，而且每个群的毒株均来自同一个国家。利用生物软件分析结果表明PEDV发生着微小的变异，尤其在韩国变异明显，而DX株与中国JS-2004-2株亲缘关系很近。     

Characterization of cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase of the same gene expressed from Bacillus macerans, Bacillus subtilis, and Escherichia coli

The plasmid pHG contains a cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase) gene (cgt) derived from Bacillus macerans. Two transformants, Bacillus subtilis (pHG) and Escherichia coli (pHG), were found to produce CGTases with the same primary structure as the enzyme from B. macerans. However, the beta-cyclodextrin coupling activity of the CGTase from E. coli (pHG) was 14-fold higher than that of the enzymes from the other strains. By contrast, no differences in alpha-cyclodextrin coupling activities were observed among these CGTases. CGTase from E. coli (pHG) was found to be less thermostable than the other CGTases. When the CGTase produced by B. subtilis was treated with increasing urea concentrations (10-1000 mM) to promote increasing degrees of protein unfolding, a bell-shaped beta-cyclodextrin coupling activity profile was obtained. Subtle differences in the conformation of the CGTase produced by E. coli are therefore proposed to be responsible for the markedly increased beta-cyclodextrin coupling activity of this enzyme.     

猪流行性腹泻病毒纤突蛋白基因克隆与序列分析

对猪流行性腹泻病毒(Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus,PEDV)DX株纤突蛋白基因进行了克隆与测序。结果表明,该基因核苷酸序列长为4152bp,推导氨基酸序列为1383aa,与比较毒株氨基酸同源性都在90%以上。系统发生树分析结果表明,比较毒株可分为3个基因群,而且每个群的毒株均来自同一个国家。利用生物软件分析结果表明PEDV发生微小的变异,尤其在韩国变异明显,而DX株与中国JS-2004-2株亲缘关系很近。     

Classification of the genus Bacillus based on MALDI-TOF MS analysis of ribosomal proteins coded in S10 and spc operons

A rapid bacterial identification method by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) using ribosomal proteins coded in S10 and spc operons as biomarkers, named the S10-GERMS (the S10-spc-alpha operon gene encoded ribosomal protein mass spectrum) method, was applied for the genus Bacillus a Gram-positive bacterium. The S10-GERMS method could successfully distinguish the difference between B. subtilis subsp. subtilis NBRC 13719(T) and B. subtilis subsp. spizizenii NBRC 101239(T) because of the mass difference of 2 ribosomal subunit proteins, despite the difference of only 2 bases in the 16S rRNA gene between them. The 8 selected reliable and reproducible ribosomal subunit proteins without disturbance of S/N level on MALDI-TOF MS analysis, S10, S14, S19, L18, L22, L24, L29, and L30, coded in S10 and spc operons were significantly useful biomarkers for rapid bacterial classification at species and strain levels by the S10-GERMS method of genus Bacillus strains without purification of ribosomal proteins.     

胨冻样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus mucilaginosus YNUCC0001)絮凝剂生产、絮凝特性及其系统发育学分析

对BacillusmucilaginosusYNUCC000116SrDNA的1481bp片段与GenBank中最相似的16个分类单位进行了比较。UPGMA,NJ,ME和MP方法构建的系统发育树显示B.mucilaginosusYNUCC0001与B.mucilaginosusHSCC1605T、B.mucilaginosus1480D及Paenibacillussp.NBT形成一个单系群分支。在50L全自动发酵罐中30℃发酵52h后,菌株YNUCC0001产生的胞外生物多聚絮凝剂(EBF)达到最大产率(粘度:3420C.P.)。在pH4.0、用量为0.25mlL-1的条件下,这种EBF对高岭土悬浊液的絮凝活性最大(99.8%);121℃高压灭菌60min后絮凝活性维持在98.6%。Hg2+,Ca2+,Mg2+,K+,Zn2+对其絮凝活性有促进作用,而Fe3+、Al3+、EDTA和Cu2+则有强烈抑制。     

Isolation and identification of locally isolated bacterial strains effective against whitefly Bemisia tabaci

Potent bacterial strains effective against the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, nymphs (second instar), were isolated from tomato cultivated fields at Fayoum governorate, Giza, Egypt. Of 72 isolates, 12 with the most morphologically distinct-looking bacterial colonies were selected and named A1, A2, A3, A6, A7, A9, A12, A13, A107, B37, B45 and B100. All isolates were preliminarily identified as members of the genus Bacillus based on morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics. When tested for their pathogenicity against Bemisia tabaci, the 12 isolates revealed varying efficiencies with isolates A1 and A9 being superior, exhibiting maximum mortality of 92.2 and 90.8% on day 10, respectively. Isolate A7 recorded the lowest percentage at 18.3%. Further genetic characterization of the 12 isolates was performed using inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR), randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and 16S rDNA gene sequencing analysis. RAPD and ISSR results confirmed each other. The combined ISSR and RAPD phylogenetic tree showed two major clusters. With 16S rRNA gene analysis, isolate A1 and A12 sequences recorded 100% identity with Bacillus thuringiensis, while isolates A7 and B100 showed 95.7% and 95.6% identity with Bacillus cereus and Bacillus sphaericus, respectively.     

Bacteriocins from Pediococcus pentosaceus L and S from pork meat

Two strains of Pediococcus pentosaceus were isolated from refrigerated pork and found to produce antimicrobial substances that may inhibit foodborne pathogens and have potential as natural food preservatives. They were named P. pentosaceus L and S. The antimicrobial substances were purified to electrophoretical homogeneity by chloroform extraction and designated pentocins L and S with molecular masses (M) of 27 and 25 kDa, respectively. Both pentocins also had broad inhibition spectra and were thermostable. They inhibit the growth of tested spore-forming G+ and G- strains and the germination of Bacillus subtilis ATCC 10225, B. subtilis ATCC 10254, and Bacillus cereus ATCC 11778 spores. The inhibition activities decreased as the glucose in the medium decreased from 8.0 to 2.0%.