石油污染土壤的生物修复研究

通过田间试验研究了玉米和向日葵两种植物对石油污染土壤的修复作用,考察了外源菌（OX-9）对植物修复的强化和协同效应,对“外源菌一植物”修复效果进行了初步评价。结果表明,在10000mg·k-1污染浓度下,150d玉米、向13葵试验区土壤中石油降解率分别为42．5％和46．4％,较对照区提高了100．5％和118．9％。外源节细菌的施加可使生物修复速度显著加快,150d“DX-9-玉米”和“DX-9-向日葵”试验区石油烃降解率分别达到72．8％和76．4％,较同期单独植物修复的降解率提高了71.3％和64．7％。500d各试验区土壤中石油烃降解率分别为95．5％、96．1％、97．6％和98．9％,土壤中石油烃含量均低于国家标准规定限量（〈500mg·kg-1）;土壤主要理化性质、生物群落分布、呼吸强度及植物不同部位中石油烃的残留量与对照无显著差异。结果表明：玉米、向日葵与节细菌对石油污染土壤的联合生物修复效果显著;经过两年修复,污染土壤恢复健康状态。     

石油污染土壤的生物修复技术研究

从炼油厂污水池底泥中驯化、分离、筛选,得到4种优势石油降解菌。采用摇床培养,研究了各优势菌和混合菌对石油烃的降解性能;采用黄豆、苜蓿和混合菌对石油污染土壤进行了植物-微生物联合修复试验。结果表明,4种菌和混合菌25天可将初始质量浓度为10000mg/L的石油烃依次降解74.36%、54.36%、78.19%、62.17%和83.73%;运行120天,苜蓿、黄豆试验田污染土壤中的石油烃减少46.83%和41.27%;外源混合菌的施加使两种植物的降解率分别提高到67.14%和56.92%。苜蓿或黄豆-土著微生物-外源混合菌联合修复石油污染土壤效果显著。     

几种豆科、禾本科植物对多环芳烃复合污染土壤的修复

通过盆栽试验,研究了几种豆科植物与禾本科植物对多环芳烃(PAHs)复合污染土壤的修复作用。结果显示,90天后8种植物对土壤中PAHs均有不同程度降解效果,其中紫花苜蓿和多年生黑麦草对土壤PAHs的去除率分别达48.4%、46.8%,且对3环PAHs去除较为彻底,对4环及4环以上的PAHs去除效果较差。8种供试植物对PAHs均有一定的吸收、富集与转运的能力,紫花苜蓿和多年生黑麦草对土壤PAHs的生物富集系数分别为0.096、0.085,其提取修复效率为0.017%和0.013%。可见,紫花苜蓿和多年生黑麦草具有较好的根际修复潜力。     

高羊茅和优良菌群联合作用降解陕北黄绵土中的石油烃

以长庆油田石油开采区的烃污染土壤作为供试土壤,以高羊茅为供试植物.从陕北石油污染土壤和污染泥浆中分别获得菌群 TJQ 和菌群 JQ1;用原油污染城市花园土,经过 90 天驯化获得菌群 JQ2,3 菌群中主要以细菌和真菌为主,放线菌较少.降解结果表明,与对照组相比,接种菌群 JQ1、JQ2 、TJQ 及其混合体使土壤中石油降解速率加快,30 天内石油烃去除率提高了13.8% ～ 25.4%,微生物 FDA 活性增长 2 ～ 3倍,其中 JQ1+JQ2 组合对石油降解幅度最大,30 天降解率可高达 35.36%.尽管供试土壤中 N、P 和有机质含量少,pH 偏碱性,土壤贫瘠,不利于植物生长,但高羊茅与各菌群及其混合体联合作用,在其出苗、生长的同时,能明显提高土壤中石油降解效率.与未种植高羊茅相比,30 天内,石油降解率最大可提高 14.4%,其中 JQ1+JQ2+高羊茅组合对土壤中石油烃降解幅度最大,30 天降解率最高达 49.81%.且根际微生物的数量也相应高出 1 ～ 2 个数量级, 微生物 FDA 活性高出 0.53 ～ 1.26 倍.     

4种适生植物对陇东地区油污土壤场地生态修复的响应

[目的]选取陇东黄土高原地区4种本地植物作为试验材料,进行了为期3个月的场地生态修复工程,旨在为该地区开展油污土壤植物场地生态修复技术提供新的植物品种和基础数据参考。[方法]采用常规方法测定了不同油污浓度胁迫下受试植物根际土壤总石油烃(TPH)降解率、降解菌数量及部分生长指标在不同油污浓度胁迫时响应情况。[结果](1)紫花苜蓿和金盏菊根际TPH降解率在轻度污染时相对较高,而重度污染时菊科植物显著高于豆科植物(p0.05);(2)油污浓度增加可显著抑制菊科植物根长以及豆科植物根际石油降解菌数量(p0.05),亦对紫花苜蓿地上部干重及金盏菊地下部干重和株高则有显著促进作用(p0.05);(3)方差分解结果显示:石油降解菌数量×TPH转移效率以及植物生长指标×石油降解菌数量的交互作用是决定两种菊科植物TPH降解率的关键因素。[结论]4种适生植物各项指标对陇东地区油污土壤场地生态修复的响应方式因种而异,而两种菊科植物油污耐受性和修复效果相对较好,因此在该地区具备一定的应用潜力。     

蚯蚓在植物修复菲污染土壤中的作用

采用盆栽试验法,研究了蚯蚓（Pheretima sp.）在植物修复菲污染土壤中的作用。结果显示,试验浓度（20.05-322.06 mg.kg-1）范围内,蚯蚓活动促进了菲污染土壤中修复植物黑麦草（Lolium multiforum）的生长,其根冠比明显增大。添加蚯蚓72 d后,种植黑麦草的土壤中菲的去除率高达64.35%-93.40%,其平均去除率（80.92%）比无蚯蚓活动的土壤-植物系统（71.57%）提高9.35%,比无植物对照组（22.58%）提高57.34%。各种生物、非生物修复因子中,植物-微生物交互作用对菲去除的平均贡献率（53.56%）最为突出,比无蚯蚓活动时（47.48%）提高6.08%。说明蚯蚓活动可强化土壤-植物系统对土壤菲污染的修复作用。     

假单胞菌Nwu1-mu对陕北石油污染土壤的生物修复作用研究

选用假单胞菌Nwu1-mu对陕北地区石油污染土壤进行生物修复。通过检测修复过程中土壤样品的菌体生长数量、脱氢酶活性、表面张力和石油烃及其组分降解率综合考察了菌株对石油烃类物质的降解作用。结果表明,在不添加营养物质的前提下假单胞菌Nwu1-mu在60d内对石油污染土壤中的石油烃类物质降解率达到了86.5%,尤其对石油烃中的C24～C28和〉C28组分有突出的降解效果;菌株产脱氢酶和表面活性剂显示出了良好的性能,在石油烃类物质的降解过程中均起着关键的促进作用。假单胞菌Nwu1-mu显示出的强大的生物修复潜力及其不依赖于外来营养源的特性,为黄土高原的土壤生态环境修复提供了新的解决思路。     

玉米草（Zea Mexicana）与海藻寡糖联合修复石油烃污染土壤的研究

采用玉米草及海藻寡糖联合修复技术研究了石油污染土壤的修复效果,对修复过程中酶活性变化进行了测定,并采用变性梯度凝胶电泳（DGGE）技术测定了土壤中微生物群落的变化。结果表明,种植玉米草可以有效提高土壤中石油烃的降解,与对照相比石油烃降解率增加了11%;加入不同浓度海藻寡糖进一步增加了石油烃的降解效果,降解率最高达到28.6%。种植植物及加入海藻寡糖可以有效提高多酚氧化酶、脱氢酶及尿酶的活性。PCR-DGGE结果表明植物种植及海藻寡糖的加入增加了土壤中微生物数量,其微生物群落结构与未种植植物及修复前土壤相比发生了较大的变化。     

油污土壤修复微生物的筛选及其影响因素

[目的]探讨微生物原位修复的主要影响因素及水平(正交设计)之间的关系,为石油污染场地生物修复工程的参数设计提供一定理论依据。[方法]选取5因素4水平的正交设计,考察污染强度、营养物、氧化剂、表活剂、接菌量等因素对土壤修复效果的影响。[结果]以原油为唯一碳源经过初步筛选,获得16株石油烃降解优势菌,经过菌群复筛,获得2株偏利共生协同真菌DPF2,DPF4,协同降解率最高,7d达87.77%。选择其进行室内油污土壤的微生物修复模拟试验,60d石油污染强度为10的油污土壤降解率最高,可达94.12%。污染强度为25的油污土壤降解率为90.17%,SPSS数据分析表明生物修复影响的最大影响因素是氧化剂、表活剂和营养物,其次是污染强度、接菌量。[结论]初期添加表活剂、氧化剂、营养剂能对石油生物修复具有重要意义。污染强度仅在35d前有一定影响,在修复后期影响最小。在整个修复过程,接菌量方差均值与其他因素比较都最小,因此其因素水平对石油降解能力的影响不显著。     

石油污染土壤菌剂修复技术研究

向石油污染土壤中投加环境适应能力强,降解效能高的菌种或菌群是提高石油类污染物降解效率的重要手段。本文应用菌剂修复技术对某污灌区石油烃污染土壤进行了处理,结果表明,混合施加两种菌剂,对石油的降解有相互促进作用,土壤中石油类污染物的降解率为54.23%。本研究为该地区石油污染土壤的治理提供了有力的技术保证。     

生物修复石油污染土壤

本文概述了石油污染土壤的生物降解机制,分析了生物修复土壤污染技术及其影响因子,提出了强化生物修复的措施及其在我国的应用前景。     

Sources of petroleum hydrocarbons in urban runoff

In an effort to provide a better understanding of the sources of petroleum hydrocarbons in urban runoff, petroleum products as well as probable source materials were analyzed for hydrocarbons and trace metals and then compared to urban runoff samples from four different land use areas. The petroleum products considered were No. 2 and No. 6 fuel oils, used and virgin crankcase oils, and gasoline. Source materials included street dust, roadside soil, roadside vegetation, and atmospheric fallout; and the land use categories were commercial, residential, interstate highway, and industrial areas. The samples were compared on the basis of hydrocarbon (saturated and aromatic) and trace metal (Cd, Pb, Mn, Cu, Fe, Zn) loadings and distributions. Results indicated that the hydrocarbon content in runoff at all four land use sites originated primarily from used crankcase oil, with a small amount of No. 2 fuel oil detected at the industrial site. Only a small portion of the crankcase oil component came from the sources surveyed, and the majority of this oil probably came from: (1) oil drops within the driving lanes on the road surfaces or deposits in parking areas, and/or (2) direct dumping of waste crankcase oil down storm drains.     

Spectroscopic determination of poly-aromatic compounds in petroleum contaminated soils

The determination of poly-aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the soil is of interest because of their carcinogenic and mutagenic activity in biological systems. The present study deals with the rapid application of infrared, fluorescence, synchronous luminescence spectrometries and gas chromatography to detect organic pollutants and their quantity in the soil. Sohxlet extraction followed by column separation was used to isolate organic pollutants. Although several solvent mixtures were used as eluents for the column, the solvent mixture, hexane:dichloromethane (50:50) efficiently extracts the aromatic compounds. Total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) measured by IR were found at high concentrations (30810.0 ppm) in the contaminated soil compared with the reference soil (30.0 ppm). Furthermore, the fluorescence results reveal that almost one-fourth of the 30810.0 ppm are aromatic hydrocarbons. In addition, the presence of PAHs such as naphthalene, acenaphthene, fluorene, fluoranthene, phenanthrene, pyrene, benzo(a)pyrene, chrysene, and dibenzo(a,h)anthracene in the polluted soil was determined by using synchronous study.     

通气对石油污染土壤生物修复的影响

为了探讨石油污染土壤的生物修复的有效方法,本研究就通气对石油污染土壤生物降解的影响,在自制反应器中进行了为期50天的堆腐试验。结果表明,通气可为石油烃污染土壤中的微生物提供充足的电子受体,可保持土壤pH稳定,从而促进了微生物的生物活性,强化了它们对石油污染物的氧化降解作用。通过在反应器中,调控通气量使污染土壤中石油烃的降解率进一步提高,为石油污染土壤生物修复技术的应用奠定了科学基础。     

采用通气堆沤对石油烃污染土壤进行生物修复

Laboratory simulation studies and a composting pilot study were conducted to evaluate the capacity of three strains of fungi, indigenous fungus Fusarium sp. and Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Coriolus Versicolor, to remediate petroleum-contaminated soils. In laboratory, the fungi were inoculated into a liquidculture medium and the petroleum-contaminated soil samples for incubation of 40 and 50 days 5 respectively. In the 200-day pilot study, nutrient contents and moisture were adjusted and maintained under aerobiccondition in composting units using concrete container (118.5 cm × 65.5 cm × 12.5 cm) designed specially for this study. The laboratory simulation results showed that all the three fungi were effective in degrading petroleum in the liquid culture medium and in the soil. At the end of both the laboratory incubations, the degradation rates by Phanerochaete chrysosporium were the highest, reaching 66% after incubation in liquid culture for 50 days. This was further demonstrated in the composting pilot study where the degradation rate by P. chrysosporium reached 79% within 200 days, higher than those of the other two fungi (53.1% and 46.1%), indicating that P. chrysosporium was the best fungus for bioremediation of soil contaminated with petroleum. Further research is required to increase degradation rate.     

Natural degradation of low-level petroleum hydrocarbon contamination under crop management

Journal of Soils and Sediments - Natural degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons (PHC) is a crucial process to consider when managing contaminated soils. However, the degradation rate is dictated by...     

BOD,COD and TOC studies of petroleum base cutting fluids

The biological oxidation criteria of 21 oil-in-water metal working lubricants have been examined using classical Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Total Organic Carbon (TOC) analyses. The O₂ required by unacclimated sewage microorganisms ranged from 14 000 to 297 000 mg O₂ l^?1 lubricant. Based on the initial COD and/or TOC, the extent of biological oxidation ranged from 1.6 to 35.0% over the five day test period.     

油井采出液中微生物群落结构的T-RFLP分析

应用末端标记限制性片段长度多态性(Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism,T-RFLP)和克隆文库分析,以微生物群落16SrRNA基因(16S rDNA)为目标,对大庆油田过渡带油井采出液(于2005年7月和10月取样)中的微生物群落结构进行了解析和比较。T-RFLP分析表明,2005年7月和10月油井采出液中古菌群落结构较为单一,随时间变化不大;而细菌群落结构较为复杂,不同时间群落中的优势菌有明显的差别。古菌和细菌16S rDNA片段测序和系统发育分析表明,大庆油田过渡带油井采出液古菌群落中的优势菌均为产甲烷菌;细菌群落中的优势菌则与β、γ、δ、ε变形杆菌(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌(Bacte-roidetes)和脱铁杆菌(Deferribacteres)有较高的相似性,细菌群落中检出了大量的未培养微生物(Deep-branching lineages)。     

Separation of normal paraffins and evaluation of petroleum contamination in foods

A method for separating n-paraffins from petroleum hydrocarbons in foods was developed. The method consists of 5 initial steps: digestion of sample with alkali, silica gel column chromatography, molecular sieve adsorption, destruction of the sieve with HCl, and oxidation with KMnO4. Recoveries of n-paraffins added to 55 g oyster at a level of 0.36 ppm ranged from 80% for normal pentadecane to 100% for n-paraffins over 18 carbon atoms. This method also facilitated the analysis of iso-paraffins such as pristane (2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecane) and phytane (2,6,10,14-tetramethylhexadecane), and other hydrocarbons, which are thought to be good marker compounds for the estimation of petroleum pollution.     

Bioremediation of the soil contaminated with petroleum oil products using sewage sludge

ABSTRACT

The remediation technologies of soils contaminated with petroleum products are developed in two main directions: the first one encompasses searching for new effective bioagents and the other one explores the ways to activate those microorganisms present in the soil that are capable of degrading oil. The objective of this research was to determine if it is possible to increase the effectiveness of biodegradation of petroleum products by using chemical additives. The soil was supplemented with additives: CuSO4, MnSO4, KMnO4, H2O2, 5% and 10% chemical industry plants sludge, 5% and 10% Stock Company ‘Klaipedos vanduo’ (SC‘KV’) municipal wastewater treatment plants sludge. The data suggest that all the additives statistically significantly stimulated the degradation of diesel fuel (F = 12.01; p = .001) and black oil (F = 9.93; p = .001) compared with the control. It was determined that diesel fuel was degraded the fastest in samples with KMnO4, where efficiency of degradation was 90%, and 88% efficency in samples with 10% chemical industry plants sludge. Black oil was degraded the best in samples, where KMnO4 was added: efficiency of degradation was up to 63%. In the samples with 10% of sewage sludge from chemical industry plant degradation efficiency was 62%.