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《土壤通报》2019,(5):1178-1184
以长江口发育最完善的河口型滩涂湿地-崇明东滩湿地为对象,采用高通量测序平台和定量PCR技术对光滩区和植被区沉积物的微生物群落结构进行研究,考察滩涂湿地自然演替过程中微生物群落变化规律及其环境驱动机制。结果表明,植被区沉积物表层的细菌16S rRNA基因拷贝数为光滩区表层的6.4倍,其Chao1指数与土壤有机碳、总氮和铵态氮呈显著负相关。植被区和光滩区沉积物中相对丰度大于1%的微生物门类有12个,占到总微生物群落的87%~90%。在属水平上,与光滩湿地相比,植被区湿地中相对丰度发生显著变化的优势属( 0.1%)为25个,占到所有属的8.3%和所有优势属的64.1%;显著增加的优势属( 0.2%)为10个,其增幅范围为0.22%~1.39%;其中,植被区沉积物中以脱硫球菌属和硫杆菌属微生物增加占主导,Cylindrospermopsis属为特有属。冗余分析表明,绿弯菌门微生物对土壤TOC、TN和NO3-等较为敏感,而酸杆菌门和拟杆菌门微生物对SO2-4、EC值和pH值等敏感。 相似文献
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《土壤通报》2015,(6):1435-1440
研究黄河三角洲光板地和4种盐生植被(翅碱蓬、獐茅、白茅和罗布麻)下土壤细菌群落组成,揭示其与盐生植被演替的关系。利用细菌16S r DNA基因文库方法,构建系统发育树,在5个文库中各挑选180个阳性克隆子进行序列测定,并对数据进行统计分析。从光板地、翅碱蓬、獐茅、白茅和罗布麻5个文库中分别得到121、132、150、159、155条有效序列。重盐土壤(翅碱蓬土壤、獐茅土壤)细菌有着最高的Shannon指数和最低的Simpson优势度指数。土壤中检测到变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)等,共8门。其中变形菌门在5种土样中相对丰度为21.06%,拟杆菌门为11.16%,其他细菌相对丰度皆未超过10%。5种覆被类型下土壤细菌在种群组成上差异明显,但均匀度与丰富度差异较小,变形菌为所研究5种土壤中的优势菌群。当盐生植被处于相同演替阶段时,土壤细菌群落结构具有更大相似性;在不同演替阶段时,土壤细菌群落结构差别较大。 相似文献
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采用末端限制性片段长度多态性分析(T-RFLP)和荧光定量PCR技术,研究了两种土壤温度(对照不增温,10℃±2℃;增温,20℃±2℃)和两种施肥方式(对照不施肥;鸡粪有机肥底肥+尿素追肥)对土壤细菌群落结构及其多样性和数量特征的影响。结果表明:相同施肥方式下,土壤增温增加土壤速效养分含量,尤其在施肥时增加幅度更明显。分析显示施肥对土壤细菌群落结构的影响在不同土壤温度条件下表现不同。土壤不增温条件下,施肥增加细菌Pielou均匀度指数和Shannon-Weiner多样性指数,Simpson优势度指数降低;土壤增温条件下,则效果相反。与不增温比,增温使土壤细菌Pielou均匀度指数和Shannon-Weiner多样性指数降低,但物种个体数和Simpson优势度指数增加明显。增温改变了土壤细菌群落结构,62 bp和93 bp两种限制性末端片段在土壤增温条件下优势度提高,主要包括共生菌和杆菌。 相似文献
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生物炭作为一种土壤改良剂可以有效地改善土壤污染问题。探讨生物炭和氮肥配施对土壤细菌群落的影响,对科学施肥具有重要意义。以往的研究发现,生物炭和氮肥配施可以改变土壤的理化性质,但对土壤微生物影响的研究较少。为探讨生物炭和氮肥配施对土壤细菌群落的影响,对水稻进行盆栽试验,结果表明:生物炭与氮肥的施加使细菌群落的多样性降低,改良后的土壤中细菌的优势门为 Proteobacteria、Acidobacteria、Gemmatimonadetes和Actinobacteria,生物炭和氮肥配施提高了 Acidobacteria和 Actinobacteria的相对丰度,降低了Proteobacteria和 Gemmatimonadetes相对丰度。冗余分析结果表明,土壤 pH值、硝态氮、全磷和全氮是影响土壤微生物群落标志物种丰度的主要驱动因素。生物炭与氮肥配施会改变土壤细菌群落和土壤养分的代谢过程。研究结果为探索适合我国东北黑土区土壤微环境调控的最佳碳、氮模型提供了科学依据。 相似文献
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土壤微生物群落结构的化学估价方法 总被引:24,自引:0,他引:24
由于认识到微生物在整个土壤生态系统中的重要功能,就促使人们不断地用最新垂头丧气估价土壤微生物群落结构和多样性。目前除了使用标志化合物外,利用生物细胞膜中磷酯类化合物的脂肪酸组成与土壤中可提取脱氧核糖核酸组成的复杂性作为指纹来估价土壤中微生物群落结构和多样性是两种最常用的方法。 相似文献
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分别采用RAPD和T-RFLP技术,研究了小麦、毛苕子和三叶草分别与黄瓜间作对黄瓜病害、黄瓜根际土壤微生物群落多样性和黄瓜产量的影响。结果表明,小麦、毛苕子与黄瓜间作均能提高黄瓜根际土壤微生物群落多样性,其中,小麦-黄瓜间作对黄瓜根际土壤微生物群落多样性的影响最为突出;3种作物分别与黄瓜间作均显著提高了黄瓜产量(p<0.01),其中小麦-黄瓜间作的产量优势最强;同时,3种作物分别与黄瓜间作均降低了黄瓜角斑病、白粉病、霜霉病和枯萎病的病情指数和尖孢镰刀菌的数量。间作有利于提高土壤微生物群落的多样性、减轻病害、提高黄瓜产量。 相似文献
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分析红壤荒草地富集液中氨氧化细菌的种群组成,选取氨氧化细菌16S rDNA特异性引物序列,利用PCR技术对从富集液中抽提的细菌总DNA进行扩增,并建立了氨氧化细菌特异性的16S rDNA文库。用酶HhaⅠ和RsaⅠ对该文库特异性片段进行了限制性酶切片断长度多态性分析(Restriction fragment lengthpolymorphism,RFLP),随机挑选的35个特异性克隆片段被分成3个不同的RFLP类型,其中优势型占了所有分析克隆子的94%,另两个型各占3%。从每个RFLP类型中挑取一定的转化子进行测序,测序结果经GenBank检索,发现在该富集液体系文库中存在大量亚硝化单胞菌属(Nitrosomonas)细菌序列,由此推测红壤荒草地中存在氨氧化细菌,Nitrosomonas属细菌能在富集条件下成为优势菌。 相似文献
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含油污泥的堆肥处理对微生物群落结构的影响 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
采用堆肥方法处理含油污泥,评价堆肥处理对含油污泥中石油烃的去除效果,并采用Biolog方法和构建16SrRNA基因克隆文库的方法对处理过程中微生物碳源利用特征和微生物群落结构进行了研究。结果表明,含油污泥经过90d的堆肥处理,石油烃降解率达53.3%±9.5%,显著高于对照处理。堆肥处理可以显著促进石油烃降解,是一种处理含油污泥的有效措施。Biolog分析结果表明,堆肥处理的孔的平均颜色变化率(AWCD)显著高于对照处理,堆肥处理提高了土壤微生物代谢活性。主成分分析结果表明,对照处理和堆肥处理的微生物碳源利用特征明显不同,堆肥处理改变了含油污泥中微生物的代谢功能特征。对照处理和堆肥处理的16SrRNA基因克隆文库之间存在显著差异,对照处理的优势类群是γ-Proteobacteria,堆肥处理的优势类群是Bacteroidetes,堆肥处理显著改变了含油污泥中的微生物群落结构。Marinobacter和Alcanivorax是对照处理中的优势菌,可能与石油烃的自然降解过程有关,而Pusillimonas和Agrobacterium可能对堆肥处理中石油烃的降解起一定作用。 相似文献
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Here, we examine soil-borne microbial biogeography as a function of the features that define an American Viticultural Area (AVA), a geographically delimited American wine grape-growing region, defined for its distinguishing features of climate, geology, soils, physical features (topography and water), and elevation. In doing so, we lay a foundation upon which to link the terroir of wine back to the soil-borne microbial communities. The objective of this study is to elucidate the hierarchy of drivers of soil bacterial community structure in wine grape vineyards in Napa Valley, California. We measured differences in the soil bacterial and archaeal community composition and diversity by sequencing the fourth variable region of the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene (16S V4 rDNA). Soil bacterial communities were structured with respect to soil properties and AVA, demonstrating the complexity of soil microbial biogeography at the landscape scale and within the single land-use type. Location and edaphic variables that distinguish AVAs were the strongest explanatory factors for soil microbial community structure. Notably, the relationship with TC and TN of the <53 μm and 53–250 μm soil fractions offers support for the role of bacterial community structure rather than individual taxa on fine soil organic matter content. We reason that AVA, climate, and topography each affect soil microbial communities through their suite of impacts on soil properties. The identification of distinctive soil microbial communities associated with a given AVA lends support to the idea that soil microbial communities form a key in linking wine terroir back to the biotic components of the soil environment, suggesting that the relationship between soil microbial communities and wine terroir should be examined further. 相似文献
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The relationship of structural diversity and differences in the functional potentials of rhizosphere communities of alfalfa, common bean and clover was investigated in microcosms. PCR-SSCP (single strand conformation polymorphism) analysis of 16S rRNA genes revealed significant differences in the composition of the leguminous rhizosphere communities at the shoot stage of plants grown in the same soil. Sequencing of dominant SSCP-bands indicated the presence of plant specific organisms. The partial rRNA gene sequences were related to members of the α- and γ-Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria. Besides the plant species, the soil also affected the structural diversity in rhizospheres. The dominant bacterial populations of alfalfa grown in soils with different agricultural histories were assigned to different taxonomic groups. Addressing the functional potentials, community-level physiological profiles (CLPP) were generated using BIOLOG GN®. The three leguminous rhizosphere communities could be differentiated by principle component analysis, though the overall analysis indicated that the metabolic potential of all rhizosphere samples was similar. The functional variation examined in rhizospheres of alfalfa was minor in response to the soil origin and was found not to be significant different at different growth stages. The results indicate that similar functional potentials may be provided by structurally different bacterial communities. 相似文献
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为明确库姆塔格沙漠北界阿奇克谷地的土壤细菌多样性,探索该地区土壤微生物与植物群落的相互作用关系,采用NA、R2A培养基分离培养土壤细菌,通过16S rDNA序列系统发育分析鉴定菌株。结果表明,R2A平板菌落数量和种类较多;发现13株潜在新种菌株,已知菌种分属3大类群、4属、20种,厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)为优势类群,芽胞杆菌属(Bacillus)为优势属,枯草芽胞杆菌(Bacillus subtilis subsp.inaquosorum)为优势菌种。与其他类似环境相比,阿奇克谷地土壤中可培养细菌生物量偏小,可培养的细菌多为抗性、耐性强的极端微生物。该地区特有的微生物资源、功能微生物和新菌资源丰富,为防沙治沙、微生物菌剂开发等研究提供物质基础。本研究结果对库姆塔格沙漠的自然生态保护以及极端环境微生物资源的应用具有重要意义。 相似文献
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利用奶粉的溶解性,通过水和0.5%次氯酸钠溶液洗涤混有乳源性成分和牛、羊肉骨粉的饲料样品,去除饲料中的乳粉成分后,再使用16S rDNA PCR方法进行动物源性检测。结果表明,实验所建立的方法能够完全区分饲料中的乳粉与肉骨粉。当乳粉含量分别为25%、50%和75%时,混合饲料中牛、羊肉骨粉的检出限分别为2%、0.5%和0.1%。此方法操作简单,容易掌握,可用于鉴别反刍动物饲料中非乳源性成分的牛、羊源性成分。 相似文献
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以不依赖于培养的16S rDNA-PCR-DGGE技术,评价了石油污染对我国最大的石油污水灌区——沈抚灌区稻田土壤细菌遗传多样性的影响,并对微生物群落中的优势菌群进行了研究。结果表明,沈抚灌区土壤总石油烃(Total petroleum hydrocarbon,TPH)含量为277—5213mgkg^-1干土,TPH在灌区干渠和支渠中的积累和分布趋势大体上是上游地区较严重,下游地区较轻,并且与土壤中有机质含量呈显著正相关(r=0.691,P〈0.05)。在目前的污染程度下,石油污水能够刺激土壤好氧异养细菌(Aerobic heterotrophic bacteria,AHB)的生长,其数量与TPH含量呈显著正相关(r=0.928,P〈0.001),而细菌遗传多样性与TPH含量呈显著负相关(r=-0.715,P=0.013)。DGGE图谱优势条带测序结果表明沈抚灌区土壤细菌群落中的优势菌群为变形细菌(Proteobacteria)β-亚群和γ-亚群的菌种,这些优势菌群的形成可能与石油烃的生物降解有关。 相似文献
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利用可培养和变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)方法,对经不同浓度TiO2处理黄瓜(Cucumis sativus)叶围细菌群落结构的变化进行了分析。研究发现,TiO2处理后黄瓜叶围可培养细菌数量较对照显著降低。随着TiO2浓度从0.02 mg/mL提高至20 mg/mL,黄瓜叶围可培养细菌数量从1.8×107 cfu/g降低至3.1×106 cfu/g。DGGE指纹图谱分析表明,当TiO2的喷雾浓度超过0.02 mg/mL时,黄瓜叶围细菌的多样性显著降低。对DGGE条带克隆测序结果显示,在黄瓜叶围至少存在7种不同属的细菌,其中只有一种叶围细菌不受TiO2喷雾浓度影响。 相似文献
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通过化肥减量20%和40%并配施微生物菌剂试验,研究菌剂对菠菜营养生长的影响,并通过提取土壤微生物总DNA,进行16S rDNA的PCR-DGGE研究微生物多样性。结果表明:在菠菜生长后期,配施菌剂处理的叶绿素含量(SPAD值)和叶绿素荧光参数(Fv/Fm)较高,其中,T5(化肥减量40%+菌剂减量40%)处理SPAD为52.856,T3(化肥减量20%+菌剂减量40%)处理Fv/Fm为0.797,而在生长前期则表现为T1(全量化肥)处理较高;菠菜可食部分硝酸盐含量以对照(CK,不施肥)处理最高,为1 009.21 mg.kg-1,添加微生物菌剂处理(T2~T5)都明显少于CK和T1处理;对氮、磷、钾养分的吸收利用率以T2(化肥减量20%+全量菌剂)处理最好;菠菜产量化肥减量处理(T2~T5)较T1处理均增产,T4(化肥减量40%+全量菌剂)处理的增产量最大,平均产量达到277.73 g.盆-1,增加170%;常规化肥(T1)处理的土壤微生物丰富度指数最低,香农-威尔指数(Shannon-Wierner index)为0.398,较CK 0.498有所下降,而施用微生物菌剂的各处理(T2~T5)为0.547~0.983,土壤微生物多样性指数明显提高。微生物菌剂对菠菜起到显著促生作用,以T4处理最好,对提高菠菜土壤微生物多样性方面以T3处理最好。 相似文献
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一株耐辐射考克氏菌的分离与鉴定 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
从10kGy60Coγ射线辐照处理的新疆戈壁土壤中分离到一株耐辐射微生物I-7R,该菌菌落为橙红色革兰氏阳性球菌。最适生长温度为30℃,(G+C)mol%含量为67.5%,不具有氨苄青霉素、氯霉素、四环素、卡那霉素、潮霉素、利福平及壮观霉素等抗性。UV辐射生存曲线显示,I-7R菌株与大肠杆菌K-12相比,具有较强的紫外辐射抗性。16S rDNA序列比较分析表明I-7R菌株与Kocuria rosea、K.erythromyxa以及K.polaris同源性达到99%。结合I-7R菌株生理生化试验结果,该株菌归属于考克氏菌属(Kocuria),并与Kocuria rosea最为相近,暂命名为K.rosea I-7R。 相似文献
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Bacterial communities associated with Moina sp. in the floodwater of a paddy field microcosm were examined by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of PCR-amplified 16S rDNA. Eighteen out of 20 eubacterial DGGE bands were sequenced. The associated eubacterial communities mainly consisted of the Cytophaga-Flavobacterium-Bacteroides group and α-, β-, and γ-Proteobacterial groups, irrespective of the application of rice straw and rice straw compost. The effect of the application of rice straw and compost on the communities was not appreciable, compared with host specificity. An uncultured Cytophagales bacterium was estimated to be specifically associated with Moina sp. Presence of bacteria that are specific to rice straw treatment was also estimated. 相似文献
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Previous research has shown that soil structure can influence the distribution of bacteria in aggregates and, thereby, influence
microbiological processes and diversity at small spatial scales. Here, we studied the microbial community structure of inner
and outer fractions of microaggregates of a desert agricultural soil from the Imperial Valley of Southern California. To study
the distribution of soil bacteria, 1,536 clones were identified using phylogenetic taxon probes to classify arrays of 16S rRNA genes. Among the predominant taxonomic groups were the α-Proteobacteria, Planctomycetes, and Acidobacteria. When compared across all phyla, the taxonomic compositions and distributions of bacterial taxa associated with the inner
and outer fractions were nearly identical. Our results suggest that the ephemeral nature of soil aggregates in desert agricultural
soils may reduce differences in the spatial distribution of bacterial populations as compared to that which occur in soils
with more stable aggregates. 相似文献